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Collective efficacy

About: Collective efficacy is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1731 publications have been published within this topic receiving 92168 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
15 Aug 1997-Science
TL;DR: Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled.
Abstract: It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.

10,498 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article provides a comprehensive review of research on the effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent well-being and suggests the importance of high socioeconomic status for achievement and low SES and residential instability for behavioral/emotional outcomes.
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive review of research on the effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent well-being. The first section reviews key methodological issues. The following section considers links between neighborhood characteristics and child outcomes and suggests the importance of high socioeconomic status (SES) for achievement and low SES and residential instability for behavioral/emotional outcomes. The third section identifies 3 pathways (institutional resources, relationships, and norms/collective efficacy) through which neighborhoods might influence development, and which represent an extension of models identified by C. Jencks and S. Mayer (1990) and R. J. Sampson (1992). The models provide a theoretical base for studying neighborhood mechanisms and specify different levels (individual, family, school, peer, community) at which processes may operate. Implications for an emerging developmental framework for research on neighborhoods are discussed. Social science concerns about the effects of residence in a poor neighborhood on children and youth date back more than 50 years to the publication of Shaw and McKay's (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Historical accounts of the effects of living in a poor neighborhood date back even further. The current interest in neighborhood effects on, children and youth has multiple origins. First, Wilson's (1987) documentation of increasingly concentrated poverty in urban areas at the neighborhood level during the 1970s and 1980s served to reorient discussions of poverty from the individual to the neighborhood level. Second, and related to the work of Wilson, was the rejuvenated interest among sociologists and urban scholars in community social disorganization theory (Shaw & McKay, 1942) as an explanatory model for delinquency and crime, as well as other problem behaviors encountered in many poor urban neighborhoods (see, e.g., Bursik, 1988; Kornhauser, 1978; Sampson, 1992; Sampson & Groves, 1989; see Sampson & Morenoff, 1997, for a review). Social disorganization theory posits that neighborhood structural factors, such as poverty, residential instability, single parenthood, and ethnic heterogeneity, are of prime importance in explaining behavior through their ability to thwart or promote neighborhood organization (formal and informal institutions), which maintains public order. Other scholars, although not necessarily focusing on child wellbeing, drew attention to residential (or spacial) patterns as sources

3,303 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Self Efficacy in Changing Societies (SEIS) as discussed by the authors ) is a survey of self-efficacy in the context of sociocultural experiences and the development of selfefficacy.
Abstract: Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies Albert Bandura (Ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995, 334 pp., $00.00 Research and publication on the construct entitled self-efficacy has grown exponentially in terms of both numbers of studies and diversity of applications. Self Efficacy in Changing Societies consists of 10 chapters that analyze the diverse ways in which perceived self-efficacy troth shapes and is shaped by sociolcultural experiences. Edited by Albert Bandura, the book is based upon papers presented by international scholars at a conference held November 4-6, 1993, at the Johann Jacobs Foundations Communication Center, Marbach Castle, Germany and centers around the theme that "young people's beliefs in their personal efficacy to manage the demands of rapidly changing societal conditions help them to meet these challenges" (p. vii). The introductory chapter, Written by Bandura, begins by addressing what he considers to be "central issues" regarding the nature and function of perceived self-efficacy. The majority of the chapter is dedicated to the role of efficacy beliefs in different arenas of human functioning. In addition, the chapter explores the role of perceived self-efficacy in individualistic and collectivistic social systems and concludes by discussing current conditions that may impede the development of collective efficacy, and ways that individuals attempt to recapture some control over these conditions. In chapter 2, Glen Elder, Jr., describes the essential elements of what he calls an "emerging life course paradigm" and then discusses research exploring societal change in America and the impact on beliefs of personal efficacy. Elder demonstrates how personal efficacy beliefs operate within a much broader network of sociocultural influences than have been previously considered. Chapter 3, written by August Flammer, is a developmental analysis of how control beliefs emerge and change throughout the human life span, with the primary focus being the first 12 years. Rammer also discusses the impact of control beliefs on self-concept and prioritization of various life pursuits. Klaus Schneewind's contribution lo the text (chapter 4) addresses the impact of structural and process-oriented aspects of family life on the development of self-efficacy and outcome expectancies. He examines the extensive impact of early family experiences for the individual and discusses several important issues that influence the development of family efficacy beliefs. Schneewind concluded the chapter by presenting an integrative model for studying the processes that influence the acquisition and development of efficacy beliefs within the family context. The fifth chapter, written by Gabriele Oettingen, examines the role of culture in the development of self-efficacy. The chapter begins with an examination of the impact of cultural diversity on self-efficacy information in family and school contexts. Next, the author identifies cross-cultural influences on children's self-efficacy beliefs that operate in school contexts of specific cultures. The chapter closes with a discussion of the universality of self-efficacy effects on persons' cognition, affect, and motivation across cultures. …

2,924 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Perceived collective efficacy fosters groups' motivational commitment to their missions, resilience to adversity, and performance a ccomplishments as discussed by the authors, and its centrality in how people live their lives.
Abstract: Social c ognitive t heory adopts an agentic perspective in which individuals are producers of experiences and shapers of events. Among the mechanisms of human agency, none is more focal or pervading than the belief of personal efficacy. This core belief is the foundation of human agency. Unless people believe that they can produce desired effects and forestall undesired ones by their actions, they have little incentive to act. The growing interdependence of human functioning is placing a premium on the exercise of collective agency through shared beliefs in the power to produce effects by collective action. The present article analyzes the nature of perceived collective efficacy and its centrality in how people live their lives. Perceived collective efficacy fosters groups’ motivational commitment to their missions, resilience to adversity, and performance a ccomplishments.

2,408 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the sources and consequences of public disorder are assessed based on the videotaping and systematic rating of more than 23,000 street segments in Chicago, and highly reliable scales of social and physical disorder for 196 neighborhoods are constructed.
Abstract: This article assesses the sources and consequences of public disorder. Based on the videotaping and systematic rating of more than 23,000 street segments in Chicago, highly reliable scales of social and physical disorder for 196 neighborhoods are constructed. Census data, police records, and an independent survey of more than 3,500 residents are then integrated to test a theory of collective efficacy and structural constraints. Defined as cohesion among residents combined with shared expectations for the social control of public space, collective efficacy explains lower rates of crime and observed disorder after controlling neighborhood structural characteristics. Collective efficacy is also linked to lower rates of violent crime after accounting for disorder and the reciprocal effects of violence. Contrary to the "broken windows" theory, however, the relationship between public disorder and crime is spurious except perhaps for robbery.

2,304 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202331
202278
2021100
2020129
2019113
2018106