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Showing papers on "Collision avoidance published in 1982"


Book
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a table for use in assessing risk of collision and suggest the use of ship's lights to avoid collision in IMO-recommendations for ships' training, certification and watchkeeping.
Abstract: Foreword Preface Collisions and the courts History of the collision regulations Part A, General Rules Part B, Steering and sailing rules Part C, Lights and shapes Part D, Sound and lights signals Selected examples of ships' lights Part E, Exemptions Annexes to the Rules International convention regulation on standards of training, navigational certification and watchkeeping IMO recommendations Table for use in assessing risk of collision Manoeuvring to avoid collision Ships referred to in the text Index.

38 citations


Patent
Andres Albanese1
02 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this article, a collision avoidance circuit in each link monitors the node to determine whether it is in a busy or idle status, and the first message to arrive places the node in busy status at which time all other, nontransmitting links are disconnected, thereby avoiding a collision.
Abstract: The efficiency of packet switching networks is improved by using a collision avoidance technique rather than collision detection. The subscriber links are connected to a common node. A collision avoidance circuit in each link monitors the node to determine whether it is in a busy or idle status. The first message to arrive places the node in a busy status at which time all other, nontransmitting links are disconnected, thereby avoiding a collision. Later arriving messages are stored in buffers at each subscriber location and are transmitted when the node is again idle. In this manner messages are transmitted on a first-come basis, and can be of arbitrary duration regardless of bit rate.

17 citations


Patent
16 Apr 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method for communicating among at least two data processing stations (50, 58) connected by a network, which comprises the steps of continuously monitoring a communications medium (52) to detect the presence of data transfer, generating a random number, and transmitting data over the communications medium after a length of time which is dependent on the random number from the time at which the absence of data transmission over the medium is detected.
Abstract: A method for communicating among at least two data processing stations (50, 58) connected by a network. The method comprises the steps of continuously monitoring a communications medium (52) to detect the presence of data transfer, generating a random number, and transmitting data over the communications medium (52) after a length of time which is dependent on the random number from the time at which the absence of data transfer over the medium is detected. The probability of simultaneous data transmission by two or more data processing stations (50, 58) over the communications medium (52) is thereby greatly reduced.

15 citations


01 Oct 1982
TL;DR: In this article, pilots rate the collision danger of air traffic presented on cockpit displays of traffic information while they monitored simulated departures from Denver, and they selected avoidance maneuvers when necessary for separation.
Abstract: Ten airline pilots rates the collision danger of air traffic presented on cockpit displays of traffic information while they monitored simulated departures from Denver. They selected avoidance maneuvers when necessary for separation. Most evasive maneuvers were turns rather than vertical maneuvers. Evasive maneuvers chosen for encounters with low or moderate collision danger were generally toward the intruding aircraft. This tendency lessened as the perceived threat level increased. In the highest threst situations pilots turned toward the intruder only at chance levels. Intruders coming from positions in front of the pilot's own ship were more frequently avoided by turns toward than when intruders approached laterally or from behind. Some of the implications of the pilots' turning-toward tendencies are discussed with respect to automatic collision avoidance systems and coordination of avoidance maneuvers of conflicting aircraft.

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, pilots rated the collision danger of air traffic presented on cockpit displays of traffic information (CDTI) while they monitored simulated departures from Denver and selected avoidance maneuvers when necessary for separation.
Abstract: Ten airline pilots rated the collision danger of air traffic presented on cockpit displays of traffic information (CDTI) while they monitored simulated departures from Denver. They selected avoidance maneuvers when necessary for separation. Most evasive maneuvers were turns rather than vertical maneuvers. Evasive maneuvers chosen for encounters with low or moderate perceived collision danger were generally toward the intruding aircraft. This tendency lessened as the perceived threat level increased. In the highest threat situations pilots turned toward the intruder only at chance levels. Some of the implications of the pilots' turning-towards tendencies are discussed with respect to automatic collision avoidance systems and coordination of avoidance maneuvers of conflicting aircraft.

3 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
14 Jun 1982
TL;DR: To operate compatibly in the highly structured airspace, TCAS-II must minimize unwanted alarms when no true danger exists, and studies of real-world data leading to the selected tradeoffs between maximum protection and lowest alert rate are described.
Abstract: The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS-II) helps pilots avoid midair collisions using vertical escape maneuvers generated by an on-board processor. TCAS-II interrogates the altitude reporting transponders on other nearby aircraft, tracks their location, decides which pose a threat, selects a resolution maneuver against each threat, coordinates with the threat aircraft if possible, and displays the maneuvers to the pilot. To operate compatibly in the highly structured airspace, TCAS-II must minimize unwanted alarms when no true danger exists. A description of the algorithm is presented. Studies of real-world data leading to the selected tradeoffs between maximum protection and lowest alert rate are described. Many features have evolved which minimize the disruptive effects of a resolution advisory, but which provide a high level of protection within the fundamental constraints of the system.

2 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The survey will embrace the principal hyperbolic aids – Decca Main Chain and Loran-C; the artificial satellite navigation systems – TRANSIT SATELLITE and NAVSTAR, the Global Positioning System; and the navigational role of collision avoidance systems.
Abstract: This paper, which reviews briefly the development of modern maritime electronic navigation aids, was presented at a meeting of the Scottish Branch of the Institute held in Edinburgh on 7 October 1981. The electronic navigation systems dealt with in this paper are the principal position-fixing aids and the somewhat related computer radar data-processing equipment or Collision Avoidance Systems, inasmuch as these envelop a navigational task. The survey will thus embrace the principal hyperbolic aids – Decca Main Chain and Loran-C; the artificial satellite navigation systems – TRANSIT SATELLITE and NAVSTAR, the Global Positioning System; and the navigational role of collision avoidance systems.

1 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
14 Jun 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the regions from which maneuvers to avoid collision can be made and the required maneuvers which are presented in this paper are displayed along with other information which will be available in the new collision avoidance device.
Abstract: A new collision avoidance device is being developed by the Federal Aviation Administration It is proposed that the regions from which maneuvers to avoid collision can be made and the required maneuvers which are presented in this paper be displayed along with other information which will be available in the new device The regions and maneuvers for a two aircraft encounter are found from reachability conditions for nonlinear systems and smooth targets with constant control The results are applicable for the case in which both aircraft maintain nearly the same altitude, have speed ratios of two-to-one, and perform a single turn maneuver to avoid collision

1 citations