Showing papers on "Citric acid published in 1970"
TL;DR: In this article, growth of four fungi on a medium of potato tuber extract and glucose was considerably higher than on a defined medium of glucose, asparagine, mineral salts, biotin and thiamine.
Abstract: SUMMARY: Growth of four fungi on a medium of potato tuber extract and glucose was considerably higher than on a defined medium of glucose, asparagine, mineral salts, biotin and thiamine. Modification in turn of the carbon, nitrogen and growth factor components of the defined medium to resemble the extract medium did not indicate that any single component was responsible for growth stimulation; stimulation appeared to be due to the combined effects of all components. A synthetic medium of glucose, citric acid, amino acids, mineral salts and growth factors resembled the extract medium in composition and approached it in the ability to support growth of the test fungi.
68 citations
TL;DR: Citric acid yields of 98.7% (sugar consumption basis) were reached in shaker flasks with mutant UV-ET-71-15 of Aspergillus niger in a resin-treated sucrose medium with tolerated high concentrations of trace elements.
Abstract: Citric acid yields of 987% (sugar consumption basis) were reached in shaker flasks with mutant UV-ET-71-15 of Aspergillus niger in a resin-treated sucrose medium of the following composition (g/100 ml): sucrose, 140; NH(4)NO(3), 020; KH(2)PO(4), 010; MgSO(4)7H(2)O, 0025; and (mg/liter): FeSO(4), 015 to 075; ZnSO(4), 010; and CuSO(4), 001 Yields of 75% were obtained in medium with resin-treated clarified syrup and 68% with ferrocyanide-treated blackstrap molasses Optimal conditions included selection of appropriate pellets as inoculum at 3%, pH of 45, temperature at 30 C, agitation at 250 rev/min, and fermentation time of 8 days The mutant tolerated high concentrations of trace elements
40 citations
Patent•
23 Jan 1970
TL;DR: A food mixture of an effervescent couple tartaric acid, citric acid plus sodium bicarbonate having the relative proportions 2:1: 4 respectively and solid flavorant of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea or chocolate which upon the addition of water yields a beverage as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A food mixture of an effervescent couple tartaric acid, citric acid plus sodium bicarbonate having the relative proportions 2:1: 4 respectively and solid flavorant of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea or chocolate which upon the addition of water yields a beverage.
30 citations
Patent•
09 Jan 1970
TL;DR: For facilitating handling and shipment titanium dioxide pigment is prepared in the form of an aqueous suspension wherein the concentration of the titanium dioxide is from about 40 percent to about 80 percent by weight of the suspension.
Abstract: For facilitating handling and shipment titanium dioxide pigment is prepared in the form of an aqueous suspension wherein the concentration of the titanium dioxide is from about 40 percent to about 80 percent by weight of the suspension and as an agent which retards settling and packing there is included in the suspension about 0.04 percent to about 0.4 percent by weight of the suspension a water-soluble additive selected from the group of substances consisting of citric acid, tartaric acid, the sodium, potassium and ammonium salts and acid salts of citric and tartaric acids, and mixtures of said substances with each other. Preferably, as an agent which further retards settling, there is included in the suspension a gum that is in an amount not greater than about 0.4 percent by weight of the suspension and that in the amount used does not induce substantial gelation of the suspension. It likewise is preferable to include in the suspension from about 0.01 percent to about 0.1 percent by weight of the suspension of a sequestering agent for calcium cations.
29 citations
Patent•
25 Sep 1970
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a mix-ture of METALLIC SALT of CITRIC ACID (E.G.SODIUM CITRATE) and WATER SOLUBLE POLYMERIC, ORGANIC POLYETECTROLYTE (e.g. HYDROLYZed MALEIC ANHYDRIDE POLYMERS).
Abstract: DIETERGENT COMPOSITIONS FOR MECHANICALLY CLEANING HARD SURFACES (E.G.DISHES) ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE THEREIN OF A MIXTURE OF METALLIC SALT OF CITRIC ACID (E.G. SODIUM CITRATE) AND WATER SOLUBLE POLYMERIC, ORGANIC POLYETECTROLYTE (E.G. HYDROLYZED MALEIC ANHYDRIDE POLYMERS). THIS MIXTURE PERMITS THE REDUCTION OF OR ELIMINATION OF CONDENSED PHOSPHATE SALTS COMMONLY USED IN DETERGENT OMPOSITIONS OF THIS TYPE (E.G. MACHINE DISHWASHING DETERGENTS).
29 citations
TL;DR: Results show that cellular metabolism is not a simple function of extracellular pH but is dependent on the particular combination of P(CO2) and bicarbonate employed to achieve the pH value, and suggest that accumulation or disposal of organic acids helps to regulate cellular acidity thereby contributing to the cells' defense against external acid-base disorders.
Abstract: Intact rat diaphragms were exposed in vitro to varying CO(2) tensions and bicarbonate concentrations, and the steady-state citrate content of diaphragm muscle was measured to investigate the relationship between metabolism and extracellular pH, P(CO2), and (HCO(3) (-)). In addition, rat hemidiaphragms were incubated with 1,5-citrate-(14)C under different acid-base conditions, and (14)CO(2) production was determined as a measure of citrate oxidation. Acidification of the bathing medium achieved by raising CO(2) tension or lowering (HCO(3) (-)) was associated with a decrease in muscle citrate content. On the other hand, alkalinization of the medium induced by lowering CO(2) tension or raising (HCO(3) (-)) caused tissue citrate content to rise. At a physiologic extracellular pH value of approximately 7.40, citrate content was decreased or normal depending on the CO(2)/HCO(3) (-) combination employed to attain the pH. Under low bicarbonate and low P(CO2) conditions, citrate content was reduced. A similar result was found at external pH values of 7.15, implying that at these two extracellular pH levels (HCO(3) (-)) primarily determines citrate content. When changes in citrate content were compared with intracellular pH data reported earlier using the same intact diaphragm preparation, no simple relation between citrate content and intracellular pH was found. The effect of acidity on citrate content seems related to a change in citrate oxidation since the latter increased progressively with increasing degrees of medium acidity. These results show that cellular metabolism is not a simple function of extracellular pH but is dependent on the particular combination of P(CO2) and bicarbonate employed to achieve the pH value. These studies also suggest that accumulation or disposal of organic acids, such as citric acid, helps to regulate cellular acidity thereby contributing to the cells' defense against external acid-base disorders.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, 2.2-dimethylchromans were synthesized from 7-hydroxy-2,2,dimethyl-chroman by a novel and convenient route, which provided chemical support for the biogenetic theory of C-isopentenylation of phenols.
27 citations
25 citations
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of radiolysis and photolysis on ferric citrate has been studied using Mossbauer spectroscopy and the mechanisms of the transition as well as some applications are discussed.
21 citations
TL;DR: Vegetative growth, whether mycelial or yeast phase, of mating strain A of Ceratocystis ulmi required exogenous pyridoxal and was stimulated by both biotin and thiamine and synnemata formed on all media which favored abundant spreading colony growth.
Abstract: Vegetative growth, whether mycelial or yeast phase, of mating strain A of Ceratocystis ulmi required exogenous pyridoxal and was stimulated by both biotin and thiamine. Growth occurred when glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, L-arabinose, sucrose, mannitol, L-rhamnose, xylose, cellobiose, sorbitol or starch was the sole carbon source. Slight amount of growth occurred on citrate, L-glutamate, DL-malate, maltose and succinate. Growth did not occur by 12 days on lactose, dulcitol, D-tartrate, oxalate, acetate, or cellulose. The low respiration of citrate was not enhanced by providing it as the undissociated form and disrupting cell structure by sonication did not lead to increased respiration in presence of citric acid. Growth occurred when ammonium ion, L-asparagine, glycine, L-glutamate, urea or DL-valine was the sole nitrogen source. Nitrate would not support growth. Optimal pH for rapid growth was approximately 6.3 with no growth occurring at 7.8. Vegetative growth but not synnematal growth took place at 30 C. Synnemata formed on all media which favored abundant spreading colony growth. Illumination at approximately 1,500 ft-c prevented growth because of pyridoxal destruction. Synnematal formation does not require light and synnemata are not phototropic.
Patent•
30 Apr 1970
TL;DR: The use of an alcohol solution of a desired flavoring acid such as citric acid to be applied to a sugar-coated core such as chewing gum, nuts, dragees, or confections as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The use of an alcohol solution of a desired flavoring acid such as citric acid to be applied to a sugar-coated core such as chewing gum, nuts, dragees, or confections. The alcohol is evaporated off, leaving the acid flavoring agent as a coating. Thereafter, an additional layer of sugar, shellac, or other similar substance may be applied to the acid-covered core.
Patent•
07 Jul 1970TL;DR: A process for producing citric acid directly in the free acid form by aerobically fermenting an aqueous hydrocarbon-containing nutrient medium at a low pH with a new strain of the yeast, Candida lipolytica, is described in this article.
Abstract: A process for producing citric acid directly in the free acid form by aerobically fermenting an aqueous hydrocarbon-containing nutrient medium at a low pH with a new strain of the yeast, Candida lipolytica.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the availability of 54 aliphatic acids by mini-test with chicks and found that the digestibility of saturated fatty acids with carbon chain length longer than 8 decreased inversely with the increase of carbon-chain length.
Abstract: Biological availability of 54 aliphatic acids was compared by mini-test with chicks. Availability of saturated fatty acids with carbon chain between 6 to 12 and of lactic, pyruvic, succinic, l-malic, fumaric and citric acid was satisfactory. Availability of fatty acids with carbon chain shorter than 6 and longer than 12, fatty acids with side-chain, except those of iso-type and unsaturated fatty acids was low. Availability of glycolic, dl-glyceric, dl-malic, and maleic acid, and saturated dicarboxylic acids except succinic acid was also low. Digestibility of saturated fatty acids with carbon chain length longer than 8 decreased inversely with the increase of carbon chain length.
TL;DR: An alteration in the citrate content of brain could have profound effects on the tricarboxylic acid cycle as a whole and also on the level of compounds, such as GABA, related to the cycle.
Patent•
12 Nov 1970
TL;DR: A PHOSPHATE-free general purpose lundy detergent based on the SODIUM SALT of CITRIC ACID is described in this paper, where the reactant is a mixture of a HYDROPHOBIC Reactor and a Hybrid Reactive Reactor.
Abstract: A PHOSPHATE-FREE GENERAL PURPOSE LAUNDRY DETERGENT BASED SUBSTANTIALLY UPON THE SODIUM SALT OF CITRIC ACID AND CONTAINING A BUILDER SUBSTANCE, THE BUILDER SUBSTANCE BEING A POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL ETHER WHICH IS THE REACTANT PRODUCT OF A HYDROPHOBIC REACTANT AND A HYDROPHILIC REACTANT. THE COMBINATION OF THE SUBSTANCES PROVIDES AN OPTIMIZED GENERAL PURPOSE LAUNDRY DETERGENT.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the cobalt and rhodium complexes had only 0.19 and 0.55 metal atoms activated in every million and even when activation of chlorine, nitrogen and hydrogen atoms are considered, each (n,y) reaction must break 200,000 to 500,000 metal-chlorine bonds.
Abstract: The products formed on neutron irradiation presumably contain ligands derived from breakdown of trien, chloro and aquated species, and of trien itself. The observed data may be attributed to the various species on the basis of complexes with greater charge travelling larger distances, and those in which the charge is the same will travel a smaller distance if they are a bulkier complex or if there is some interaction with the paper. More precise characterisation has not yet been carried out. Samples have been kept for over a month and the analysis repeated, and the same results have been obtained. This indicates that /?-decay effects are not producing a large change in the breakdown products. This was also shown in earlier work [10] where iridium complexes were studied in comparison with cobalt and rhodium. The cobalt and rhodium complexes had only 0.19 and 0.55 metal atoms activated in every million and even when activation of chlorine, nitrogen and hydrogen atoms are considered, then each (n,y) reaction must break 200,000 to 500,000 metal-chlorine bonds. This is thus further evidence that the original H A R B O T T L E and S U T I N hot zone model should be extended to accommodate a much larger number of excited atoms. We -wish to express our appreciation to the International Atomic Energy Agency for the tenure of a fellowship by one of us (S. G.), the Johnson Mathey Ltd. for the donation of some of the materials used and the S . R . C . for a grant.
TL;DR: The morphology of the male genital tract and the sites of formation of fructose, citric acid and sialic acid in the male accessory glands of the giant fruit bat, Pteropus giganteus gigantesus are described.
Abstract: The morphology of the male genital tract and the sites of formation of fructose, citric acid and sialic acid in the male accessory glands of the giant fruit bat, Pteropus giganteus giganteus are described. The seminal vesicle secretes only fructose while the prostate and ampullary glands secrete both fructose and citric acid. Cowper's glands secrete large amounts of sialic acid. However, considerable variations in content and concentration of these constituents are found within the group.
Patent•
22 Jan 1970TL;DR: In this paper, a CITRIC ACID-ACCUMULATING CULTURE BROTH is used to constrain the production of other asocIated orGANIC ACIDS.
Abstract: METHOD FOR PRODUCING CITRIC ACID WHICH INVOLVES INOCULATING A CITRIC ACID-ACCUMULATING YEAST BELONGING TO THE GENUS CANDIDA, CAPABLE OF UTILIZING HYDROCARBONS AND INCAPALE OF UTILIZING CITRIC ACID IN AN AQUEOUS CULTURE MEDIUM CONTAINING, AS THE MAIN CARBON SOURCE, AT LEAST ONE NORMAL PARAFFIN CONTAINING 9 TO 20 CARBONS IN THE MOLECULE; INCUBATING THE CULTURE AT A PH OF FROM ABOUT 2 TO 7 UNTIL CITRIC ACID IS SUBSTANTIALLY ACCUMULATED IN THE CULTURE BROTH; AND RECOVERING THE THUS ACCUMULATED CITRIC ACID THEREFROM. THE ADVANTAGES OF THE AFOREMENTIONED METHOD IS THAT THE PRODUCTION OF OTHER ASOCIATED ORGANIC ACIDS IS SUPPRESSED, WHICH RESULTS IN AN INCREASED YIELD OF THE OBJECTIVE CITRIC ACID; THE FERMENTATION TERMINATES IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME AND FEMENTATION CAN BE CARRIED OUT WITHOUT FEAR OF OF OVERFERMENTATION SINCE THE CITRIC ACID IS NOT CONSUMED BY THE ORGANISUM.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of Sucrose and Citric acid on the Sol-Gel Transformation of Methylcellulose in Water were investigated and the results showed that the effect of the two acids on the transformation of the sol-gel was negligible.
Abstract: (1970). Effects of Sucrose and Citric Acid on the Sol-Gel Transformation of Methylcellulose in Water. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 1867-1869.
Patent•
18 May 1970
TL;DR: The AQUEOUS bath as mentioned in this paper is a bath for rapping and striping of thick NICKEL and/or CHROMIUM COATings from non-FERROUS base METALS.
Abstract: PROCESS AND AQUEOUS BATH FOR RAPID STRIPPING OF THICK NICKEL AND/OR CHROMIUM COATINGS FROM NON-FERROUS BASE METALS, THE COATED NON-FERROUS BASE BEING CONNECTED AS AN ANODE UNDER A VOLTAGE OF ABOUT 8-15 VOLTS AT A CURRENT DENSITY OF ABOUT 10-25 AMPERES PER SQUARE DECIMETER AND AT A TEMPERATURE OF BETWEEN 20 TO 80*C., THE AQUEOUS STRIPPING CONTAINING FROM 50-95% OF SULFURIC ACID OR WATER-SOLUBLE ALKYL OR ARYL SULFONIC ACID AND 50-100 GRAMS PER LITER OF POLYCARBOXYLIC ACID COMPOUND SELECTED FROM CITRIC ACID, LACTIC ACID, OXALIC ACID, AND WATER-SOLUBLE SALTS OF SAID ACIDS, E.G. THE SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AMMONIUM, AND AMINE SALTS.
Patent•
11 Dec 1970
TL;DR: In this article, the aerobic cultivation of citric acid-producing strains of Candida in an aqueous nutrient medium is improved by addition of ca 0.5-1.5 g/l of lead oxide, lead oxychloride or a lead salt (suitably the acetate, chloride, bromide, nitrate, thiocyanate, thiosulphate, formate, propionate or butyrate).
Abstract: The aerobic cultivation of citric acid-producing strains of Candida in an aqueous nutrient medium is improved by addition of ca 0.5-1.5 g/l of lead oxide, lead oxychloride or a lead salt (suitably the acetate, chloride, bromide, nitrate, thiocyanate, thiosulphate, formate, propionate or butyrate). Suitable micro-organisms include C.quilliermondii ATCC 9058, C.lipolytica ATCC 9773 and C.albicans ATCC 752.
TL;DR: Samples of a silicate cement were soaked in different environments for varying lengths of time and it was found that this medium leaches Al at a far greater rate than the other mediums.
Abstract: Samples of a silicate cement were soaked in different environments for varying lengths of time. The resulting solutions were analyzed for Na, Zn, Ca, Al, and Si by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All of the elements showed a decreasing rate of solution with increasing time. Citric acid was particularly destructive and it was found that this medium leaches Al at a far greater rate than the other mediums.
Patent•
25 Nov 1970TL;DR: In this paper, a water solution of certain chelated aluminum salts adjusted to a pH of 4.5 - 7.0 was used for CMC gelation. But the pH of the final mixture was not known.
Abstract: CMC gels are prepared at controlled duration of gelation by mixing together (a) a water solution of certain chelated aluminum salts adjusted to a pH of 4.5 - 9.0, and (b) a water solution of CMC, the pH of the final mixture being about 4.5 - 7.0. Preferred aluminum salts are aluminum sulfate, sodium, potassium or ammonium alum. Citric acid and its sodium, potassium and other water soluble salts are preferred as chelants.
TL;DR: In co-cultures of intestinal and probiotic bacteria, the environment was found to be dominated by the probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which is a beneficial effect.
Abstract: In the present study, enzyme-resistant dextrin, prepared by heating of potato starch in the presence of hydrochloric (0.1% dsb) and citric (0.1% dsb) acid at 130oC for 3 h (CA-dextrin), was tested as a source of carbon for probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria cultured with intestinal bacteria isolated from feces of three healthy 70-year old volunteers. The dynamics of growth of bacterial monocultures in broth containing citric acid (CA)-modified dextrin were estimated. It was also investigated whether lactobacilli and bifidobacteria cultured with intestinal bacteria in the presence of resistant dextrin would be able to dominate the intestinal isolates. Prebiotic fermentation of resistant dextrin was analyzed using prebiotic index (PI). In co-cultures of intestinal and probiotic bacteria, the environment was found to be dominated by the probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which is a beneficial effect.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The colorimetric procedure of Barker and Summerson for determining total lactic acid was adapted for use in wines as mentioned in this paper, which utilizes the oxidation of both D(-)-and L(+)-lactic acids to acetaldehyde and subsequent formation of a color complex with p-hydroxydiphenyl.
Abstract: The colorimetric procedure of Barker and Summerson for determining total lactic acid was adapted for use in wines. The method utilizes the oxidation of both D(-)-and L(+)-lactic acids to acetaldehyde and subsequent formation of a color complex with p-hydroxydiphenyl. Tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ethanol, sugar and sulfur dioxide did not interfere with the reaction. The lactic acid of ethyl lactate contributed to the total lactic acid measured by this method: corrections were made by use of boiled neutralized wine. Free and bound acetaldehyde were also measured by this method; however, their levels in wine are normally too low to require correction.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the biosynthesis of (+)-protolichesterinic acid in C. islandica by using [1-14C]acetate and [1,4-14 C2]succinic acid.
Abstract: The biosynthesis of (+)-protolichesterinic acid has been studied by use of [1-14C]acetate and [1,4-14C2]succinic acid. The results support the hypothesis that aliphatic lichen acids have common precursors related to the citric acid and fatty acid cycles; however, the extremely low levels of incorporation suggest that the biosynthesis represents very minor metabolic pathways in C. islandica. The biosynthesis appears to be inoperative in winter.
Patent•
19 Mar 1970TL;DR: A new method for ELECTROPLATING COPPER on an article UTILIZING AQUEOUS COPPER SALT-CITRIC ACID SOLUTION in WHICH CITRICACID is the PRINCIPAL COMPLEXing AGent for the COPPER ION in the solution as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A NEW METHOD FOR ELECTROPLATING COPPER ON AN ARTICLE UTILIZING AQUEOUS COPPER SALT-CITRIC ACID SOLUTION IN WHICH CITRIC ACID IS THE PRINCIPAL COMPLEXING AGENT FOR THE COPPER ION IN THE SOLUTION. CUPRIC SALTS ARE PREFERRED IN THIS INVENTION, ESPECIALLY CUCO3-CU(OH)2 AND CUSO4-5H2O, FOR BOTH PLATING SOLUTIONS AND STRIKE SOLUTIONS. FOR PLATING THE PH RANGE IS ABOUT 0.4 TO 8.9, THE CUPRIC ION CONCENTRATION IS ABOUT 16 TO 64 GRAMS PER LITER, AND THE CITRIC ACID CONCENTRATION IS ABOUT 48 TO 192 GRAMS PER LITER. FOR STRIKE SOLUTION THE PH RANGE IS ABOUT 1 TO 12, THE CUPRIC ION CONCENTRATION IS ABOUT 3 TO 16 GRAMS PER LITER, AND THE CITRIC ACID CONCENTRATION IS ABOUT 20 TO 100 GRAMS PER LITER. THE CURRENT DENSITY IS ABOUT 1 TO 40 AMPERES PER SQUARE FOOT FOR BOTH PLATING AND STRIKE SOLUTIONS. THIS NEW METHOD AVOIDS THE HANDLING PROBLEMS OF USING CYANIDE OR MINERAL ACIDS AS THE COPPER COMPLEXING AGENT AND GIVES COMPARABLE PLATING RESULTS.