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Coercion
About: Coercion is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5120 publications have been published within this topic receiving 109000 citations.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on one particular aspect of authoritativeness: voluntary compliance with the decisions of authorities, and distinguish both of these types of power from legitimate power, in which obedience flows from judgments about the legitimacy of the authority.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on one particular aspect of authoritativeness: voluntary compliance with the decisions of authorities. Social psychologists have long distinguished between obedience that is the result of coercion, and obedience that is the result of internal attitudes. Opinions describe “reward power” and “coercive power”, in which obedience is contingent on positive and negative outcomes, and distinguish both of these types of power from legitimate power, in which obedience flows from judgments about the legitimacy of the authority. Legitimate power depends on people taking the obligation on themselves to obey and voluntarily follow the decisions made by authorities. The chapter also focuses on legitimacy because it is important to recognize, that legitimacy is not the only attitudinal factor influencing effectiveness. It is also influenced by other cognitions about the authority, most notably judgments of his or her expertise with respect to the problem at hand. The willingness of group members to accept a leader's directives is only helpful when the leader knows what directives to issue.
2,645 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1958
TL;DR: The sense of privacy itself, of the area of personal relationships as something sacred in its own right, derives from a conception of freedom which, for all its religious roots, is scarcely older, in its developed state, than the Renaissance or the Reformation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: 'Freedom for the pike is death for the minnows'; the liberty of some must depend on the restraint of others. Freedom for an Oxford don, others have been known to add, is a very different thing from freedom for an Egyptian peasant. The sense of privacy itself, of the area of personal relationships as something sacred in its own right, derives from a conception of freedom which, for all its religious roots, is scarcely older, in its developed state, than the Renaissance or the Reformation. The perils of using organic metaphors to justify the coercion of some men by others in order to raise them to a 'higher' level of freedom have often been pointed out. The most eloquent of all defenders of freedom and privacy, Benjamin Constant, who had not forgotten the Jacobin dictatorship, declared that at the very least the liberty of religion, opinion, expression, property must be guaranteed against arbitrary invasion.
1,795 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The European State System as mentioned in this paper is an example of a state system based on the European Cities and States (ECS) model. But it does not consider cities and states in World History.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Cities and States in World History. 2. European Cities and States. 3. How War Made States, and Vice Versa. 4. States and their Citizens. 5. Lineages of the National State. 6. The European State System. 7. Soldiers and States in 1990. References. Index.
1,623 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe how war made states, and vice versa states and their citizens lineages of the national state the European state system soldiers and states in 1990, and the European states in world history.
Abstract: Cities and states in world history European cities and states how war made states, and vice versa states and their citizens lineages of the national state the European state system soldiers and states in 1990.
978 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The diffusion of policies across countries has been studied extensively by sociologists and political scientists as discussed by the authors, pointing to the diverse mechanisms that are theorized and to promising avenues for distinguishing among causal mechanisms.
Abstract: Social scientists have sketched four distinct theories to explain a phenomenon that appears to have ramped up in recent years, the diffusion of policies across countries. Constructivists trace policy norms to expert epistemic communities and international organizations, who define economic progress and human rights. Coercion theorists point to powerful nation-states, and international financial institutions, that threaten sanctions or promise aid in return for fiscal conservatism, free trade, etc. Competition theorists argue that countries compete to attract investment and to sell exports by lowering the cost of doing business, reducing constraints on investment, or reducing tariff barriers in the hope of reciprocity. Learning theorists suggest that countries learn from their own experiences and, as well, from the policy experiments of their peers. We review the large body of research from sociologists and political scientists, as well as the growing body of work from economists and psychologists, pointing to the diverse mechanisms that are theorized and to promising avenues for distinguishing among causal mechanisms.
902 citations