Cohesion (geology)

About: Cohesion (geology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4788 publications have been published within this topic receiving 86762 citations.

An Essay on the Cohesion of Fluids

Abstract: It has already been asserted, by Mr. Monge and others, that the phenomena of capillary tubes are referable to the cohesive attraction of the superficial particles only of the fluids employed, and that the surfaces must consequently be formed into curves of the nature of lintearias, which are supposed to be the results of a uniform tension of a surface, resisting the pressure of a fluid, either uniform, or varying according to a given law. Segner, who appears to have been the first that maintained a similar opinion, has shown in what manner the principle may be deduced from the doctrine of attraction, but his demonstration is complicated, and not perfectly satisfactory; and in applying the law to the forms of drops, he has neglected to consider the very material effects of the double curvature, which is evidently the cause of the want of a perfect coincidence of some of his experiments with his theory. Since the time of Segner, little has been done in investigating accurately and in detail the various consequences of the principle. It will perhaps be most agreeable to the experimental philosopher, although less consistent with the strict course of logical argument, to proceed in the first place to the comparison of this theory with the phenomena, and to inquire afterwards for its foundation in the ultimate properties of matter. But it is necessary to premise one observation, which appears to be new, and which is equally consistent with theory and with experiment; that is, that for each combination of a solid and a fluid, there is an appropriate angle of contact between the surfaces of the fluid, exposed to the air, and to the solid. This angle, for glass and water, and in all cases where a solid is perfectly wetted by a fluid, is evanescent: for glass and mercury, it is about 140°, in common temperatures, and when the mercury is moderately clean.

Friction of Rocks

Abstract: Experimental results in the published literature show that at low normal stress the shear stress required to slide one rock over another varies widely between experiments. This is because at low stress rock friction is strongly dependent on surface roughness. At high normal stress that effect is diminished and the friction is nearly independent of rock type. If the sliding surfaces are separated by gouge composed of Montmorillonite or vermiculite the friction can be very low.

Fundamentals of soil behavior

Abstract: The book is intended to develop an understanding of the factors determining and controlling the engineering properties of soil, the factors controlling their magnitude, and the influences of environment and time. The two-part book contains the following chapters: Part 1 - the nature of soils; bonding, crystal structure and surface characteristics; soil mineralogy; soil formation and soil deposits; determination of soil composition; soil water; clay-water-electrolyte system; soil fabric and its measurement; Part 2 - soil behavior; soil composition and engineering properties; effective, intergranular and total stress; soil structure and its stability; fabric, structure and property relationships, volume change behavior; strength and deformation behavior; and, conduction phenomena. /TRRL/

Fundamentals of soil behavior

Abstract: Preface. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Soil Behavior in Civil and Environmental Engineering. 1.2 Scope and Organization. 1.3 Getting Started. CHAPTER 2: SOIL FORMATION. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Earth's Crust. 2.3 Geologic Cycle and Geological Time. 2.4 Rock and Mineral Stability. 2.5 Weathering. 2.6 Origin of Clay Minerals and Clay Genesis. 2.7 Soil Profiles and Their Development. 2.8 Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition. 2.9 Postdepositional Changes in Sediments. 2.10 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 3: SOIL MINERALOGY. 3.1 Importance of Soil Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering. 3.2 Atomic Structure. 3.3 Interatomic Bonding. 3.4 Secondary Bonds. 3.5 Crystals and Their Properties. 3.6 Crystal Notation. 3.7 Factors Controlling Crystal Structures. 3.8 Silicate Crystals. 3.9 Surfaces. 3.10 Gravel, Sand, and Silt Particles. 3.11 Soil Minerals and Materials Formed by Biogenic and Geochemical Processes. 3.12 Summary of Nonclay Mineral Characteristics. 3.13 Structural Units of the Layer Silicates. 3.14 Synthesis Pattern and Classification of the Clay Minerals. 3.15 Intersheet and Interlayer Bonding in the Clay Minerals. 3.16 The 1:1 Minerals. 3.17 Smectite Minerals. 3.18 Micalike Clay Minerals. 3.19 Other Clay Minerals. 3.20 Summary of Clay Mineral Characteristics. 3.21 Determination of Soil Composition. 3.22 X-ray Diffraction Analysis. 3.23 Other Methods for Compositional Analysis. 3.24 Quantitative Estimation of Soil Components. 3.25 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 4: SOIL COMPOSITION AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Approaches to the Study of Composition and Property Interrelationships. 4.3 Engineering Properties of Granular Soils. 4.4 Dominating Influence of the Clay Phase. 4.5 Atterberg Limits. 4.6 Activity. 4.7 Influences of Exchangeable Cations and pH. 4.8 Engineering Properties of Clay Minerals. 4.9 Effects of Organic Matter. 4.10 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 5: SOIL FABRIC AND ITS MEASUREMENT. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Definitions of Fabrics and Fabric Elements. 5.3 Single-Grain Fabrics. 5.4 Contact Force Characterization Using Photoelasticity. 5.5 Multigrain Fabrics. 5.6 Voids and Their Distribution. 5.7 Sample Acquisition and Preparation for Fabric Analysis. 5.8 Methods for Fabric Study. 5.9 Pore Size Distribution Analysis. 5.10 Indirect Methods for Fabric Characterization. 5.11 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 6: SOIL-WATER-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Nature of Ice and Water. 6.3 Influence of Dissolved Ions on Water. 6.4 Mechanisms of Soil-Water Interaction. 6.5 Structure and Properties of Adsorbed Water. 6.6 Clay-Water-Electrolyte System. 6.7 Ion Distributions in Clay-Water Systems. 6.8 Elements of Double-Layer Theory. 6.9 Influences of System Variables on the Double Layer. 6.10 Limitations of the Gouy-Chapman Diffuse Double Layer Model. 6.11 Energy and Force of Repulsion. 6.12 Long-Range Attraction. 6.13 Net Energy of Interaction. 6.14 Cation Exchange-General Considerations. 6.15 Theories for Ion Exchange. 6.16 Soil-Inorganic Chemical Interactions. 6.17 Clay-Organic Chemical Interactions. 6.18 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 7: EFFECTIVE, INTERGRANULAR, AND TOTAL STRESS. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Principle of Effective Stress. 7.3 Force Distributions in a Particulate System. 7.4 Interparticle Forces. 7.5 Intergranular Pressure. 7.6 Water Pressures and Potentials. 7.7 Water Pressure Equilibrium in Soil. 7.8 Measurement of Pore Pressures in Soils. 7.9 Effective and Intergranular Pressure. 7.10 Assessment of Terzaghi's Equation. 7.11 Water-Air Interactions in Soils. 7.12 Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils. 7.13 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 8: SOIL DEPOSITS-THEIR FORMATION, STRUCTURE, GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES, AND STABILITY. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Structure Development. 8.3 Residual Soils. 8.4 Surficial Residual Soils and Taxonomy. 8.5 Terrestrial Deposits. 8.6 Mixed Continental and Marine Deposits. 8.7 Marine Deposits. 8.8 Chemical and Biological Deposits. 8.9 Fabric, Structure, and Property Relationships: General Considerations. 8.10 Soil Fabric and Property Anisotropy. 8.11 Sand Fabric and Liquefaction. 8.12 Sensitivity and Its Causes. 8.13 Property Interrelationships in Sensitive Clays. 8.14 Dispersive Clays. 8.15 Slaking. 8.16 Collapsing Soils and Swelling Soils. 8.17 Hard Soils and Soft Rocks. 8.18 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 9: CONDUCTION PHENOMENA. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Flow Laws and Interrelationships. 9.3 Hydraulic Conductivity. 9.4 Flows Through Unsaturated Soils. 9.5 Thermal Conductivity. 9.6 Electrical Conductivity. 9.7 Diffusion. 9.8 Typical Ranges of Flow Parameters. 9.9 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Salts Through Soil-Coupled Flows. 9.10 Quantification of Coupled Flows. 9.11 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Chemicals. 9.12 Electrokinetic Phenomena. 9.13 Transport Coefficients and the Importance of Coupled Flows. 9.14 Compatibility-Effects of Chemical Flows on Properties. 9.15 Electroosmosis. 9.16 Electroosmosis Efficiency. 9.17 Consolidation by Electroosmosis. 9.18 Electrochemical Effects. 9.19 Electrokinetic Remediation. 9.20 Self-Potentials. 9.21 Thermally Driven Moisture Flows. 9.22 Ground Freezing. 9.23 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 10: VOLUME CHANGE BEHAVIOR. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 General Volume Change Behavior of Soils. 10.3 Preconsolidation Pressure. 10.4 Factors Controlling Resistance to Volume Change. 10.5 Physical Interactions in Volume Change. 10.6 Fabric, Structure, and Volume Change. 10.7 Osmotic Pressure and Water Adsorption Influences on Compression and Swelling. 10.8 Influences of Mineralogical Detail in Soil Expansion. 10.9 Consolidation. 10.10 Secondary Compression. 10.11 In Situ Horizontal Stress (K 0 ). 10.12 Temperature-Volume Relationships. 10.13 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 11 STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 General Characteristics of Strength and Deformation. 11.3 Fabric, Structure, and Strength. 11.4 Friction Between Solid Surfaces. 11.5 Frictional Behavior of Minerals. 11.6 Physical Interactions Among Particles. 11.7 Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition. 11.8 Strength Parameters for Sands. 11.9 Strength Parameters for Clays. 11.10 Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization. 11.11 Residual State and Residual Strength. 11.12 Intermediate Stress Effects and Anisotropy. 11.13 Resistance to Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction. 11.14 Strength of Mixed Soils. 11.15 Cohesion. 11.16 Fracturing of Soils. 11.17 Deformation Characteristics. 11.18 Linear Elastic Stiffness. 11.19 Transition from Elastic to Plastic States. 11.20 Plastic Deformation. 11.21 Temperature Effects. 11.22 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 12: TIME EFFECTS ON STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 General Characteristics. 12.3 Time-Dependent Deformation-Structure Interaction. 12.4 Soil Deformation as a Rate Process. 12.5 Bonding, Effective Stresses, and Strength. 12.6 Shearing Resistance as a Rate Process. 12.7 Creep and Stress Relaxation. 12.8 Rate Effects on Stress-Strain Relationships. 12.9 Modeling of Stress-Strain-Time Behavior. 12.10 Creep Rupture. 12.11 Sand Aging Effects and Their Significance. 12.12 Mechanical Processes of Aging. 12.13 Chemical Processes of Aging. 12.14 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. List of Symbols. References. Index.