Showing papers on "Collision avoidance system published in 2001"

Emergency vehicle traffic signal pre-emption and collision avoidance system

Abstract: A system to allow emergency vehicles operators to obtain graphic data regarding other emergency vehicles (2) that may pose threats of collision. Automatic signaling takes place between emergency vehicles (2) within range of each other to transmit directional data regarding the direction of travel of each emergency vehicle (2). This data is correlated to derive directional vectors relative to each other that are displayed so that the operator can quickly determine the direction of other vehicles with respect to his own. The system includes equipment for preempting traffic signals (4) by selected emergency vehicles (2), and for informing other emergency vehicles (2) that a traffic signal has been preempted.

Formation surveillance and collision avoidance

Abstract: A formation collision avoidance system includes a Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) having a passive mode and an active mode. The passive mode enables several members of an aircraft formation to fly without actively interrogating using TCAS while only one or few formation members are actively interrogating. Formation members in passive mode maintain awareness of current air and ground traffic conditions using networked surveillance information provided over a communications link between formation members in active mode and formation members in passive mode. The networked surveillance information includes positional and intent information of current air/ground traffic obtained from ADS-B broadcasts and replies to the actively interrogating members of the formation. The communications link utilizes Station Keeping Equipment (SKE) already existing on certain aircraft.

Railroad collision avoidance system and method for preventing train accidents

Abstract: A railroad collision avoidance system and method are disclosed that utilize impulse radio technology to effectively warn a person when there is a locomotive in their vicinity. In one embodiment, the railroad collision avoidance system includes a transmitting impulse radio unit coupled to a locomotive and a receiving impulse radio unit coupled to a vehicle. The transmitting impulse radio unit operates to transmit an impulse radio signal towards the vehicle when the locomotive is a predetermined distance from a railroad crossing. Upon receiving the impulse radio signal, the receiving impulse radio unit makes sure the person operating the vehicle is informed about the potentially dangerous situation. Several embodiments of the railroad collision avoidance system and method are disclosed all of which operate to warn a person when there is a locomotive in their vicinity.

Development of Collision Avoidance System by Using Expert System and Search Algorithm

Abstract: In this paper, a collision avoidance system is developed using the expert system and action space search. Fuzzy theory is used to reason the degree of collision risk, and the A * search method is used to make an avoidance action plan. The action space searched by the ship is formed in the expert system using the marine traffic rules. Simulation results demonstrate that the collision avoidance system with the expert system takes more reasonable actions than the system without it.

Collision avoidance system utilizing machine vision taillight tracking

Abstract: A vehicle-mounted sensing method and apparatus capable of monitoring the relative speed, distance, and closure rate between a sensor-equipped host vehicle and a sensed target object. The sensor uses an electronic camera (800) to passively collect information and to provide the information to a system (802) that identifies objects of interest using visual clues such as color, shape, and symmetry. The object's proximity may be determined, to a first approximation, by taking advantage of symmetrical relationships inherent in the vehicle of interest. The method and apparatus are particularly well-suited vehicular safety systems to provide for optimal risk assessment and deployment of multiple safety systems (804).

Collision avoidance system for use by motor vehicles equipped with an inter-vehicle communications system so that if a vehicle comes too close or is moving too quickly a warning is triggered in both of the vehicles involved

Abstract: Method for avoidance of collisions amongst road traffic wherein signals transmitted by an inter-vehicle communication system are detected and if a vehicle is approaching with a critical velocity, a reaction is triggered in both of the concerned vehicles. Independent claims are made for: a collision avoidance warning device, with a receiver that detects signals from other vehicles in an inter-vehicle communication system and analyses them to detect a critical approach of another vehicle in order to trigger a warning in both the concerned vehicles; and a method for generation of a security zone around a number of moving vehicles that are transmitting inter-vehicle communications signals. The zone can be extended to creation of an electronic buffer zone along the edges of pavements, etc. that generates a warning to pedestrians, cyclists, etc.

Planning a collision avoidance model for ship using genetic algorithm

Abstract: Using genetic algorithms to plan the safe path for ship in congested traffic situation, a new gene vector is proposed. The gene vector is composed of the position and speed of our ship, as well as a noise model. The noise model describes the influence on a maneuvering ships system of wind, sea waves and the other natural factors. To test and verify the new gene vector, the equipment installed on "Shioji Maru" (the training ship of our university) have been applied to an automatic collision avoidance system. In the experimental system, the ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aids) system was used to collect information on the navigational obstacles around our ship. The information was processed. Useful information, especially that related to target ships, was extracted and used to derive a stochastic predictor that can predict the future position and degree of future collision threat in sufficient time. The information relating to our own ship was detected with GPS and other sensors. These data were introduced to a GA optimum controller. The optimum or semi-optimum path was evolved from a set of possible safe paths based on the fitness function. Many experiments have been done and the results are presented.

Analysis of human error in co-ordinating ship's collision avoidance action

Abstract: This paper initially discusses the problem of collision at sea, identifying the main factors and various measures adopted internationally to address the often-quoted figure of 90% of accidents. Previous work in this area is reviewed setting the scene for the current discussion. The human error is then looked at, concentrating on main types of error, which may lead to a collision. In this paper, a cognitive process model is developed to formulate human behaviour in collision avoidance. Human errors taxonomy is used based on Reason's Generic Error Modelling Systems (GEMS) for collision avoidance task (Reason, 1990). Some errors resulted from system deficiency and human cognition limitations are identified as significant contributors to the failure of collision avoidance action. It then summarises the possible improvements to the existing collision avoidance system.

Collision avoidance system for fixed obstacles-fuzzy controller network for robot driving of an autonomous vehicle

Abstract: A Collision Avoidance System (CAS), which overrules the driver in a critical situation, by steering and/or braking has to be better and more reliable than the driver himself. The driving maneuver is complex and difficult to calculate by traditional mathematical models. Therefore, an ACC car with extended sensors for object detection and a human driver were taken in order to get the data how the driver avoids the Collision with a fixed object in the driving lane. Afterwards, this data was used in order to develop a fuzzy controller network of full collision avoidance for fixed objects. The effectiveness and the robustness of the more than 300 rules of the Fuzzy Controller Network were tested by using the same ACC car, but driven by a robot on the driver seat. The result of these tests are presented in this paper.

Vessel management expert system

Abstract: A unified collision avoidance system is proposed to improve the efficiency and safety of marine transport, namely Maritime Avoidance Navigation, Totally Integrated System (MANTIS). The principle behind its operation is to remove the difficulties and uncertainties involved in marine navigation through a system structure that makes marine transport deterministic. Fundamental to its operation involves automating the complex task of vessel management. An outline of the MANTIS architecture is given, followed by a detail description of the vessel management Expert System. Simulation results exemplify the significance of the system for future exploitation.

Fuzzy Controller Network for Robot Driving of an Autonomous Vehicle

Abstract: A Collision Avoidance System (CAS), which overrules the driver in a critical situation, by steering and/or braking has to be better and more reliable than the driver himself. The driving maneuver is complex and difficult to calculate by traditional mathematical models. Therefore, an ACC car with extended sensors for object detection and a human driver were taken in order to get the data how the driver avoids the Collision with a fixed object in the driving lane. Afterwards, this data was used in order to develop a Fuzzy Controller Network of full Collision Avoidance for fixed objects. The effectiveness and the robustness of the more than 300 rules of the Fuzzy Controller Network were tested by using the same ACC car, but driven by a robot on the driver seat. The result of these tests are presented in this paper.

ECDIS-the intelligent heart of the hazard and collision avoidance system

Abstract: Integrated Hazard & Collision Avoidance System (HACAS) has been proposed to unify the bridge displays for radar, charts, AIS, etc., and to give the user an option to choose and display what and when he or she requires, and to combine the data as the need be. Only the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) can fulfill the requirements of HACAS effectively. It can display charts and navigational information, radar/ARPA and AIS data. Additional data and information can be incorporated as required making ECDIS the most comprehensive safety device on a ship's bridge. ECDIS is regarded as the navigational and anti-grounding tool of a ship. However, its safety features are much more sophisticated and it should be regarded as the main safety tool onboard a vessel. In addition to displaying data from various sources and providing navigational tools, ECDIS can be considered an expert system capable of providing solutions to navigational and safety problems, and of automatic application of safety or emergency procedures. The new functionalities of dynamic depth and voice output will enhance further the safety value of ECDIS. Both these functionalities are already available and presented in this paper. Another important application of ECDIS as a hazard and collision avoidance tool is on the pleasure craft. Not many of these carry radar, and frequently have no room for additional dedicated displays. However ECDIS and its non-official counterpart, ECS (Electronic Chart Systems), are becoming prevalent on small vessels and will be the best means to display AIS and dynamic depth data. This will result in a considerable improvement in safety for small craft. Most of the modern navigational packages for the pleasure market provide all the important functionalities used by the commercial shipping, one of them comes already with voice output.

Collision avoidance system

Abstract: Aircraft transmit their location (latitude and longitude) possibly derived from a global positioning system, their altitude derived from a barometric sensor their type, weight and registration in turn onto a common radio network. All aircraft and ground stations receive the positions and altitudes of all other aircraft from the network. Current and historic positions can be plotted, possibly superimposed over a moving map, giving a "radar like" display of position and speed of other traffic that pilots can use for collision avoidance (Figure 1). Alarms can draw attention to impending collisions and near misses. Pilots can "see" aircraft at 20nm or more (range is set by radio range and network bandwidth available). Ground stations transmit base pressures (QNH's and QFE's), kept constantly updated, onto the network. These base pressures are the basis of the system altimetry. All altitudes displayed within any given aircraft are expressed above the same base, vital for collision avoidance.

Wireless safety personnel radio device for collision avoidance system of autonomous vehicles

Abstract: Military, commercial and agricultural autonomous/non-autonomous vehicles are designed to operate in the vicinity of people. The wireless personal safety radio device (WPSRD) described in this paper is worn by personnel and installed on the autonomous vehicle. It can initiate various actions in response to the information about the location or moving direction of personnel or vehicles. Such actions include shutting the vehicle down or warning personnel in the field via visual and audio alarm signals from the WPSRD. When an individual perceives danger to persons or property, the stop button on the WPSRD device may be pressed, issuing an immediate command to slow/stop the vehicle. The relative distance is estimated from the relative amplitude strength from the priori known unit locations.

Collision avoidance warnings approaching stopped or stopping vehicles

Abstract: This paper describes a study performed for the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) to predict the potential performance of a Rear-End Collision Avoidance System (RECAS). The study used data from an on-road driving experiment conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that gathered data on naturalistic driver behavior behind a stopping or stopped vehicle. The study used the range, speed, and leader deceleration data to simulate the calculations of a RECAS warning algorithm every 1/30 second, and calculated the proportion of stopping events that would have triggered a warning alarm if a RECAS had been installed in the following vehicle. The results could be valuable to RECAS designers striving to maximize system effectiveness while minimizing "false alarms."

Coordinating General Aviation Maneuvers with TCAS Resolution Advisories

Abstract: One of the remaining sources of mid-air collision risk is encounters between aircraft that are equipped with Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) and non-TCAS-equipped General Aviation (GA) aircraft. Equipping GA aircraft with a collision avoidance system may further reduce the mid-air collision and may further reduce the mid-air collision risk in the National Airspace System (NAS). A critical design decision for a GA aircraft collision avoidance system is the level of coordination between the system and TCAS on TCAS-equipped aircraft. This report investigates the performance of varying levels of coordination: full coordination where the system directly coordinates with TCAS, responsive coordination where the system only responds in TCAS, and no coordination. Results from this study show that equipping GA aircraft with TCAS is acceptable if the GA pilot response rate is high and vertical capability of the aircraft can achieve TCAS advisories. A responsive coordination strategy performs well regardless of the GA pilot response rate. Lastly, GA aircraft should not be equipped with the TCAS logic without a coordination capability.

An algorithm for rear-end collision avoidance warning systems

Abstract: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), supported by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL), has developed an algorithm for use with rear-end collision avoidance systems that alerts drivers to potentially dangerous driving situations and the need to take evasive action. This algorithm is to be integrated into a General Motors (GM) developed collision warning system for use during the Automotive Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) Field Operational Test (FOT). The NHTSA algorithm uses the host vehicle velocity and acceleration along with the collision warning system-supplied values for range, range rate, and relative acceleration of the lead vehicle to calculate a miss-distance between the host and lead vehicles at 0.1-second intervals. The miss-distance is the closest distance that occurs between the two vehicles if the driver of the host vehicle were to initiate braking after a delay time at a designated host vehicle maximum braking capability. This calculated distance is compared to a miss-distance threshold and if it is less, a warning is provided to the driver. The algorithm accounts for a driver sensitivity setting and includes a look-ahead calculation to determine if the threshold would be passed before the next time interval. The performance of the algorithm has been examined against designated operational scenarios. These scenarios include cases of a constant speed host vehicle encountering a stopped lead vehicle, a constant speed host vehicle encountering a constant but slower speed lead vehicle, and a constant speed host vehicle encountering a lead vehicle braking from the same initial speed. For the covering abstract see ITRD E111577.

Benefits estimation of sensor-friendly vehicle and roadway cooperative safety systems

Abstract: An analysis was performed to estimate the potential national costs and benefits of cooperative vehicle and roadway measures to enhance the effectiveness of driver assistance systems. These cooperative measures ?query-response communication system, light emitting diode brake light messaging, radar cross section paint striping modifications, fluorescent paint for lane and other marking applications, passive amplifiers on license plates, spatial tetrahedral arrays of reflectors, and in-vehicle corner cubes ?are briefly described, along with assumptions that were made regarding performance. For the example lane departure case, the incremental nationwide effectiveness over an autonomous collision avoidance system is estimated and monetized. This was generally determined with respect to annual crash reduction savings, although the technique used allows other mobility benefits to be considered. The marginal benefits of providing each sensor friendly technology were then calculated and aggregated across the various IVI services so that a total marginal benefit was determined for each technology. Complementing this, a method has been established to estimate the magnitude of at- and near-intersection LVNM crashes for these technologies. Together, these methods illustrate national benefits across all crash types (the three-step process) and a more focused means to estimate benefits for a particular crash type (rear end collisions at or near intersections) ?and provide a composite approach to the problem.

A Design of Collision Avoidance System of an Underwater Vehicle

Abstract: An Obstacle Avoidance System(OAS) of Underwater Vehicle(UV) in diving and steering plane is investigated. The concept of Imaginary Reference Line(IRL), which acts as the seabed in the diving plane, is introduced to apply the diving plane avoidance algorithm to the steering plane algorithm. Furthermore, the distance to the obstacle and the slope information of the obstacle are used for more efficient and safer avoidance. As for the control algorithm, the sliding mode controller is adopted to consider the nonlinearity of the equations of motion and to get the robustness of the designed system. To verify the obstacle avoidance ability of the designed system, numerical simulations are carried out on the cases of some presumed three-dimensional obstacles. The effects of the sonar and the clearance factor used in avoidance algorithm are also investigated. Through these, it is found that the designed avoidance system can successfully cope with various obstacles and the detection range of sonar is proven to bea significant parameter to the performance of the avoidance.

Driver-Vehicle Interface Requirements for a Transit Bus Collision Avoidance System

Abstract: The paper discusses the development of driver-vehicle interface (DVI) requirements for an inner-city transit bus collision avoidance system (CAS). There were over 23,000 transit bus collisions in 1998, resulting in over 20,000 injuries. Using structured interviews with transit bus operators and naturalistic observation, the transit bus operating environment was characterized. Then, a set of CAS functional requirements was generated. Lastly, a set of human factors DVI requirements for a transit bus CAS was developed. The DVI requirements focused on the physical aspects of the display and the display's cognitive demands on the bus operator.

Collision avoidance system

Abstract: The Collision Avoidance System prevents collisions between vehicles and vehicular collisions with pedestrians, trains, and stationary objects by monitoring, controlling, documenting, and reporting the speed and position of vehicles The system guards against speeding violations, moving violations, and particular safety hazards by invoking a reduction of vehicle speed or by restricting vehicle movement to control its position This is primarily accomplished with the activation of a controllable road perturbation The system also monitors pedestrians, school bus loading/unloading, traffic density, trains, environmental conditions that may affect driving, and traffic control systems to determine the action to take for collision prevention The capability to monitor various parameters that may indicate an impending collision or detect parameters that indicate that conditions are more favorable for a collision allows the system to monitor an entire traffic environment to anticipate and thus prevent those collisions The system integrates and synchronizes with existing traffic control devices and systems to ensure that it reinforces the traffic laws and safety intent of the environment in which it is installed Sensors detect the status of objects within the traffic environment including the location and speed of vehicles A computer is used to determine if the vehicles are adhering to the traffic laws or other safety concerns Alarms may accompany the system output to inform the operator what must be done to prevent a collision Additional sensors and cameras document the identity of violating vehicles as well as any resulting collisions and report the information to predetermined authorities through a multiple-channel communications interface Authorities can remotely alter system operations to compensate for changes in traffic or weather conditions that demands a change in driving behavior in order to maintain safe travel The system also allows emergency vehicles to pass unimpeded through the traffic environment

Automatic collision avoidance system (ACAS)

Abstract: The collision of ship is one of serious maritime affairs. It is necessary direction to reduce the collision accident of ship that equipping ACAS on ship. A kind of ACAS with the character of estimating the manipulative K T index of coming ship is brought forward in this thesis. In it, the system composing and collision avoidance decision software frame are given. It also depicts 4 basic mathematical models of the subsystemof collision avoidance decision, that is collision criticality, geometry collision avoidance, matrix countermeasure and differential coefficient countermeasure mathematicalmodels based on the example of two ship meeting in wide\|deep water area. Finally the instanceof this emluatoris given.

A fuzzy control processing method and device for the car collision avoidance system

Abstract: The invention presents a fuzzy control processing method and device for the car collision avoidance system. The acceleration or deceleration adjustment rate is based on the characteristics of the current vehicles in Taiwan. The fuzzy control processing device employs ANFIS or FBFN architecture to nonlinearly control the car speed. The input relative velocity and relative distance of the fuzzy control processing device are measured by a radar sensor. The initial input and output membership functions and twenty five rules are constructed by fuzzy inference system (FIS). The design method of the reference signals, which is used to on-line update the consequent parameters according to recursive least square (RLS) algorithm, are proposed. The presented fuzzy control processing device can solve the problems of the vibrations for final relative distance and relative velocity. The required processing time to achieve safe distance between host car and the front car is about 7-8 sec which is faster than the other models. It possesses the advantages of safety, reasonability and comfort.

A study of the requirements for a heads-up display for use in motor transportation in the United States Marine Corps

Abstract: This study investigates the requirements for a concept system known as an Automated Vehicle Avoidance Identification and Location System (AVAILS). The system is comprised of an integrated collision warning and collision avoidance system, both used in supporting low-speed docking and convoy operations. The system is designed to provide the driver with real-time information in order to avoid or mitigate the effects of a crash with another vehicle during convoy operations, and with another vehicle or the docking facilities during docking operations.