Showing papers on "Compulsory education published in 1996"

Making Special Education Compulsory and Inclusive in China

Abstract: This paper presents a review of recent developments in special education in China. A major change was made by redefining special education as an integral part of compulsory education and by making the education system more inclusive. Government intervention, through legislation and regulation, as well as other effective approaches, was adopted to improve educational services. The results were evident both in the implementation of classroom integration and in the increase in numbers of children enrolled in schools. China's experience may have some value to other less developed countries who seek alternatives to provide better educational services for children with disabilities.

What Do Parents Mean When They Talk about 'Discipline' in Relation to Their Children's Schools?.

Abstract: We interviewed 28 parents who had at least one child who had just finished compulsory schooling in the state sector. We asked them about their choice of school and their experience of compulsory schooling for their child. Discipline was a key element in their responses. We analysed the data to elucidate the different ways in which ‘discipline’ was of significance for these parents. We examined why they talked about discipline in this way. These included reference to employability, a concern for the ‘moral order’ and the maintenance of adult authority. We attempted to understand what was being said by seeing it as embedded in their way of life. Power relations between adult/child and resulting from social location were relevant to this understanding.

Structure and Organisation of Secondary Education in Central and Eastern Europe.

Abstract: Afin de pouvoir comparer les systemes educatifs et politiques scolaires des pays d'Europe Centrale et Orientale, l'A s'attache a decrire les origines, reformes et de ces differentes institutions Il ne remarque ausune uniformite du fait d'un passe geopolitique, economique et culturelle different

Wisconsin EE Mandates: The Bad News and the Good News

Abstract: In spring 1992, a survey was conducted to assess Wisconsin teachers' perceived competencies in, attitudes toward, and amount of class time devoted to teaching about the environment. This study also examined the effects of Wisconsin environmental education mandates. These mandates require that certain teaching populations receive preservice preparation in environmental education and that all districts develop, implement, and evaluate K-12 environmental education curriculum plans. The study identified not only areas where the mandates have been effective, but also areas that need further attention if the intent of the mandates is to be fully achieved.

Better schools: less child work : child work and education in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala and Peru

Abstract: On the basis of detailed statistical surveys conducted in five Latin American countries, this essay demonstrates that actual practice in the region contrasts strongly with legal norms for the minimum age at which children can be employed and the age of completion of compulsory education. As well as increasing our understanding of the complex relationships between children, work and education, the original studies also drew up measures and definitions that have subsequently been widely adopted in the region. The essay provides a review of the main findings and proposes policy guidelines on child work.

Special education and home schooling: how laws interact with practice

Abstract: Home schooling has been part of the American education system since this country's beginning. In reviewing the history of home schooling and accompanying legislative action, there is a definite tre...

Bases legislativas para la prevención del tabaquismo en la escuela

Abstract: For the last years we have witnessed and increasing awareness of the part of doctors and teachers who by means of the education for the health (EpS) promote the acquisition of healthy habits among students at schools. One of those educational contents is the smoking prevention. The participation of pneumologists in those activities is still rather limited. Doctors and teachers should reach a better understanding and doctors should get more involved helping the school boards and the teaching staff to outline these aspects regarding health in the educational project of each school. Their collaboration is essential in the training on health topics made by the teaching staff and their later development. Smoking prevention among young people can't be viewed from a detached perspective and comprehensive health policies, with a legislative development including all aspects, become absolutely necessary. In order to provide such activities, western governments have developed a various non-smoking legislation for the last years. Knowing the legislation which holds the achievement proves to be interesting for the teachers responsible of the carrying-out as well as for the doctors willing to participate in their project. The most important Spanish legislation about smoking is the Royal Order 192/1988 of the Ministry of Health. The legislation of the Ministry of Education concerning the educational contents for compulsory education in nursery, primary and secondary schools includes the EpS and shapes a legislative framework which enables to develop those preventing activities at schools.

Personality, education and work: a study of young people in transition

Abstract: This thesis reports a five year longitudinal study of 300 Scottish school leavers. The research used quantitative and qualitative techniques to intensively investigate the relationship between personality type and achievement and explore the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The researcher devoted considerable effort to ensuring that participants and schools could benefit from involvement in the study. The thesis includes the researcher's reflection on the role of her own subjectivity within the research process. The distribution of personality types was ascertained using the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) based on Carl Jung's Theory of Types. The MBTI was administered to 298 4th year pupils and 72 teachers from two schools. The research findings indicate that extraverted participants were more likely to leave school earlier and with poorer qualifications than those who were introverted. Sensates were also more likely than intuitives to leave school at the end of their period of compulsory education with poorer qualifications. Thus the educationally most vulnerable group consisted of the young people who were both extraverted and sensing. A subgroup at particular risk was subjected to closer scrutiny and a case study provided. No type group was more likely than any other to become employed or unemployed. Participants were occupationally oriented even at the age of 14 with the young people in general fearing unemployment but still aspiring to a work identity. However, stable employment or unemployment were seldom reported after leaving school. Rather young people tended to report moving frequently between jobs, training and unemployment. 80 depth interviews conducted at 18 years indicated that the majority still did not regard themselves as adults, which was seen as characterised by assumption of responsibilities and the end of "fun". The thesis ends with recommendations for enhancement of the educational process.

Integrating Global Cultures in EFL Materials.

Abstract: The multicultural context of English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) instruction in Indonesia is discussed from two perspectives. The first is that of EFL instruction in junior high school, a broad and rapidly growing population due to the new 9-year compulsory edication requirements. The second perspective described is that of the population needing EFL study for employment purposes and career advancement, a narrower but dynamic group important for human resource development. It is argued that in this context, in which 560 languages are spoken by 340 ethnic groups and English is not the lingua franca, global cultures, not just American or British, must be represented in EFL instructional materials in order to give them relevance to these EFL populations. The kinds of contexts in which Indonesians are exposed to English language are examined, at home, in schools, and in daily life outside the home. Materials developed for use at a prestigious language institute are then discussed and outlined briefly. The materials feature local and "foreign" cultural content side-by-side, and focus on issues of universal concern, such as personal welfare, living environment, global relations, and human rights and resources.

Differentiating Between Universal Education and Compulsory Education

Abstract: Since the promulgation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Compulsory Education in 1986, all provinces, cities, and prefectures have been conscientiously implementing and putting this law into effect and have scored certain successes. But they have also encountered many difficulties in the course of carrying out the Law on Compulsory Education because of our country's weak economic foundations and the considerable imbalances among its various localities in economic and cultural development. Faced by such difficulties, some people have put forward proposals about ensuring quality, gradual implementation, and setting different requirements for different localities. But some localities have proposed implementing universal education first and compulsory education later. Such proposals are very much open to discussion.

The Level Knowlege on Terms Used in Instructions for Taking Medicines. By Patients and Junior High School Students.

Abstract: Instrucitons for taking mdicines are very important when using pharmaceutical drugs. Such instructions, however, have include technical terms which are too difficult for patients to understand. Assuming that the level of knowledge acquired after completing compulsory education is a measure of the social kowledge standard, we questioned patients and 3 rd year junior high school students on 20 technical terms. The numbr of correct answers was 6.7±3.0 (mean±SD) for junior high school students and 8.4±5.1 for patients. The ratio of correct answers was high in “before each meal”, “effect” and “purgative”, but low in “half-life”, “when necessary” and “heart-sealed pack” . It is therefore necessary to add interpretations of these terms, or replace these terms with other more conventionally used words. The questionnaire results suggest that medical staff are required to address the job of confirming whether patients understand the medical terms and interpret them correctly, and, at the same time, contribute to patient and junior high school studnet education.

A Problem Requiring Urgent Solution in the Work of Universalizing Nine-Year Compulsory Education

Abstract: From our correspondent: The Gan'an County Political Consultative Conference in Jilin Province has recently conducted a survey of middle schools in six townships that will carry out universal nine-year compulsory education in 1990. It was found during the survey that middle school drop-out rates are so great that implementation of the nine-year compulsory education plan will collapse if the problem is not taken seriously at all levels of leadership and by society as a whole.

Providing equal access to education - a formidable challenge for China

Abstract: The People's Republic of China has seen a dramatic growth in its economy in recent years. It has a rapidly increasing population of approximately 1.2 billion people, though the population is still a largely rural with about 80% of people living outside urban areas. China in its Education Law (1995) restated its commitment to universal education. In the last twenty years it has achieved considerable success in increasing its education participation rates. However, despite the rhetoric about equality of access there are signs that indicate not everyone has the same educational opportunities. This paper describes the current education system and outlines some of the disparities that exist and describes how Chinese Government policies are affecting universal access to education. The papers conclusions are largely optimistic in spite of the tremendous difficulties that policy makers face. Background information The People's Republic of China has seen a dramatic growth in its economy in the last ten to fifteen years. It is still classed as a developing nation however, and many of China’s educational issues are still related to the lack of financial resources available to meet an expanding education system. With a rapidly increasing population of approximately 1.2 billion people (CIA World Factbook 1995), and the introduction of compulsory education, the government is under increasing pressure to provide a good quality education system with a budget that is not increasing by anywhere near the same rate as the demands made on it. Despite the Government’s stated intentions, some educationalists consider the economy is unable to support the schooling of the approximately 200 million full-time students expected by the turn of the century and give them a high quality education (Ma Shu Chao 1994). China still has a largely rural population with about 80% of people living outside urban areas (National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition 1991 p1). Economic development has been rapid in some areas and the disparity between prosperous, urban and poor, rural is becoming very marked. The mountainous and remote inland regions see little of the economic boom that is happening along the coast with its access to international trade and development of special economic zones. The

Developing a Curriculum for Mentally Retarded Adults ‐‐ a cooperative project between the university and the practitioners

Abstract: As recently as six years ago, after their compulsory education was over, it was very difficult for severely and profoundly mentally retarded people in Finland to receive further education. The regional units within the social‐services sector financed a four‐year project which was carried out at the University of Jyvdskyld, during this project an adult‐education plan was produced, its implementation was monitored and the content of adult education and the training of staff was developed. During the experiment the mentally retarded people involved became more actively involved in the different activities, and a considerable improvement was observed in their independent daily living skills. Good results were reported in the development of interaction and self‐esteem, and the educators’ consciousness of their work developed during the experiment. Within a short period of time, good results were attained by means of adult education, but educational equality and the realization of integration are still...

Is Communication Free from Domination Possible in English Post-Compulsory Education?.

Abstract: DOCUMENT RESUME

In search of a Chinese road towards modernization : economic and educational issues in China's reform process

Abstract: A collection of essays from presenters in the Association of Chinese Professors of Social Sciences in the United States (ACPSS) at the University of Maryland, 1995. They include nine papers on economic issues and six papers on educational issues, covering topics such as land reform, oil import policy, status perception, health care insurance systems, educational reform since 1978, compulsory education, and a cross-cultural study in mainland China, Taiwan and the USA.

Sixth form options: post-compulsory education in maintained schools

Abstract: The pathways available to young people in the United Kingdom (UK) on the completion of their compulsory education are changing and this research contributes to information about one type of institution offering continuing education - schools with sixth forms. New sixth forms began to emerge in the early 1990s and followed guidelines that increased educational choices for post-16 students, broadened the curriculum and improved the quality of provision. This resulted in a reversal of the previous trend towards fewer post-16 providers and a policy approach aimed at ensuring schools were able to offer a wide selection of courses. This document presents a comprehensive study of the post-compulsory curriculum in United Kingdom (UK) schools with sixth forms. The study examines the factors influencing sixth form provision, curricular organisation, students who decide to remain at school, and the current role of Local Education Authorities (LEAs) in post-16 education. The report begins with basic data and statistics about maintained school sixth forms and the students who participate in them. The following five chapters investigate significant issues for post-16 education such as the rationale for new sixth forms and their impact on existing provision, the post-16 training marketplace and the implications of competition between institutions, forms of collaboration between sixth forms, and between colleges and schools, the curriculum and the introduction of General National Vocational Qualifications (GNVQs). The report draws on feedback from group discussions with sixth form students in several schools to examine the choices involved in post-16 education from their point of view. The changing role of the LEA in post-16 education is discussed and the final chapter describes some of the difficulties currently faced by sixth forms. The report includes several detailed case studies of sixth forms, each of which illustrates a single aspect of sixth form education in the 1990s.

Escaping the Low Wage/Low Skill Economy Syndrome: The Case for Investing in Women's Skills.

Abstract: This paper presents a ‘political arithmetic’ of women in post‐ compulsory education and training in Wales, illustrating that, although there has been some ‘catching up’ in participation and qualifications achieved, essentially education and training systems are reinforcing the highly rigid pattern of gender segregation that characterises the Welsh labour force. Wales is in danger of consolidating its position as a low wage low skill economy unless this situation is addressed. Changes in the administrative frame work of post‐compulsory education and training in Wales allows the opportunity to develop such a strategy, but so far the main actors in the field appear to be taking a ‘gender‐neutral’ stance.

Provision of Special Education Services to Youth in Local Jails

Abstract: The Alexandria Virginia Office of the Sheriff and the Alexandria Virginia Public School Board participated for two years in a state funded grant which focused on the delivery of special education services and regular compulsory education services to juveniles and young adults through the age of 21 years who were committed to the Alexandra Adult Detention Center. Provision of special education services to eligible individuals in jails is a unique concept and rarely provided given the transient, short-term nature of the population and other demands of the setting. The program model of team teaching supported full time inclusion of special education students with the general and compulsory education programs in the jail.

The Slovenian Context of Computers in Education

Abstract: Slovene compulsory education in the past 40 years was characterized by centralization and as little diversity as possible. This uniformity was based on the idea of providing equal chances for everyone to learn the basics which are supposed necessary to enter secondary schools for continued education. Uniformity did not comprise the academic side of education alone, but also the socializing contents of education. Education in Slovenia is funded through the state budget, and schools are financed directly by the Ministry of Education and Sports according to norms which are set and controlled by the Ministry. In the 1980s, the educational scene in Slovenia was characterized by individual schools or teachers spontaneously introducing different educational approaches. While computer education started as a compulsory subject in some Slovene schools 22 years ago, no schools actually acquired computers until the middle of the 1980s. Today, several projects are underway to assist schools with the implementation of computers and other information technologies.

The Need of Boarding Education for Junior Secondary Students in Hong Kong

Abstract: The provision of boarding schools in comparison to day schools among the elementary or secondary levels seems to be declining as schooling becomes compulsory. Little research has been conducted in this area. Due to the increase of emotional and behavioral disordered students and divorced and separated families in recent years, some students may benefit more from the life of boarding education. Boarding schools can also help to reduce the unequal supply of school places in different districts, especially following the introduction of compulsory education which implies sufficient elementary and secondary school places close to where the students live. A survey on the need of boarding education for junior secondary students was carried out among their guardians in Hong Kong. The response rate was 80% and some of the results agreed with other reputable studies, About 7.95% of the guardians would like to send their children to boarding schools if places are available. The boarding provisions in Hong K...

The "Special Relationship" Doctrine and School Officials' Duty to Protect Students from Sexual Harassment.

Abstract: Students who allege to be victims of peer-inflicted sexual harassment have increasingly relied on the “special relationship” doctrine to attempt to hold school officials individually liable under federal constitutional law for failing to protect students from peer harassment. Applied to schools, student plaintiffs generally argue that compulsory attendance laws create a “special relationship” between students and school officials, thereby placing on school officials an affirmative duty to protect students from harassment as a violation of students’ due process rights under the federal constitution. Primarily through the review of case law, this doctrine is examined as it applies to school officials’ duty to protect students from peer sexual harassment. This examination determined that the special relationship claim has been and will likely continue to be an ineffective avenue for students to redress peer sexual harassment claims; however, due to other legal developments briefly mentioned, school officials are advised not to disregard peer harassment claims.