Showing papers on "Citric acid published in 1971"
TL;DR: Subjects salivated significantly less when vision was eliminated by black goggles and more in response to 0.15% citric acid than to 20% alcohol, whereas the combination of acid and alcohol elicited responses similar to those from acid alone.
Abstract: Parotid salivary flow increased with increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol (4.8 to 47.5%), with greater secretion at solution temperatures of 1.5 C than at 22 C. Subjects salivated significantly less when vision was eliminated by black goggles and more in response to 0.15% citric acid than to 20% alcohol, whereas the combination of acid and alcohol elicited responses similar to those from acid alone. Alcohol had a greater sialagogic effect in wine than in water.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the oxidation rate of methyl linoleate in protein and cellulose systems, a prooxidant effect was found at intermediate moisture contents, where water hydrates metals and hydrogen bonds with peroxides, and an overall decrease in the rate of lipid oxidation results.
Abstract: In the study of the oxidation rate of methyl linoleate in protein and cellulose systems, a prooxidant effect was found at intermediate moisture contents. At low water content, water hydrates metals and hydrogen bonds with peroxides, and an overall decrease in the rate of lipid oxidation results. With an increase in the water content to the region with a water activity of 0.6 to 0.7, the water predominantly acts as a solvent to dissolve and mobilize previously unavailable trace metals with the result of increased oxidation rates. Use of chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citric acid reduced oxidation significantly although some antioxidant activity was also observed for butylated hydroxyanisole. These results have important implications in the preparation of intermediate moisture foods.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors detected aromatic and aliphatic acids in root and seed exudates of aseptic cultures of pea, cotton and barley plants by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography.
Abstract: We detected aromatic and aliphatic acids in root and seed exudates of aseptic cultures of pea, cotton and barley plants by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. There were traces of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the root and seed exudates of all three plant species. Acid hydrolysis of pea and barley seed exudates yielded p-hydroxybenzoic, and of cotton seed exudates yielded p-coumaric acid, as the predominant aromatic acid constituents of materials exuded by the germinating seeds. Lactic was the predominant aliphatic acid detected in pea and barley root exudates whereas malic acid was predominant in cotton exudates. With the exception of citric acid in peas, malic acid was the predominant acid found in pea, cotton and barley seed exudates. The germinating seed was responsible for a large portion of the total aliphatic and aromatic acid exudation of the seedling plant grown aseptically for 14 days.
30 citations
30 citations
TL;DR: Water soluble chelating agents such as EDTA and citric acid act on metals in aqueous solution and their activity is promoted by increased moisture content, which acts as an antioxidant through hydration of metallic catalysts.
Abstract: Methyl linoleate was oxidized in model systems consisting of either cellulose or casein with which the lipid was dispersed with water containing cobalt salts. The dispersion was extruded into Warburg flasks, frozen and freeze-dried at 100 µ Hg and with platen temperatures of 80 F. The samples were then humidified over saturated salt solutions to give moisture contents from less than 1 g H2O/100 g solids up to 30 g H2O/100 g solids. The higher moisture contents were obtained by addition of glycerol to the model system during preparation and humidification at 60–75% RH. Chelating agents including EDTA and citric acid in concentrations of 1 to 10 moles per mole of cobalt ion were used in some experiments. Oxidation was followed manometrically and by peroxide analysis. At low water contents, water acts as an antioxidant through hydration of metallic catalysts. As the moisture content increases, water promotes oxidation through its solvent activity. In the region of capillary condensation, antioxidant effect of metal hydration is overshadowed by the prooxidant effect of metal solubilization. The water soluble chelating agents such as EDTA act on metals in aqueous solution and their activity is promoted by increased moisture content.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, organic acids precipitated as lead salts from water extracts of cocoa beans were converted to trimethylsilyl ethers, and the TMS ethers were then separated and identified using a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer.
Abstract: SUMMARY— Organic acids precipitated as lead salts from water extracts of cocoa beans were converted to trimethylsilyl ethers. TMS ethers were then separated and identified using a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Citric, phosphoric, lactic, oxalic, malic, tartaric, succinic and gluconic acids were present in every sample examined, irrespective of geographic origin. Five of the acids were quantitated using a GLC procedure which involved the preparation of methyl esters from freeze-dehydrated, water extracts. Concentration ranges found, g/100g beans, were: lactic, 0.11–0.71; oxalic, 0.24–0.43; succinic, 0.02–0.07; malic, 0.02–0.10; citric, 0.56–1.32. Concentrations of lactic acid were lowest and citric acid levels tended to be highest in commercial samples from countries where cocoa beans usually are not subjected to a planned fermentation. These trends were confirmed in an experiment involving beans from Trinidad which had undergone a carefully controlled fermentation. Only minor differences were found in organic acid concentrations between roasted and unroasted cocoa beans.
25 citations
Patent•
22 Sep 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a detergent composition having a pH of 4-7 suitable for the treatment of natural fibres contains 0.1-80% by weight of detergent, a water miscible organic solvent, and an electrolyte, the relative proportions of the electrolyte and the organic solvent being such that the composition comprises two aqueous layers at 0.
Abstract: 1,247,189. Washing fibrous materials. UNILEVER Ltd. 23 Dec., 1968 [28 Dec., 1967], No. 61003/68. Heading D1P. [Also in Division C5] A liquid detergent composition having a pH of 4-7 suitable for the treatment of natural fibres contains 0.1-80% by weight of a detergent, a water miscible organic solvent, and an electrolyte, the relative proportions of the electrolyte and the organic solvent being such that the composition comprises two aqueous layers at 0‹C. The liquid composition may contain up to 90% by weight of the organic solvent, preferably 2-40% by weight. The amount of electrolyte is preferably 3-25% by weight of the composition and the amount of the detergent is preferably 5-30% by weight of the composition. The relative proportions of the constituents of the liquid composition are ideally chosen such that the weight of the lower aqueous layer is between 2 and 75% by weight of the composition. The electrolyte preferably forms part of a buffering system. The watermiscible organic solvent may be a straight or branched chain monohydric aliphatic alcohol (C 1-7 ), e.g. ethyl alcohol; a dihydric aliphatic alcohol (C 2-7 ), e.g. hexylene glycol; a monoalkyl ether of an aliphatic dihydric alcohol (C 3-6 ), e.g. the monomethyl ether of ethylene glycol; a dialkyl ketone (C 3-5 ), e.g. acetone; or benzyl alcohol or phenyl ethyl alcohol. Among the anionic constituents of the electrolytes may be used lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, phosphoric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid, 2- hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid, sorbic acid, glycollic acid, and mixtures of these acids. The cationic constituents may be sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, and alkanolamines. Mixtures of salts may be used but it is preferable to use electrolytes other than those with solely mineral cations, e.g. sodium citrate, since these may lead to crystallisation. The detergent may be a conventional anionic, ampholytic, cationic or non-ionic detergent. The liquid composition may also comprise a layer of a liquid, water, immiscible, oily material, e.g. a silicone oil, vegetable, animal or mineral oil, the weight percentage of the oily material being up to 50% of the composition. In addition the composition may comprise foam improvers and stabilisers such as tertiary amine oxides, betaines and higher fatty acid alkanolamides; perfumes; colouring agents; preservatives; protein hydrolysates; antioxidants; germicides and pigments. When colouring agents are used, the liquid composition has two or more layers of different colour.
25 citations
TL;DR: A series of recent studies has been devoted to the systematic examination of characteristics of the semen of subhuman primates, with particular reference to the successful freeze-preservation of these specimens.
Abstract: A series of recent studies has been devoted to the systematic examination of characteristics of the semen of subhuman primates, with particular reference to the successful freeze-preservation of these specimens. Roussel & Austin (1967a) showed that trypsin will liquefy the coagulum which appears in these ejaculates without harm to the motility of the sperm cells and the survival rates of cells from five species after 3 days' storage in liquid nitrogen have also been reported (Roussel & Austin, 1967b). The initial content of fructose, lactic acid and citric acid in the frozen semen of animals from eleven species was studied
24 citations
19 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the nonvolatile organic acids of guava were extracted and isolated and the TLC of the acids showed the presence of 6 acids, 5 of which were identified as lactic, malic, citric, ascorbic and galacturonic.
Abstract: — The nonvolatile organic acids of guava were extracted and isolated. TLC of the acids showed the presence of 6 acids, 5 of the acids identified as lactic, malic, citric, ascorbic and galacturonic. GLC of the methyl esters of the guava acids confirmed the presence of malic, citric and lactic acid. Quantitative determinations using succinic acid as an internal standard showed citric and malic acid to be present in almost equal amounts and lactic acid in much lesser amount in cultivated guavas. In wild guavas, citric acid was the predominant acid, with lesser amounts of malic and lactic acids.
16 citations
Patent•
12 Aug 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defined a set of deflocant compositions useful as deflocants in recirculated aqueous systems utilized in the removal of paint sprays from air.
Abstract: Disclosed are compositions useful as deflocculants in recirculated aqueous systems utilized in the removal of paint sprays from air. These compositions comprise (a) a first component selected from water soluble salts of polyaminopolycarboxylic acids; water soluble salts of nitrilotriacetic acid; and mixtures thereof; (b) a second component selected from triethanolamine; water soluble salts of oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid; gluconic acid and glucoheptonic acid; and mixtures thereof; and (c) a third component selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and mixtures thereof. Water systems containing small amounts of these compositions have a capacity of dissolving and dispersing large quantities of paint wastes.
TL;DR: The data suggest that extreme-value methods should be useful in predicting the percentage of individuals whose thresholds will be below some certain level.
Abstract: The thresholds for citric acid, malic acid and quinine sulphate were determined at three temperatures to ascertain the effect of temperature on taste sensitivity. Temperature had an effect, but judge-substance interactions were just as important. The energy of activation for taste response usually was in the range 5–20 kcal. The data suggest that extreme-value methods should be useful in predicting the percentage of individuals whose thresholds will be below some certain level.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for the study of complex formation by a polybasic acid was applied to the Am(III) citrate complexes, and the amount of free cation in equilibrium with the complexes was determined by an ion exchange method.
Patent•
02 Aug 1971
TL;DR: A SPECIFIC DIETETIC SALT SUBSTITUTE FORMULATION is provided in this paper from a PROPORTIONATELY DEFINED COMBINATION of MONO-, DI-and TRI-CARBOXYLIC ACIDS COMPRISING RESPECTIVELY ASCORBIC ACID, FUMARIC ACid, and CITRIC ACID to FURNISH A SALTY TASTE APPROXIMATING NATURAL SODIUM CHLORIDE and SERVING TO SATisFY THE GLUST
Abstract: A SPECIFIC DIETETIC SALT SUBSTITUTE FORMULATION IS PROVIDED FROM A PROPORTIONATELY DEFINED COMBINATION OF MONO-, DI- AND TRI-CARBOXYLIC ACIDS COMPRISING RESPECTIVELY ASCORBIC ACID, FUMARIC ACID, AND CITRIC ACID TO FURNISH A SALTY TASTE APPROXIMATING THAT OF NATURAL SODIUM CHLORIDE AND SERVING TO SATISFY THE GLUSTATORY DESIRE AND THEREBY TO PROVIDE FOR THE THERAPEUTIC AND PERVENTIVE DIMINUTION OF SODIUM INTOXICATION AND EXCESS IN HYPERTENSION AND RELATED HEALTH RISKS.
TL;DR: The results indicate that dietary citric acid is unlikely to accumulate in the rumen to a sufficiently high level to be an important factor in hypomagnesemia, except where other factors such as very high potassium levels in the food influence its metabolism.
Abstract: Rumen microorganisms rapidly metabolize citric acid to carbon dioxide and acetic acid. The rate of metabolism varied between 0.00008 and 0.76 mumoles per g per min, the rate becoming higher as the citric acid concentration increased. The addition of potassium chloride to rumen contents decreased the rate of utilization. The results indicate that dietary citric acid is unlikely to accumulate in the rumen to a sufficiently high level to be an important factor in hypomagnesemia, except where other factors such as very high potassium levels in the food influence its metabolism.
TL;DR: The 2axproton of 3-dehydroquinic acid was selectively exchanged for deuterium at pH 7·0 in deutium oxide to give (2S)-2-deuterio-3-dehq-quinic acid (XIV) as mentioned in this paper, which was proved by degradation to citric acid and equilibrium with the enzyme aconitase.
Abstract: The 2ax-proton of 3-dehydroquinic acid is selectively exchanged for deuterium at pH 7·0 in deuterium oxide to give (2S)-2-deuterio-3-dehydroquinic acid (XIV)(0·65 atom deuterium). Structure (XIV) was proved by degradation to citric acid and equilibration with the enzyme aconitase. Catalytic deuteriogenolysis of (2R)-2-bromotriacetylquinide gave (2RS)-2-deuteriotriacetylquinide, which was converted into (2RS)-2-deuterio-3-dehydroquinic acid. Equilibration of the latter with water at pH 7·0 gave (2R)-2-deuterio-3-dehydroquinic acid (XXXIII)(0·70 atom deuterium).
TL;DR: In this article, it was concluded that the state of subdivision of the iron species in the flame plays an allimportant role in determining the pattern of interference and that the addition of phosphoric acid or sodium chloride overcomes the interference.
TL;DR: The content of free adenine nucleotides, of pyruvic acid, of citric acid and the oxygen consumption after inhibition with KCN were determined in bovine lenses and compared with normal values.
Abstract: The content of the free adenine nucleotides, of pyruvic acid, of citric acid and the oxygen consumption after inhibition with KCN were determined in bovine lenses and compared with normal values. Prod
TL;DR: Morphogenetically, Fe-EDDHA and DHPTA proved more potent than CYDA, citric acid, and tartaric acid and proved ineffective in inducing differentiation on the callus derived from diploid plants.
Abstract: Calli obtained from haploid and diploid plants of Nicotiana tabacum were inoculated on nutrient media supplemented with various concentrations of chelating agents: iron salt of ethylenediamine-di-o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (Fe-EDDHA), 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (DHPTA), 1,2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CYDA), citric acid, and tartaric acid. No auxin or cytokinin was added to the medium. Vegetative buds differentiated on the callus obtained from the haploid plants. However, these chelating agents proved ineffective in inducing differentiation on the callus derived from diploid plants. Morphogenetically, Fe-EDDHA and DHPTA proved more potent than CYDA, citric acid, and tartaric acid.
Patent•
18 Aug 1971TL;DR: In this paper, it was revealed that citric acid or its sales are controlled by the HYDROLYSIS of a 3-CARBAMOYL-3-HYDROXY-4-CYANOBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT.
Abstract: IT IS DISCLOSED THAT CITRIC ACID OR ITS SALTS ARE OBTAINED BY THE HYDROLYSIS OF A 3-CARBAMOYL-3-HYDROXY-4-CYANOBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT, THAT A 3-CARBAMOYL-3-HYDROXY-4CYANOBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT IS OBTAINED FROM A 3-CARBAMOYL3,4-EPOXYBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT, THAT A 3-CARBAMOYL-3,4EPOXYBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT, IS OBTAINED FROM A 3-CARBAMOYL3-HYDROXY-4-HALOBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT, THAT A 3-CARBAMOYL3-HYDROXY-4-HALOBUTYRIC ACID IS OBTAINED FROM A 3-CYANO3-HYDROXY-4-HALOBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT, THAT A 3-CYANO-3HYDROXY-4-HALOBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT IS OBTAINED FROM A 3OXO-4-HALOBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT, THAT A 3-OXO-4-HALOBUTYRIC ACID OR SALT IS OBTAINED FORM A 3-OXO-4-HALOBUTYRYL HALIDE, AND THAT A 3-OXO-4-HALOBUTYRYL HALIDE IS OBTAINED FROM DIKETENE. PREFERRED HALIDE COMPOUNDS ARE COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE.
Patent•
12 Jul 1971
TL;DR: FUMARIC OR ADIPIC ACID is partIally COATED with an AQUEOUS MIXTURE of LARM GUM and EITHER PROPYLENE GLYCOL OR GLYCEROL as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: FUMARIC OR ADIPIC ACID IS PARTIALLY COATED WITH AN AQUEOUS MIXTURE OF LARCH GUM AND EITHER PROPYLENE GLYCOL OR GLYCEROL. THE COATED ACID IS IMPACT MILLED TO A PARTICLE SIZE LESS THAN 25 MICRONS AND IXED WITH A HYDROXYCARBOXYLIC ACID SUCH AS CITRIC ACID. THE MIXTURE WHICH CAN INCLUDE GRANULAR SUCROSE IS IMPACT MILLED TO FORM AGGREGATES EACH HAVING A PARTICLE SIZE LESS THAN 25 MICRONS AND A MOISTURE CONTENT OF FROM ABOUT 1% TO ABOUT 5%.
Patent•
02 Dec 1971TL;DR: Amino citric acids and esters, and lactams thereof, are useful for the control of lipogenesis as discussed by the authors, and they can be used to control lipogenesis.
Abstract: Amino citric acids and esters, and lactams thereof, are useful for the control of lipogenesis.
Patent•
02 Nov 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a process for producing citric acid during which ferri- or ferrocyanide ions like potassium ferric acid are added at a particular time and in a preselected amount.
Abstract: The invention concerns a process for producing citric acid during which ferri- or ferrocyanide ions like potassium ferrocyanide are added at a particular time and in a preselected amount.
Patent•
02 Nov 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described the production of citric acid-producing mycelial pellets of a microorganism by a selective treatment with ferrocyanide or ferricyanide ions.
Abstract: The invention concerns the production of citric acid-producing mycelial pellets of a citric acid-producing microorganism by a selective treatment with ferrocyanide or ferricyanide ions. Known Asperigillus or Penicillium are well suited for the fermentation. The invention also concerns the production of citric acid with the pellets of the invention by submerged fermentation. The fermentation is remarkably more efficient than conventional methods, greater yields being obtained in a shorter time.
Patent•
05 Nov 1971
TL;DR: A process for producing wrinkle-resistant cotton fabric that does not increase the difficulty of laundering is described in this paper, which comprises the addition of either citric acid or monoesters ofcitric acid to the usual finishing formulations containing a crosslinking agent for cellulose with or without a softening agent.
Abstract: A process for producing wrinkle-resistant cotton fabric that does not increase the difficulty of laundering; said process comprises the addition of citric acid or monoesters of citric acid to the usual finishing formulations containing a crosslinking agent for cellulose with or without a softening agent.
TL;DR: Mn(IT) can be eluted quantitatively with 0.067M ammonium citrate at pH 7.0 or 7.5 from a column of AG50W-X8 cationexchange resin (200-400 mesh), and separated from Sr which is retained.