Showing papers on "Coal published in 1969"
Patent•
08 Sep 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a passageway is established from a point in the formation, through same, and to the surface of the ground to recover hydrocarbons and other chemicals from a coal stratum and/or from an oil sand.
Abstract: The invention provides a method for recovering hydrocarbons from a geological formation having combustible organic material. A passageway is established from a point in the formation, through same, and to the surface of the ground. The combustible organic material is ignited. Oxygen-containing gas is passed into the resulting combustion zone by establishing at lower than normal formation pressure, a pressure drop from the combustion zone to a point outside the formation through the passageway. The temperature of combustion is controlled to only partially volatilize the organic material. The gases resulting from the partial combustion are passed to the surface of the ground. The method is preferred to recover hydrocarbons and other chemicals from a coal stratum and/or from an oil sand. In the preferred specific embodiment, the method is applied to recovering hydrocarbons from a coal stratum and a separate oil sand stratum, separated by a stratum of kerogen. In the latter heat of combustion is by conduction passed from the coal stratum to the oil sand stratum.
291 citations
179 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is suggested that the highly paraffinic crude oils which have been found in the offshore area of the Gippsland Basin in the Latrobe Valley Coal Measures have formed by the same geochemical reactions, largely from land plant material consisting of waxy leaf, pollen, and spore coatings.
133 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure determination of the cobalt molybdate on alumina catalyst has been studied and it is shown that the cobalo-molybdenum is distributed throughout the bulk of the alumina as CoAl 2 O 4, whereas the molybenzenum is spread over the carrier surface, probably as a monomolecular layer.
112 citations
54 citations
TL;DR: Coal rank is used to measure the degree of organic metamorphism, which is of great importance in the evaluation of the hydrocarbon potential of a region as mentioned in this paper, and is determined on true coal seams an...
Abstract: Coal rank is used to measure the degree of organic metamorphism, which is of great importance in the evaluation of the hydrocarbon potential of a region.The rank-is determined on true coal seams an...
44 citations
44 citations
Patent•
24 Mar 1969
TL;DR: In coal mining, coal fines are agglomerated by adding a liquid hydrocarbon to an aqueous dispersion of the fines and agitating the mixture to form spherical agglomers as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In coke production, coal fines are agglomerated by adding a liquid hydrocarbon to an aqueous dispersion of the fines and agitating the mixture to form spherical agglomerates. These agglomerates are separated, dried, preheated and carbonized.
Patent•
29 Dec 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a three-stage solvent interaction process in which the COAL is first contacted with a CONVENTIONAL COAL SOLVENT SUCH as TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE, with the RESULTing LIQUID COAL EXTRACT EXTRACTED with a first ALIPHATIC SOLVent to PRODUCE an ASPHALTENE Free ExTRACT with the ResULANT RESIDUE BEING TREATED with a Light AROMATic SOLvent to further PR
Abstract: COAL IS CONVERTED INTO VALUABLE LIQUID PRODUCTS UTILIZING A THREE-STAGE SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS. THE COAL IS FIRST CONTACTED WITH A CONVENTIONAL COAL SOLVENT SUCH AS TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE, WITH THE RESULTING LIQUID COAL EXTRACT EXTRACTED WITH A FIRST ALIPHATIC SOLVENT TO PRODUCE AN ASPHALTENE FREE EXTRACT WITH THE RESULANT RESIDUE BEING TREATED WITH A LIGHT AROMATIC SOLVENT TO FURTHER PRODUCE A SECOND COAL EXTRACT. EACH OF THE EXTRACT MATERIALS ARE SEPARATELY REFINED, AND PRODUCED ARE COAL PRODUCTS FREE OF SOLID MATERIAL WITHOUT THE UTILIZATION OF INTRICATE FILTRATION PRINCIPLES.
Patent•
28 Mar 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a method for desulfurizing coal by reacting sulfur-containing bituminous coal with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogen sulfide getter at a temperature about 600-800* F was proposed.
Abstract: A method for desulfurizing coal by reacting sulfur-containing bituminous coal with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogen sulfide ''''getter'''' at a temperature about 600-800* F.
Patent•
28 Nov 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for producing a balled coal product from coal fines involves mixing a bridging liquid with coal fines and agitating the formed mixture in an aqueous medium to cause agglomeration of the coal particles.
Abstract: A process for producing a balled coal product from coal fines involves mixing a bridging liquid with coal fines and agitating the formed mixture in an aqueous medium to cause agglomeration of the coal particles. The coal particle agglomerates are then at least partially de-watered and fed to a balling device, together with a balling nuclei of coarse coal particles and binding oil to form a balled product in which each ball comprises at least one balling nucleus in association with coal particles derived from the agglomerates. The balled coal product is moved from the balling device when formed.
Patent•
05 Aug 1969TL;DR: In this article, a process of churning coal is described, by heating it in a first stage fluidized bed in the absence of added OXYGEN and VAPORS from COAL PYROLYSIS.
Abstract: A PROCESS OF PYROLYZING COAL, BY HEATING IT IN A FIRST STAGE FLUIDIZED BED IN THE ABSENCE OF ADDED OXYGEN AND VAPORS FROM COAL PYROLYSIS CONTAINING MATERIAL CONDENSABLE AS OILY LIQUID, AT A TEMPERATURE BELOW THE FUSION TEMPERATURE, BUT SUFFICIENTLY HIGH TO REMOVE SOME VOLATILES FROM THE DRY COAL UNTIL ABOUT 1-10% OF THE DRY COAL ARE REMOVED OVERHEAD AS VOLATILES; IN AT LEAST A SECOND DEVOLATIZING STAGE, PASSING THE THUS TREATED COAL INTO AT LEAST ONE OTHER FLUIDIZED BED AT A TEMPERATURE ABOVE THAT OF THE FIRST BED AND BELOW THE FUSION POINT OF THE SOLIDS FED TO THAT STAGE, IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN FOR A TIME SUFFICIENT TO NEARLY REMOVE ALL OF THE VOLATILES FROM THE COAL CONDENSABLE TO OILY LIQUIDS; DIVIDING THE NEARLY DEVOLATILIZED CHAR INTO A PRODUCT STREAM, A RECYCLE STREAM AND A COMBUSTION STREAM; COMPLETELY BURNING THE COMBUSTION STREAM, ENTRAINING THE RECYCLE STREAM IN THE HOT GASES FROM THE COMBUSTION STREAM, SEPARATING THE ENTRAINED RECYCLE CHAR FROM THE HOT GASES, AND RECIRCULATING THE HEATED RECYCLE STREAM INTO THE FINAL DEVOLATIZING STAGE, AND RECOVERING THE CONDENSABLES FROM THE OVERHEADS FROM THE FIRST STAGE AND ALL OF THE DEVOLATILIZING STAGES.
Patent•
18 Aug 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a two-stage solvent interaction process in which the COAL is first contacted with CONVENTIONAL COAL SOLVENTS, SUCH AS TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE under HYDROGEN PRESSURE; the solvents are removed VIA FRACTION; and HYDRO-RICH COAL COMPONENTS PRODUCED are RECOVERED FREE OF PARTICULATE MATTER by SOLVENT EXTRACTION with a LIGHT AROMATIC OR KETONE SOL
Abstract: COAL IS CONVERTED TO LIQUID PRODUCTS UTILIZING A TWOSTAGE SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS WHEREIN THE LIQUID COAL PRODUCTS ARE SEPARATGED FROM UNREACTED COAL AND ASH WITHOUT REQUIRING FILTRATION. THE COAL IS FIRST CONTACTED WITH CONVENTIONAL COAL SOLVENTS, SUCH AS TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE UNDER HYDROGEN PRESSURE; THE SOLVENT IS REMOVED VIA FRACTIONATION; AND HYDROGEN-RICH COAL COMPONENTS PRODUCED ARE RECOVERED FREE OF PARTICULATE MATTER BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION WITH A LIGHT AROMATIC OR KETONE SOLVENT.
Patent•
11 Jul 1969TL;DR: In this article, a method of pressure spraying and burning a coal dust-water mixture is described, which includes heating coal dust and water contained in the mixture, prior to discharging the same from a nozzle at a pressure of several atmospheres excess pressure, to a temperature that is just below the water-vaporizing temperature corresponding to the pressure produced upstream of the nozzle so that the water is pressure-relieved and vaporizes directly after passing through the nozzle; and device for carrying out the method.
Abstract: Method of pressure spraying and burning a coal dust-water mixture includes heating the coal dust and the water contained in the mixture, prior to discharging the same from a nozzle at a pressure of several atmospheres excess pressure, to a temperature that is just below the water-vaporizing temperature corresponding to the pressure produced upstream of the nozzle so that the water is pressure-relieved and vaporizes directly after passing through the nozzle; and device for carrying out the method.
Patent•
02 Jun 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe how coal is first PREHEATED in a first CHAMBER by direct contact with HOT GAS and is then CARBONIZED in a second CHAMPBER USING MICROWAVE ENERGY as the HEAT SOURCE.
Abstract: COAL IS FIRST PREHEATED IN A FIRST CHAMBER BY DIRECT CONTACT WITH HOT GASES AND IS THEN CARBONIZED IN A SECOND CHAMBER USING MICROWAVE ENERGY AS THE HEAT SOURCE. THE VOLATILE MATERIAL FROM THE SECOND CHAMBER IS FRACTIONALLY CONDENSED.
TL;DR: A detailed study of the effects of coal mining on ground water was conducted in the Toms Run drainage basin in northwestern Pennsylvania where coal mining and oil and gas well drilling have occurred for almost 100 years as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Coal mining in Appalachia has degraded both the surface and ground water During mining, ground water is drained from the rocks and the pyrite associated with the coal beds is exposed to air Oxidation of the pyrite produces high iron ana sulfate concentration and a low pH in the water Some of this polluted water flows directly into nearby streams and some moves into the ground-water system When the latter occurs, the iron concentration can increase up to several hundred mg/1 and the sulfates to over one thousand mg/1 Unfortunately, in most cases the cessation of mining does not stop the ground-water pollution, and it can take many decades before the ground water again becomes usable
A detailed study of the effects of coal mining on ground water was conducted in the Toms Run drainage basin in northwestern Pennsylvania where coal mining and oil and gas well drilling have occurred for almost 100 years The rocks of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Age produce a multiaquifer system–three major aquifers separated by siltstone and shale beds (aquitatdes) The oil and gas wells act as a conduit system permitting acid mine drainage to move downward from the strip mines to underlying aquifers It then moves laterally down dip and discharges as springs The acid mine drainage adversely affects the ground-water quality by increasing the iron and sulfate content of the water especially in the vicinity of the strip mines
Patent•
13 Jun 1969
TL;DR: A CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL E.G. as mentioned in this paper TREATED with a FLuid E.g. Benzene or ETHYLENE RESPECTively, at super-critically restrictive conditions to expose part or all of the carbonate content.
Abstract: A CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL E.G. COAL OR C OAL TAR, IS TREATED WITH A FLUID E.G. BENZENE OR ETHYLENE RESPECTIVELY, AT SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS TO EXTRACT PART OR ALL OF THE CARBONACEOUS CONTENT WHICH IS SUBSEQUENTLY RELEASED BY REDUCING THE PRESSURE.
Patent•
13 Nov 1969
TL;DR: In this article, coal to benzene-soluble hydrocarbon products are converted at conversion pressures with a hydrogen partial pressure of less than about 1,000 p.i.s. in the presence of a hydrogen donor oil and a particulate contact material.
Abstract: The hydroconversion of coal to benzene-soluble hydrocarbon products is accomplished at conversion pressures with a hydrogen partial pressure of less than about 1,000 p.s.i. in the presence of a hydrogen donor oil and a particulate contact material. Under these operating conditions, the particulate contact material is maintained in random motion. Hydrogen partial pressures as low as 350 p.s.i. are practical and economical. From the resulting liquid effluent, a distillate fraction is recovered and it is further hydrogenated to produce an effective hydrogen donor oil.
Patent•
14 May 1969
TL;DR: Solid fuel is made from raw refuse and other waste material by removing metals and fines from the refuse, crushing and drying the treated refuse and mixing it with pulverized coal or coke to increase the calorific value together with a bonding agent, e.g. lignite sulphonate, before being pelletized or briquetted and heat treated at a temperature not above 225‹ C as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: 1286532 Solid fuel THERMCO (KINGS LYNN) Ltd 14 Aug 1970 [14 May 1969 15 July 1970] 24535/69 and 34332/70 Heading C5G Solid fuel is made from raw refuse and other waste material by removing metals and fines from the refuse, crushing and drying the treated refuse and mixing it with pulverized coal or coke to increase the calorific value together with a bonding agent, e.g. lignite sulphonate, before being pelletized or briquetted and heat treated at a temperature not above 225‹ C. to form a smokeless fuel. In an example, proportions by weight of treated refuse, coal or coke, and binder are 68%, 24%, 8%.
Patent•
04 Jun 1969
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a scenario where the bituminous coal is pre-conditioned with a liquid sulfuric agent prior to carbonization by heating to a temperature in the range of 400*F to 700*F.
Abstract: CASRBONIZATION OF BITUMINOUS COAL WHEREIN THE COAL IS ACIDIFIED WITH A LIQUID SULFONATING AGENT SUCH AS SULFURIC ACID OR OLEUM AND THEREAFTER CARBONIZED BY HEATING TO A TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE OF 600*C. TO 900*C., THE HEATING RATE IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE OF 400*C. TO 600*C. BEING IN EXCESS OF 10*C. PER MINUTE. THE ACIDIFIED COAL IS PREFERABLY DEACIDIFIED PRIOR TO CARBONIZATION BY HEATING AT A TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE OF 400*F. TO 700*F. WITH OR WITHOUT A SWEEPING AIRSTREAM. ACID TREATMENT OF THE BITUMINOUS COALS PERMITS CARBONIZATION THEREOF AT AN ACCELERATED RATE WITHOUT CAKING DURING HEATING THROUGH THE TEMPERATURE RANGE OF 400*C. TO 600*C.
Patent•
24 Jul 1969
TL;DR: In this article, the coal mining operation takes place in a confined space and, during the mining operation, coal dust is constantly eliminated from said confined space, this being done either by spraying through the air in the compartment or by exhausting air therefrom.
Abstract: A coal-mining apparatus is fed against a vein of coal under pressure and advanced through the vein to progressively mine the coal. Back of the mining apparatus is arranged a board or partition which extends from the floor to the roof of the mine and combines with the floor and with the veil of coal to form a compartment. Means is provided, associated with the compartment referred to, for minimizing or eliminating light floating dust, this being done either by spraying through the air in the compartment or by exhausting air therefrom. The invention further comprises a method of coal mining wherein the mining operation takes place in a confined space, and, during the mining operation, coal dust is constantly eliminated from said confined space.