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Coal
About: Coal is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 93353 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1018918 citations. The topic is also known as: pitcoal.
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01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: The origin of coal, its petrographic constitution, changes in the macerals during coalification, techniques of coal petrology and their application to problems of palaeobotany, geology, oil and gas prospecting, coal assessment, coal evaluation, and fuel technology are discussed in this article.
Abstract: This book includes the origin of coal, its petrographic constitution, changes in the macerals during coalification, techniques of coal petrology and their application to problems of palaeobotany, geology, oil and gas prospecting, coal assessment, coal evaluation, and fuel technology. This is the Third Edition of this textbook. (DP)
1,327 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a brief review of the organic matter composition in aerosols derived from the major sources is also given, with emphasis on the detection of biomass burning components, and a long range transport of smoke particulate matter with the associated organic compounds is also discussed.
1,325 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the micropores are where most methane adsorption occurs in coal seams, and the methane molecule may actually stretch, minutely, the pore and thus with de-gassing of the reservoir, could result in matrix shrinkage, allowing opening of the fracture (cleat) system in the coal and thus enhancing permeability.
1,160 citations
Harvard University1, Tsinghua University2, Chinese Academy of Sciences3, Centre national de la recherche scientifique4, University of Maryland, College Park5, Appalachian State University6, Oak Ridge National Laboratory7, University of Cambridge8, Peking University9, University of Oslo10, Beijing Forestry University11, University of East Anglia12, Nanjing University13
TL;DR: China’s carbon emissions are re-evaluated using updated and harmonized energy consumption and clinker production data and two new and comprehensive sets of measured emission factors for Chinese coal, finding that total energy consumption in China was 10 per cent higher in 2000–2012 than the value reported by China's national statistics, and that emission factors are on average 40 per cent lower than the default values recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Abstract: Nearly three-quarters of the growth in global carbon emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement production between 2010 and 2012 occurred in China. Yet estimates of Chinese emissions remain subject to large uncertainty; inventories of China's total fossil fuel carbon emissions in 2008 differ by 0.3 gigatonnes of carbon, or 15 per cent. The primary sources of this uncertainty are conflicting estimates of energy consumption and emission factors, the latter being uncertain because of very few actual measurements representative of the mix of Chinese fuels. Here we re-evaluate China's carbon emissions using updated and harmonized energy consumption and clinker production data and two new and comprehensive sets of measured emission factors for Chinese coal. We find that total energy consumption in China was 10 per cent higher in 2000-2012 than the value reported by China's national statistics, that emission factors for Chinese coal are on average 40 per cent lower than the default values recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and that emissions from China's cement production are 45 per cent less than recent estimates. Altogether, our revised estimate of China's CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production is 2.49 gigatonnes of carbon (2 standard deviations = ±7.3 per cent) in 2013, which is 14 per cent lower than the emissions reported by other prominent inventories. Over the full period 2000 to 2013, our revised estimates are 2.9 gigatonnes of carbon less than previous estimates of China's cumulative carbon emissions. Our findings suggest that overestimation of China's emissions in 2000-2013 may be larger than China's estimated total forest sink in 1990-2007 (2.66 gigatonnes of carbon) or China's land carbon sink in 2000-2009 (2.6 gigatonnes of carbon).
1,075 citations
Esri1
TL;DR: Greenhouse gas emissions are fundamental both to the world's energy system and to its food production as discussed by the authors, and they are the mother of all externalities: larger, more complex, and more uncertain than any other environmental problem.
Abstract: Greenhouse gas emissions are fundamental both to the world’s energy system and to its food production. The production of CO2, the predominant gas implicated in climate change, is intrinsic to fossil fuel combustion; specifically, thermal energy is generated by breaking the chemical bonds in the carbohydrates oil, coal, and natural gas and oxidizing the components to CO2 and H2O. One cannot have cheap energy without carbon dioxide emissions. Similarly, methane (CH4) emissions, an important greenhouse gas in its own right, are necessary to prevent the build-up of hydrogen in anaerobic digestion and decomposition. One cannot have beef, mutton, dairy, or rice without methane emissions. Climate change is the mother of all externalities: larger, more complex, and more uncertain than any other environmental problem. The sources of greenhouse gas emissions are more diffuse than any other environmental problem. Every company, every farm, every household emits some greenhouse gases. The effects are similarly pervasive. Weather affects agriculture, energy use, health, and many aspects of nature—which in turn affects everything and everyone. The causes and consequences of climate change are very diverse, and those in low-income countries who contribute least to climate change are most vulnerable to its effects. Climate change is also a long-term problem. Some greenhouse gases have an atmospheric life-time measured in tens of thousands of years. The quantities of emissions involved are enormous. In 2000, carbon dioxide emissions alone (and excluding land use change) were 24 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (tCO2).
1,054 citations