Topic
Circulation (currency)
About: Circulation (currency) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1999 publications have been published within this topic receiving 21044 citations.
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Book•
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01 Jan 1930
TL;DR: The applied theory of money and its fluctuation is discussed in detail in this paper, with a focus on the rate of investment and its changes over the last few decades, as well as the relation of central banks to one another.
Abstract: The Applied Theory of Money: Part I. Monetary Factors and their Fluctuations: 1. The applied theory of money 2. The proportion of savings deposits to cash deposits 3. The velocities of circulation 4. The ratio of bank money to reserve money 5. The activity of business Part II. The Rate of Investment and its Fluctuations: 6. Fluctuations in the rate of investment: i. Fixed capital 7. Fluctuations in the rate of investment: ii. Working capital 8. Fluctuations in the rate of investment: iii. Liquid capital 9. Historical illustrations Part III. The Management of Money: 10. The problem of the management of money 11. Methods of national management: i. The control of the member banks 12. Methods of national management: ii. The regulation of the central reserves 13. Problems of international management: i. The relations of central banks to one another 14. Problems of international management: ii. The gold standard 15. Problems of international management: iii. The problem of national autonomy 16. Methods of national management: iii. The control of the rate of investment 17. Problems of supernational national management.
1,851 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate the uniqueness of equilibrium when speculators face a small amount of noise in their signals about the fundamentals, which depends not only on the fundamentals but also on financial variables, such as the quantity of hot money in circulation and the costs of speculative trading.
Abstract: Even though self-fulfilling currency attacks lead to multiple equilibria when fundamentals are common knowledge, we demonstrate the uniqueness of equilibrium when speculators face a small amount of noise in their signals about the fundamentals. This unique equilibrium depends not only on the fundamentals, but also on financial variables, such as the quantity of hot money in circulation and the costs of speculative trading. In contrast to multiple equilibrium models, our model allows analysis of policy proposals directed at curtailing currency attacks.
1,036 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: The waters of Nauheim, based on an extensive personal experience both on himself and on patients, and the chief constituents of the waters are common salt, chloride of calcium, and carbonic acid gas.
Abstract: ?waters of Nauheim, based on an extensive personal experience both on himself and on patients. The chief constituents of the waters are common salt, chloride of calcium, and carbonic acid gas. No. 12 spring is liehest in salts, containing 3 per cent, of salt and ^ per cent, of chloride of calcium, while No. 7 contains 2}per cent, of the former and per cent, of the latter salt ; the new spring No. 14 coming between the two. No. 7 spring is richest in gas, and is of a lower temperature. If a patient with evidence of cardiac dilatation and failure step into sucli a bath, he will at the end
820 citations
01 Nov 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the symbolic representation of money in a range of different societies, and more specifically with the moral evaluation of monetary and commercial exchanges, is discussed, emphasizing the enormous cultural variation in the way money is symbolized and how this symbolism relates to culturally constructed notions of production, consumption, circulation and exchange.
Abstract: This collection is concerned with the symbolic representation of money in a range of different societies, and more specifically with the moral evaluation of monetary and commercial exchanges. It focuses on the different cultural meanings surrounding monetary transactions, emphasizing the enormous cultural variation in the way money is symbolized and how this symbolism relates to culturally constructed notions of production, consumption, circulation, and exchange.
469 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In "Marginal Gains" as discussed by the authors, Guyer explores and explains these often bewildering practices, including trade with coastal capitalism and across indigenous currency zones, and within the modern popular economy.
Abstract: In America, almost all the money in circulation passes through financial institutions every day. But in Nigeria's "cash and carry" system, 90 percent of the currency never comes back to a bank after it's issued. What happens when two such radically different economies meet and mingle, as they have for centuries in Atlantic Africa? The answer is a rich diversity of economic practices responsive to both local and global circumstances. In "Marginal Gains," Jane I. Guyer explores and explains these often bewildering practices, including trade with coastal capitalism and across indigenous currency zones, and within the modern popular economy. Drawing on a wide range of evidence, Guyer demonstrates that the region shares a coherent, if loosely knit, commercial culture. She shows how that culture actually works in daily practice, addressing both its differing scales of value and the many settings in which it operates, from crisis conditions to ordinary household budgets. The result is a landmark study that reveals not just how popular economic systems work in Africa, but possibly elsewhere in the Third World.
448 citations