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Climate change
About: Climate change is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 99222 publications have been published within this topic receiving 3572006 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that underestimating PV potential led to suboptimal integration measures and that specific deployment strategies for emerging economies should be developed, and that PV generation represents a growing share of power generation.
Abstract: Despite being currently under-represented in IPCC reports, PV generation represents a growing share of power generation. This Perspective argues that underestimating PV potential led to suboptimal integration measures and that specific deployment strategies for emerging economies should be developed.
530 citations
TL;DR: Observational evidence for a mid-latitude reservoir of near-surface water ice occupying the pore space of soils is reported and it is inferred that the reservoir was created during the last phase of high orbital obliquity less than 100,000 years ago, and is now being diminished.
Abstract: Ground ice in the crust and soil may be one of the largest reservoirs of water on Mars1,2,3. Near-surface ground ice is predicted to be stable at latitudes higher than 40° (ref. 4), where a number of geomorphologic features indicative of viscous creep and hence ground ice have been observed5. Mid-latitude soils have also been implicated as a water-ice reservoir6, the capacity of which is predicted to vary on a 100,000-year timescale owing to orbitally driven variations in climate7. It is uncertain, however, whether near-surface ground ice currently exists at these latitudes, and how it is changing with time. Here we report observational evidence for a mid-latitude reservoir of near-surface water ice occupying the pore space of soils. The thickness of the ice-occupied soil reservoir (1–10 m) and its distribution in the 30° to 60° latitude bands indicate a reservoir of (1.5–6.0) × 104 km3, equivalent to a global layer of water 10–40 cm thick. We infer that the reservoir was created during the last phase of high orbital obliquity less than 100,000 years ago, and is now being diminished.
529 citations
Cardiff University1, University of Alberta2, University Centre in Svalbard3, University of Oslo4, University of Zurich5, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology6, Norwegian Meteorological Institute7, University of Tsukuba8, University of Sussex9, University of Edinburgh10, University of Helsinki11, ETH Zurich12
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the changing state of European permafrost within a spatial zone that includes the continuous high latitude arctic permfrost of Svalbard and the discontinuous high altitude mountain permaffrost of Iceland, Fennoscandia and the Alps.
529 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated future changes in dry-to-wet events using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble of climate model simulations and found that anthropogenic forcing yields large twenty-first-century increases in the frequency of wet extremes, including a more than threefold increase in sub-seasonal events comparable to California's 'Great Flood of 1862' and small but statistically robust increases in dry extremes are also apparent.
Abstract: Mediterranean climate regimes are particularly susceptible to rapid shifts between drought and flood—of which, California’s rapid transition from record multi-year dryness between 2012 and 2016 to extreme wetness during the 2016–2017 winter provides a dramatic example. Projected future changes in such dry-to-wet events, however, remain inadequately quantified, which we investigate here using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble of climate model simulations. Anthropogenic forcing is found to yield large twenty-first-century increases in the frequency of wet extremes, including a more than threefold increase in sub-seasonal events comparable to California’s ‘Great Flood of 1862’. Smaller but statistically robust increases in dry extremes are also apparent. As a consequence, a 25% to 100% increase in extreme dry-to-wet precipitation events is projected, despite only modest changes in mean precipitation. Such hydrological cycle intensification would seriously challenge California’s existing water storage, conveyance and flood control infrastructure.
529 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the first global analysis of the impact of climate change and climate variability on irrigation water requirements, and compute how long-term average irrigation requirements might change under the climatic conditions of the 2020s and the 2070s, as provided by two climate models.
Abstract: Anthropogenic climate change does not only affect water resources but also water demand. Future water and food security will depend, among other factors, on the impact of climate change on water demand for irrigation. Using a recently developed global irrigation model, with a spatial resolution of 0.5° by 0.5°, we present the first global analysis of the impact of climate change and climate variability on irrigation water requirements. We compute how long-term average irrigation requirements might change under the climatic conditions of the 2020s and the 2070s, as provided by two climate models, and relate these changes to the variations in irrigation requirements caused by long-term and interannual climate variability in the 20th century. Two-thirds of the global area equipped for irrigation in 1995 will possibly suffer from increased water requirements, and on up to half of the total area (depending on the measure of variability), the negative impact of climate change is more significant than that of climate variability.
528 citations