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Showing papers on "Competence (human resources) published in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
Chris Argyris1
TL;DR: In this paper, the acquisition of interpersonal competence and therapy are viewed as learning processes that differ in terms of several key dimensions, and the former is especially relevant for those who are competen...
Abstract: The acquisition of interpersonal competence and therapy are viewed as learning processes that differ in terms of several key dimensions. The former is especially relevant for those who are competen...

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that auditory-visual integrative competence and reading achievement were positively associated at all grade levels and when the effects of IQ were partialled out auditory- visual integration continued to be related to reading skill especially Word Knowledge.
Abstract: The interrelationships among auditory-visual integrative competence, IQ, and type of reading task were studied in 350 elementary school age boys from Grades 2 through 6. Visual and auditory discrim...

60 citations



Book
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD TREAT LARGER SEGMENTS of CURRICULUM, should extend beyond the MATH and SCIENCE SUBJECTS CURRENTly TREATED, should ANALYZE LEARNING OBJECTives for type and structure, and should control EFFECTIVENESS of programing andEntering COMPETENCY.
Abstract: RESEARCH ON SEQUENCING OF INSTRUCTION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO NINE TYPES ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS ON WHICH THE EXPERIMENTS VARY. SITUATIONS IN WHICH THE LEARNER CONTROLS THE OBJECTIVES ARE DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE EXPLICITLY BECAUSE OF DIFFERING CONTENT LEARNED. AMONG EXPERIMENTER CONTROLLED LEARNING SITUATIONS, THE WORK OF GAGNE AND HIS ASSOCIATES YIELD THE MOST INFORMATION ON UNITS OF INSTRUCTION BECAUSE THE LEARNING STRUCTURE OF THE TASK IS CAREFULLY ANALYZED AND SEQUENCING IS BASED ON THE ANALYSIS. OTHER TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS INVESTIGATE SCRAMBLED AND LOGICAL ORDERS USING FRAMES RATHER THAN UNITS OF INSTRUCTION, BRANCHING VS. LINEAR PROGRAMS FOR AUTO INSTRUCTION, AND EXPERIMENTER PREPARED ADVANCE ORGANIZERS. A NINTH TYPE INCLUDES STUDIES IN WHICH SEQUENCING IS A STRUCTURAL FART RATHER THAN A DESIRED INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IN THE EXPERIMENT. FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD TREAT LARGER SEGMENTS OF CURRICULUM, SHOULD EXTEND BEYOND THE MATH AND SCIENCE SUBJECTS CURRENTLY TREATED, SHOULD ANALYZE LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR TYPE AND STRUCTURE OF LEARNING, AND SHOULD CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS OF PROGRAMING AND ENTERING COMPETENCY. A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS INCLUDED. (BB)

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the development of language competence and performance skills beyond the years of primary language acquisition, i.e., from about the first grade on, is presented.
Abstract: This chapter, prepared for a volume on Language Learning to be published by the National Council of Teachers of English, is a review of the development of language competence and performance skills beyond the years of primary language acquisition, i.e., from about the first grade on. First, development of specific skills relating to phonology, syntax, and vocabulary is reviewed, and then attention shifts to the development of “integrated skills”: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Emphasis is put on identifying dimensions of individual differences in rates of growth and development. Although a substantial degree of basic competence in the rules of the native language is attained by the normal child at school entry age, development is by no means complete at that time. In many aspects of language skill, development continues throughout the years of schooling and to a lesser extent throughout adult life In adult populations, there are enormous individual differences in nearly all aspects of language skill. Gaps in our knowledge of factors in development are pointed out

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In an experiment with 292 housewives, need for social approval and cognitive task importance was used to divide respondents into groups with predominantly problem-solving or social goals as discussed by the authors, and the first group reacted more to competence of the source of a persuasive message, the second more to its social attractiveness.
Abstract: In an experiment with 292 housewives, need for social approval and cognitive task importance was used to divide respondents into groups with predominantly problem-solving or social goals. The first group reacted more to competence of the source of a persuasive message, the second more to its social attractiveness. Rejection of the message led to a less favorable view of the source by subjects with social goals.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A culture trait questionnaire, based on the principles of organization, was administered to various age groups from fourth grade to graduate school level as discussed by the authors, and the data indicate that for children of suburban, middle-class background, the trait is well established by age 14.
Abstract: IFLAILING HIERARCHICAL organization for its sins, both mortal and venial, has been a joyful and rewarding enterprise for many concerned with social organization in its varied manifestations. A growing chorus of lament over the tyranny of traditional forms of administrative organizations has added to the rising clamor of these troubled days. But take heart. We are promised deliverance from the torment and sufferings visited upon us by the oppressor. Recently, Warren G. Bennis, a social psychologist with expertise in organizational theory, asserted that "bureaucracy . . . the worst possible theory of organization-apart from all the others that have been so far tried" is about to perish. In the next 25 to 50 years, he prophesies, "we all should be witness to and participate in, the end of bureaucracy and the rise of new social systems better able to cope with twentieth century demands." 1 Disclaiming any pejorative intent, Bennis identifies as bureaucracies all administrative organizations having the characteristics with which we are all familiar, such as well-defined assignments of authority on a hierarchical pattern and impersonal relationships between these formal positions. Nevertheless, he maintains that the term is felicitous because hierarchical organizations are invariably distinguished by a broad assortment of dysfunctions, running the gamut from "bosses without technical competence" to "arbitrary and zany rules." 2 The ears of public servants and students of public administration should be warm, for public agencies conspicuously display the "six > Students of organizations first attacked the theory, and later the continued existence, of organizations with a formal allocation of authority. In the 1940's the classical organization theory was condemned as culture-bound and unscientific. In the 1960's some students are claiming that hierarchical organizations will soon be supplanted by other forms. Other students of organization defend the classical theory as relevant on the grounds that it is embedded in the culture. To test that hypothesis, a culture trait questionnaire, based on the principles of organization, was administered to various age groups from fourth grade to graduate school level. The data indicate that for children of suburban, middle-class background, the trait is well-established by age 14. The factors creating this culture trait, and the implications of its existence for the elimination of hierarchical organizations, are considered.

9 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The nature of that sense of 'methodology' which is concerned with the strategies, techniques, and procedures of scientific experimentation is elucidated and it is argued that this analysis throws fresh light on the distinction between knowing a fact and possessing a skill or competence.
Abstract: In this paper I attempt to elucidate the nature of that sense of 'methodology' which is concerned with the strategies, techniques, and procedures of scientific experimentation. It is claimed that methodology in this sense is at bottom a set of logical relations between sentences expressing pervasive facts of the subject matter and sentences describing experimental behavior. In particular a successful methodology is one in which the set of these sentences is logically consistent. I then turn to the problems involved in teaching and learning an explicit methodology. Finally, I argue that this analysis throws fresh light on the distinction between knowing a fact and possessing a skill or competence.

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that lower class Ss do not adopt high standards set by a model, in comparison to middle-class Ss, who did not adopt a model's standard of excellence.
Abstract: Competence of model, competence of subject, and social class were varied in an experiment on the acquisition of standards of excellence. The major finding was a social class effect; lower class Ss, in comparison to middle class Ss, showed little adoption of a model’s standard of excellence. It was suggested that lower class Ss do not adopt high standards set by a model.

4 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this article, the competence and the practice of the General Assembly of the United Nations in recommending the application of military measures is described briefly, and the competence of the GAs is discussed.
Abstract: This paper seeks to describe briefly the competence and the practice of the General Assembly of the United Nations in recommending the application of military measures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Various psychoanalytic approaches to the problem of how the child and adolescent used learning to develop competence, autonomy, individual work style, and personal outlook are considered.
Abstract: The significance of work in adult life depends on how the child and adolescent used learning to develop competence, autonomy, individual work style, and personal outlook. This paper briefly considers various psychoanalytic approaches to the problem and surveys the importance of the model of the working father for the development of work competence.


01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: As social work practice incorporates family planning as an integral part of its profession it will become more effective.
Abstract: Competence in family planning possessing the ability to limit conception so that children are produced by choice. More attention must be directed toward family planning by social workers because of its importance in family welfare. They should help clients know that family planning might help in preventing family problems and promoting family health. The workers should determine whether their clients use or have ever used family planning and who takes responsibility for it. Discussion of the physiology of the various methods can help alleviate many unwanted fears. The subject of family planning is also important in dealing with adolescent groups. As social work practice incorporates family planning as an integral part of its profession it will become more effective.

01 Jun 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, two performance tests of teaching proficiency in the field of vocational education were develaped during this project, and two subjects, teachers and non-teachers, ere given sets of aperationally defined objectives and attempted to achieve those goals during an instructional period of approximately 10 hours.
Abstract: Two performance tests of teaching proficiency in the field of vocational education were develaped during this project, one in the field of auto mechanics (carburetion) and one in the field of electronics (pawer su3plies). An assessment was made of each test's ability to distinguish between experienced teachers and the non-teachers with respect to their ability to achieve prespecified instructional objectives. All subjects, teachers and non-teachers, ere given sets of aperationally defined objectives and attempted to achieve those goals during an instructional period of approximately 10 hours. Preand post-tests based explicitly on the objectives were given to each subect's pupils and average class achievement was used as the index of the teacher's proficiency. In all, 28 auto mechanics teachers and 28 non-teachers instructed over 1200 pupils while 16 electronics and 16 non-teachers instructed over 700 upils. Comparisons of pupil performance data revealed no systematic differences between the performance of the teacher and non-teacher group of either auto mechanics or electronics. These results were attributed to roblems associated with the training of teachers as well as the reinforceent structures operating when they commence teaching.


12 May 1968
TL;DR: Task-Directed Learning (TDL) as mentioned in this paper is a general purpose of decision-making groups to provide opportunities for participants to learn something about the nature of complex interpersonal processes and to acquire a higher level of competence in the management of interpersonal relations.
Abstract: : A general purpose of 'Task-Directed Learning' (TDL) is to provide opportunities for participants in decision-making groups to learn something about the nature of complex interpersonal processes. A closely related objective is that the participants acquire a higher level of competence in the management of interpersonal relations. A key assumption in the TDL program is that the effectiveness of the group will increase as the individuals gain knowledge about group process and grow in interpersonal competence. For long-term working arrangements, there seem to be two separate and necessary components of group effectiveness: (1) technical competence in achieving the solution to the problem confronting the group at the outset, and (2) social reinforcement for members who participate in group decision-making. (Author)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors classify the problems of children as either learning problems or discipline problems (learning problems) and show that the teacher is prepared to deal with "learning" problems, that is, a child who has learning problems has difficulty in acquiring subject matter skills and he may or may not disrupt the class.
Abstract: level, teaching the whole child means that subject matter such as language arts is not to be fragmented into rhetoric, spelling, English, and literature. At the personal level, teaching the whole child means that the child's needs, interests, and abilities are to be considered in selecting material to be taught and in the methodology employed. From time to time, even the best of teachers has pupils who respond minimally to teaching efforts or who exhibit behavior that leads the teacher to consider the child a problem. Teachers frequently classify the problems of children as either learning problems or discipline problems (1). The child who has learning problems has difficulty in acquiring subject matter skills and he may or may not disrupt the class, but the child with learning problems frequently manifests discipline problems as well. Teacher training emphasizes competence in subject matter and in teaching methods. The teacher is prepared to deal with "learning" problems, that


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Increased activity of medical schools in the direct provision of medical services is being advocated, both for the purpose of better distribution of expert medical care and for more cooperation between medical schools and hospitals.
Abstract: Increased activity of medical schools in the direct provision of medical services is being advocated, both for the purpose of better distribution of expert medical care and for more balanc...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for collecting qualitative data through the use of trained native observers is discussed, and a method is discussed for collecting such qualitative data using a trained native observer.
Abstract: Competence in the language of a people under study is sometimes not possible for the researcher, who thus faces a handicap when attempting to collect data firsthand through personal observation and interview. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a method for collecting such qualitative data through the use of trained native observers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study indicated that the National Board of Medical Examiners examination is a reasonably good test for evaluating residents, although a better one could probably be constructed.
Abstract: A study at New York Medical College revealed a fairly high correlation between performance on an objective written examination in psychiatry and clinical competence of psychiatric residents as evaluated by the faculty. The study thus indicated that the National Board of Medical Examiners examination is a reasonably good test for evaluating residents, although a better one could probably be constructed. The authors note, however, that other factors which cannot be evaluated by an objective test also make a substantial contribution to psychiatric competence.