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Showing papers on "Concept of operations published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
07 Mar 2020
TL;DR: This paper presents the U-space concept of operations (ConOps), produced around three new types of airspace volume, called X, Y, and Z, and the relevant U- Space services that will need to be supplied in each of these, and describes the reference high-level U- space architecture using the European air traffic management architecture methodology.
Abstract: Opening the sky to new classes of airspace user is a political and economic imperative for the European Union. Drone industries have a significant potential for economical growth according to the latest estimations. To enable this growth safely and efficiently, the CORUS project has developed a concept of operations for drones flying in Europe in very low-level airspace, which they have to share that space with manned aviation, and quite soon with urban air mobility aircraft as well. U-space services and the development of smart, automated, interoperable, and sustainable traffic management solutions are presented as the key enabler for achieving this high level of integration. In this paper, we present the U-space concept of operations (ConOps), produced around three new types of airspace volume, called X, Y, and Z, and the relevant U-space services that will need to be supplied in each of these. The paper also describes the reference high-level U-space architecture using the European air traffic management architecture methodology. Finally, the paper proposes the basis for the aircraft separation standards applicable by each volume, to be used by the conflict detection and resolution services of U-space.

87 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 Oct 2020
TL;DR: A comparison of the FAA ConOps and the CORUS ConOps has been conducted with a main focus on airspace structures, services for UAV and operators, contingency and emergency procedures, airspace access, UAS performance requirements for certain airspaces and operations, actors and responsibilities, remote ID requirements and separation procedures.
Abstract: Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) offer a variety of new business use cases and opportunities, such as inspection of industrial sites, surveillance of sensitive areas and delivery of packages and medical supplies. Thus more and more industry leaders implement UAS for their business case. Additionally a variety of companies offer numerous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) services, e.g. crop inspection. Nowadays most UAV operations are flown in Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) of the UAV pilot keeping the operations very local and enabling pilots to sufficiently oversee the air risk of their operation. However, a growing number of business use cases will require UAV operations Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS). To address this evolving development the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NextGen Office has recently published a new Concept of Operations (ConOps) for UAS Traffic Management (UTM), referred to in this paper as “FAA ConOps”. The FAA ConOps is on the one hand reflecting the continued maturation of UAS. On the other hand it is addressing the need of a unified concept for operating UAVs in both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. Similarly, the European Union within the SESAR project CORUS has released in September 2019 the European-wide Concept of Operations for UAS targeting an UTM concept called U-space, referred to in this paper as “CORUS ConOps”. Although the results of CORUS are project findings in an early stage a fair amount of them already found their way into the new EASA draft opinion that regulate the overall aviation safety within Europe. Most likely future EASA regulations will adopt even more CORUS findings and build on the work done in this project. The rising demand for BVLOS operations requires new regulations for the safe integration of UAS in existing airspace. Both ConOps put their focus on the very low level (VLL) airspace initially. Nevertheless, already the height above ground of this VLL airspace is defined differently. In addition, both concepts differ in the definition of drone operation classes: They are explicitly mentioned in the CORUS ConOps, whereas the FAA ConOps distinguishes between VLOS and BVLOS operations as well as manned aviation. Though, both concepts have in common that they rely heavily on an at-all-times accessible distributed information network for the coordination of airspace use by UAVs in order to not deplete ATC capacities. In this paper a comparison of the FAA ConOps and the CORUS ConOps has been conducted with a main focus on airspace structures, services for UAV and operators, contingency and emergency procedures, airspace access, UAS performance requirements for certain airspaces and operations, actors and responsibilities, remote ID requirements and separation procedures. Particularly, the differences of these main topics are explained and, where applicable, the advantages and disadvantages of individual regulations and procedures are elaborated. In conclusion, the paper closes by expressing the authors' opinion on certain key elements of the concepts, hereby highlighting main differences in order to illustrate potentially neglected aspects in each of the concepts and highlighting different high-level approaches between the FAA ConOps and CORUS ConOps.

13 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 Oct 2020
TL;DR: Several concept of operations (ConOps) about urban airspace utilization are proposed and demonstrated and airspace risk assessment and contingency management are investigated to provide suggestions for urban airspace safety management and fail-safe system design.
Abstract: Deployments and operations of civilian unmanned aircraft in urban environments have been seeing a significant rise, which increases the demand of urban unmanned air traffic and the need for airspace. Large-scale UAV operations in urban environments may pose risks to people on the ground and manned aircraft in the air. To safely and efficiently utilize the urban airspace, several concept of operations (ConOps) about urban airspace utilization are proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The proposed ConOps concentrates on airspace configuration and operational rules from three aspects. Firstly, AirMatrix airspace configuration is introduced and expanded with operational rules in the network. To balance the flight flexibility and airspace complexity, different resolution AirMartix is introduced. Moreover, AirMatrix corridor is proposed to connect reserved areas with safe and efficient traffic flows considering Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) performance. Secondly, Free-Flight Operation (FFO) and Trajectory-Based Operation (TBO) are illustrated and compared in terms of operational efficiency and airspace capacity based on simulation studies. Thirdly, under the AirMatrix framework, airspace risk assessment and contingency management are investigated to provide suggestions for urban airspace safety management and fail-safe system design.

13 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
07 Mar 2020
TL;DR: This paper will provide an overview of current concepts and options for the architecture and design of a Mars Sample Return Mission, including the Sample Retrieval Lander (SRL) and the Earth Return Orbiter (ERO) (developed by ESA).
Abstract: This paper will provide an overview of current concepts and options for the architecture and design of a Mars Sample Return Mission, including the Sample Retrieval Lander (SRL) (developed by NASA) and the Earth Return Orbiter (ERO) (developed by ESA). Key mission objectives and the overall campaign will be described, including the mission's concept of operations and a notional timeline from launch to entry, through surface operations, to delivery of the samples to Mars orbit and return to Earth. The overall SRL lander vehicle concept will be described, including current options being evaluated. Key lander element options that have been studied will be discussed, including the Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV), Sample Fetch Rover (provided by ESA), Orbiting Sample container (OS), and sample tube transfer robotics systems. For the ERO the vehicle concept will be described including key interfaces with the Capture/Containment and Return System (CCRS). Specific challenges and approaches for addressing those challenges will be discussed, including key technical margins and backward planetary protection. The information provided about possible Mars sample return architectures is for planning and discussion purposes only. NASA has made no official decision to implement Mars sample return.

10 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Aug 2020
TL;DR: The main purpose of the conducted research is to review and analyze the denial of sustainability problem on tactical combat clouds and formalize the Tactical Denial of Sustainability (TDoS) concept.
Abstract: As the digitalization of the military conflicts increases, gaining decision superiority become the key to enhance the likelihood of success, which among others is enabled by bringing to the tactical edge emerging ICT paradigms like advanced data fusion, Artificial Intelligence, distributed computation or end-to-trust. Based on them, Tactical Clouds will allow the provisioning of C3 services for enhancing the development of the tactical pillars of modern join military operations, like Intelligence, Surveillance, Situational Awareness, or support to decision-making. But the adoption of new technological enablers bring novel and unexplored challenges that when no remediated, may jeopardize the operability of the digital tactical assets, being the cyber defence an essential cornerstone for their safeguarding. In these grounds, the main purpose of the conducted research is to review and analyze the denial of sustainability problem on tactical combat clouds; which entails a rara avis topic on the existing bibliography among other due to the novelty, secrecy and low level of technological maturity on their related digital enablers. The research presents and scoping action that developed the following secondary objectives: 1) to frame the denial of sustainability threats on the emerging Tactical Cloud paradigm; 2) to formalize the Tactical Denial of Sustainability (TDoS) concept; 3) to introduce the phasing, potential attack surfaces, terrains and impact of TDoS attacks; 4) to illustrate heterogeneous CONOPS that facilitate the understanding of TDoS; and 5) to raise and encourage the development of further research topics and actions.

9 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
06 Jun 2020
TL;DR: The design approach, the nominal concept of operations for which the first prototype is being designed, and the expected performance of the system are presented.
Abstract: The SPLICE project is continuing NASA’s efforts to develop precision landing GN&C technologies for future lander missions. One of those technologies is the next generation Hazard Detection (HD) System, which consists of a new HD Lidar and HD Algorithms. The HD System is a modular system that will be adapted to meet specific mission needs in the future. This paper presents the design approach, the nominal concept of operations for which the first prototype is being designed, and the expected performance of the system.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By employing well-known methods of warfare, but in innovative ways and with the help of new technologies, Russia's concept of operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine took many in the West by surpr...
Abstract: By employing well-known methods of warfare, but in innovative ways and with the help of new technologies, Russia’s concept of operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine took many in the West by surpr...

7 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
07 Mar 2020
TL;DR: A model-based operational architecture definition framework is proposed, which is based on the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) ontology and uses Object Process Methodology (OPM) as its underlying modeling language and allows for capturing ConOps and OpsCon in a lightweight, yet robust and consistent manner.
Abstract: Remote-controlled or autonomous multi-rotor air vehicles, or drones, have become common and commercially available even to individual consumers, mostly for imaging purposes. Drones appeal to mission architects looking to extend the toolbox provided to operators performing challenging missions such as public safety operations. However, careful analysis of the operational context and concept of operations must take place before major acquisitions. The purpose of this paper is to propose a model-based operational architecture definition framework, which is based on the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) ontology and uses Object Process Methodology (OPM) as its underlying modeling language. Through careful mapping of DoDAF Operational Viewpoint (OV) ontology to OPM ontology, we were able to show that the entire OV ontology can be covered by a small set of objects, processes, relations among them, and constructs comprising them. We then show how to instantiate the ontology to create a model of an actual architecture of interest (AoI) while maintaining strong typing of the model elements to ensure validity, integrity, consistency, and continuous compliance with the OV. We demonstrate our approach on the case of using drones in public safety enterprises for the purpose of crowd management in massively attended events and locations. The proposed framework allows for capturing ConOps and OpsCon in a lightweight, yet robust and consistent manner, and improve communication and concept validation between operational stakeholders and enterprise architects.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
07 Dec 2020
TL;DR: Experimental results that were obtained through the real-time validation, with hardware and human in the loop (RTS-HIL) simulations, of an automatic ADS-B based separation assurance and collision avoidance system aimed to support RPAS automatic operations (as well as remote pilot decision making) are presented and discussed.
Abstract: Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) are increasingly becoming relevant actors that are flying through the airspace and will gain much more importance in the future. In order to allow for their safe integration with manned conventional traffic in non-segregated airspaces, in accordance with the overall air traffic management (ATM) paradigm, specific enabling technologies are needed. As is well known, the detect and avoid (DAA) technology is fundamental among the enabling technologies identified as crucial for RPAS integration into the overall ATM system. In the meantime, to support extended surveillance, the universal introduction of cooperative automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) on-board aircraft is being increasingly implemented because it has the potential to allow for the coverage of the entire airspaces in remote areas not usually covered by conventional radar surveillance. In this paper, experimental results that were obtained through the real-time validation, with hardware and human in the loop (RTS-HIL) simulations, of an automatic ADS-B based separation assurance and collision avoidance system aimed to support RPAS automatic operations (as well as remote pilot decision making) are presented and discussed. In the paper, after an introductory outline of the concept of operations (ConOps) of the system and its architectural organization, in addition to basic information about the main system functionalities, a description of the tests that were carried out is reported, and the obtained results are described and discussed in order to emphasize the performance and limitations of the proposed system. In particular, the obtained quantitative performances are reported and commented on, and the feedback presented by pilots in order to improve the system, e.g., in terms of preferred typology of conflict resolution maneuver elaborated by the system, is described.

6 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
02 Jun 2020
TL;DR: A four steps method following the Concept of Operation approach (ConOps) and functional chain modeling to design AV architecture based on their OC and experts knowledge is proposed and improves the identification speed and coverage of the AV’s operational needs.
Abstract: Autonomous Vehicles (AV) exhibit new characteristics rendering its architecting process challenging. They are context-aware cyber-physical systems with a high sensitivity toward their operational context. In addition to the lack of industrial feedback, their architecture needs to be adapted to their Operational Context (OC). The current literature doesn’t provide a clear method for designing AV architecture based on their OC. This paper proposes a four steps method following the Concept of Operation approach (ConOps) and functional chain modeling to design AV architecture based on their OC and experts knowledge. The method uses a state-of the-art OC ontology for AV and improves the identification speed and coverage of the AV’s operational needs. A case study is presented addressing the proposed methods and limitations.

5 citations


DOI
15 Sep 2020
TL;DR: The Program Manager’s Guidebook for Software Assurance supports project managers who must integrate software assurance engineering activities into the acquisition lifecycle.
Abstract: The Program Manager’s Guidebook for Software Assurance supports project managers who must integrate software assurance engineering activities into the acquisition lifecycle. The goal of the guidebook is to help the program manager (PM) understand and address the software assurance responsibilities critical in defending software-intensive systems. It presents actions a PM must take to ensure that software assurance is effectively addressed. These actions require an under-standing of program mission threads, threat awareness, and the roles and responsibilities of members of the program office team. The guidebook objectives are aligned with (1) Enclosure 14 of Department of Defense (DoD) Instruction 5000.02, which provides policies and principles for cybersecurity in defense acquisition systems; (2) the Defense Acquisition University’s Software Assurance Course (CLE 081); (3) the DoD Integrated Defense Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics Lifecycle; and (4) the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Systems Engineering) Software Assurance Concept of Operations.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 Oct 2020
TL;DR: The methodology developed in this work can be used both to convert existing aircraft for unmanned operations and also for completely new development projects with human operators in the loop.
Abstract: In this paper, we present a novel methodology for the development and automated operation of unmanned aircraft systems in integrated airspace. An existing CS-23 category airplane is converted into an optionally piloted vehicle with three modes - a conventional manned mode, a surrogate mode with a safety pilot on-board the aircraft and an unmanned mode with remotely controlled and automated phases of flight. Based on the developmental and operational constraints associated with converting an existing aircraft for unmanned operations, a concept of operations is defined. Different types of human operators and operating stations are defined to achieve the proposed concept of operations. The operations are described in the form of standard operating procedures. By establishing exhaustive procedures for the safe conduction of flight in any given flight phase, a robust and reliable automation of flight functions is achieved. The methodology developed in this work can be used both to convert existing aircraft for unmanned operations and also for completely new development projects with human operators in the loop.

Book ChapterDOI
27 May 2020
TL;DR: The objective of this chapter is to define System-of-Systems Enterprise (Sose), SOSE Concept of Operations (CONOPS), and SOSE Architecture (SOSEA) CONOPS assessment, and discuss their differences using examples from existing space and airborne systems.
Abstract: The objective of this chapter is to (i) define System-of-Systems Enterprise (SOSE), SOSE Concept of Operations (CONOPS), and SOSE Architecture (SOSEA) CONOPS assessment, and (ii) discuss their differences using examples from existing space and airborne systems. The chapter also describes the SOS design challenges and presents an SOSE Architecture design approach addressing these challenges. In addition, DOD Architecture Framework Version 2.02 (DODAF-v2.02) views will be discussed along with a recommendation for a set of key DODAF views to capture system architecture artifacts with practical examples involving SOS Enterprise architectures for notional space-based communications system and manned airborne Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) platform.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A widely used military planning framework known as the Joint Military Appreciation Process is introduced, and how it can be applied to deal with the next phase of the COVID-19 pandemic is outlined.
Abstract: The biological motor behind the current coronavirus pandemic has placed microbiology on a global stage, and given its practitioners a role among the architects of recovery. Planning for a return to normality or the new normal is a complex, multi-agency task for which healthcare scientists may not be prepared. This paper introduces a widely used military planning framework known as the Joint Military Appreciation Process, and outlines how it can be applied to deal with the next phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recognition of SARS-CoV-2's critical attributes, targetable vulnerabilities, and its most likely and most dangerous effects is a necessary precursor to scoping, framing and mission analysis. From this flows course of action development, analysis, concept of operations development, and an eventual decision to act on the plan. The same planning technique is applicable to the larger scale task of setting a microbiology-centric plan in the broader context of social and economic recovery.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2020
TL;DR: Results showed that conducting interviews showing an illustrative ConOps gave 17% more chance of finding needs originating from human values compared to not using this attribute, and proposed a process for integrating the human values into the early phase of systems engineering.
Abstract: This paper investigates how to better understand end users’ human values at an early phase of system design in an innovative new-energy project. By early involvement of end-user, companies can avoid making costly design mistakes that reduce the usability of the system. For the innovative system there were no end-users from where to directly obtain the operational knowledge. The paper has adopted research methods from the Design Thinking process, and uses industry-as-laboratory, conducting in-depth interviews with end-users from related applications. The research focuses on needs that originate from “human values” defined as an expressed emotional feeling addressing how the users perceive the system. The interviews resulted in 105 user needs translated into 17 relevant stakeholder requirements. The results showed that conducting interviews showing an illustrative ConOps gave 17% more chance of finding needs originating from human values compared to not using this attribute. This research proposes a process for integrating the human values into the early phase of systems engineering.

Posted Content
10 Sep 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a mathematical formalization of the concept of operation volumes that express aircraft intent in terms of 4D blocks of airspace and associated real-time deadlines.
Abstract: Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) traffic management system (UTM) is necessary for automated safe and efficient low-altitude airspace operations. FAA has conceptualized the requirements on UTM protocols and components in the FAA's Concept of Operations for UTM report. In this paper, we explore applying rigorous formal reasoning on building and analyzing UTM protocols to (1) help provide high assurance on UTM protocols and (2) discover the strength and weaknesses of existing formal techniques. We propose the first mathematical formalization of FAA's notion of operation volumes that express aircraft intent in terms of 4D blocks of airspace and associated real-time deadlines. We present an executable prototype coordination protocol using operation volumes, involving participating aircraft and an airspace manager. Next, we show how to use an ensemble of existing simulation and formal verification tools to analyze the protocol including (1) formally proving the safe separation and liveness properties of distributed coordination with the help of proof assistants Dione and Dafny, (2) using data-driven reachability analysis with DryVR to ensure aircraft to follow operation volumes, and (3) evaluating the performance of the protocol in terms of workload and response delays with extensive simulations in ROS and Gazebo. We show that our analysis can be applied on heterogeneous aircraft models. Our experiments also delineate the trade-off between performance and workload across different strategies for generating operation volumes.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2020
TL;DR: The project is entitled Hyper-Spectral Communications, Networking and ATM as Foundation for Safe and Efficient Future Flight: Transcending Aviation Operational Limitations with Diverse and Secure Multi-Band, Multi-Mode, and mmWave Wireless links.
Abstract: Over the past two years we have worked on a project for NASA’s Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) University Leadership Initiative (ULI) program. Our project is entitled Hyper-Spectral Communications, Networking and ATM as Foundation for Safe and Efficient Future Flight: Transcending Aviation Operational Limitations with Diverse and Secure Multi-Band, Multi-Mode, and mmWave Wireless links. For brevity we abbreviate this title HSCNA. The four-institution HSCNA project is the only ULI program to address communications and networking, and thus far has been extremely productive: we have published 10 journal papers, 54 conference papers, 2 book chapters, and multiple technical reports, with another 10-20 papers in review, and 2 patent applications. In addition to publications we are developing a dual-band radio system for flight testing in the 2020 Boeing Eco-Demonstrator program, have developed systems for assessing wideband short-range millimeter wave (mmWave) airport radio links, and systems for detection of unauthorized unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). We have also developed a future Concept of Operations (ConOps) document and are developing a simulation tool to assess gains of our HSCNA technologies when used in the National Airspace System (NAS). In this paper we summarize our project and provide example results and findings. We first provide a short overview of the ULI program and its goals within the ARMD Strategic Implementation Plan. We then describe our project’s six primary tasks, which are specifically, (i) the ConOps development; (ii) a comprehensive categorization and evaluation of current and planned communications technologies that can be used for aviation, across frequency spectrum spanning five orders of magnitude (e.g., 3 MHz HF through 100 GHz), including evaluation of performance gaps; (iii) design, development, and proof-of-concept testing of a multi-band aviation communication system; (iv) evaluation of mmWave frequency bands and technologies for use in advanced airport communication applications; (v) evaluation of RF detection of unauthorized UAS via several techniques; and, (vi) development of a simulation system to enable exploration of potential gains of these HSCNA technologies in ATM. The example results we provide include analyses, computer simulations, laboratory experiments, and field testing. We also describe plans for the final phase of our project, and discuss impacts and future work.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2020
TL;DR: The overall architecture of a “Science Station”, a robotically assembled and serviced persistent platform that can host multiple payloads for Earth observations, is presented and a testbed activity is described to evaluate the supervised autonomy robotics needed for the Science Station as well as to conduct a risk-reduction demonstration of the end-to-end robotics behaviors.
Abstract: In this paper we present the overall architecture of a “Science Station”, a robotically assembled and serviced persistent platform that can host multiple payloads for Earth observations. Recent decadal survey findings motivate the need to have spatial and temporal concurrency in measurements from multiple instruments. We have architected the science station to simultaneously host up to twelve Earth Venture class instruments at a time. These instruments can be replaced by newer instruments periodically to take advantage of evolving science needs and technology capabilities. The Science Station can also concurrently host science, commercial, defense and other national interest payloads. The Science Station may provide a cost-effective paradigm by mitigating some of the risks and costs associated with multiple free-flyers that may otherwise be needed for the various instruments. It leverages emergent and existent technologies in robotic assembly and servicing, lower cost commercial launch vehicles, secondary launch vehicles, and rendezvous and proximity operations. In this paper, we report the findings of a survey we conducted on the desired performance of the Science Station from various instrument hosting perspectives. We report the various trade studies that we conducted to developed a feasible architecture that meets the goals of the Science Station while also meeting the constraints of a space system. We also report the various considerations in the configuration, thermal system, pointing system, overall concept of operations, and the robotic system of the Science Station architecture. The paper then describes a testbed activity we are undertaking to evaluate the supervised autonomy robotics needed for the Science Station as well as to conduct a risk-reduction demonstration of the end-to-end robotics behaviors.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
18 May 2020
TL;DR: An overview of a proposed Systems-of-Systems Enterprise Architecture (SOSEA) CONOPS (Concept of Operations) framework and associated resiliency models and preliminary simulations results obtained by CSUF-GST for notional SATOPS and SATCOM SOSEA CONOPS use cases are provided.
Abstract: This paper provides (i) an overview of a proposed Systems-of-Systems Enterprise Architecture (SOSEA) CONOPS (Concept of Operations) framework and associated resiliency models, (ii) a summary of the work done by CSUF Graduate Student Team (GST) on the implementation of the framework and advanced mathematical modeling effort for Matlab modeling of the resiliency models, and (iii) preliminary simulations results obtained by CSUF-GST for notional SATOPS and SATCOM SOSEA CONOPS use cases. The key achievements of the CSUF-GST include SOSEA databases for civilian, commercial, and military space and ground systems, orbital dynamics models for simulating SOSEA space systems and ground networks, simplified dynamic communication link margin and availability, and Matlab models for Resilience Assessment Index (RAI), Spectrum Resiliency Assessment Index (SRAI) and Resilient Capacity models against intentional and un-intentional Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) sources.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 Oct 2020
TL;DR: It is is vital that operators can place the right level of trust in autonomous system competence, especially when they manage safety critical movements, to achieve this, DiTA competence is a key concern.
Abstract: A bottleneck of (future) multiple remote tower operations (MRTO) is for controllers to monitor traffic movements at two airports (or more) in real-time, at the same time. To address this, we propose an autonomous agent (digital colleague), the DiTA Digital Tower Assistant. The key issue addressed by the DiTA concept is simultaneous movements on the two airports. We present results from the first stages of concept design and evaluation of DiTA. We conducted two workshops with three fully licensed air traffic controllers. During the workshops the controllers evaluated the DiTA concept of operations through scenario walk-throughs using printed airspace maps. The outcome of the workshop series was a tentative concept of DiTA operations and key concerns for one MRTO scenario. We present and discuss the emerging picture of common concerns and views on acceptable concept of operations as the workshops progressed. We conclude that it is is vital that operators can place the right level of trust in autonomous system competence, especially when they manage safety critical movements. To achieve this, DiTA competence is a key concern. The build-up of operator trust and competence to assess DiTA comptence (re-skilling) could both rely on automation transparency and a stepwise introduction of the concept in operations.

Book ChapterDOI
28 Oct 2020
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the implementation of System-of-Systems Enterprise Architecture (SOSEA) CONOPS assessment framework and models in Matlab, and presents preliminary results concerning SOSEA resiliency in the presence of a notional Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) scenario.
Abstract: This chapter discusses the implementation of System-of-Systems Enterprise Architecture (SOSEA) CONOPS assessment framework and models in Matlab, and presents preliminary results concerning SOSEA resiliency in the presence of a notional Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) scenario. The chapter provides an overview of the SOSEA CONOPS Assessment Framework, and discusses related SOS Resiliency Models including Resilient Assessment Index Against RFI (RAI-RFI), Spectrum Resiliency Assessment Index (SRAI), and Resilient Capacity (RC).


Proceedings ArticleDOI
24 Jan 2020
TL;DR: This paper presents a general message processing procedure that protects the SBAS receiver from using potentially spoofed data while preserving the integrity delivered by the service.
Abstract: This paper introduces authentication states for SBAS receivers describing all processes ranging from preauthentication verification to nominal authenticated operations. Most importantly, the secure transitions between these states and receiver operations are proposed to better define what the receiver’s role is in delivering a secure service. Different authentication techniques also require tailored modifications for the receiver concept of operations (CONOPS). This paper focuses on the use of two different authentication schemes: an I-channel implementation of TESLA and a Q-channel implementation of ECDSA. The receiver state machine outlines how a receiver should securely acquire public keys over the air and how a receiver transitions into a fully authenticated state from start-up. This paper presents a general message processing procedure that protects the SBAS receiver from using potentially spoofed data while preserving the integrity delivered by the service.


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: This paper reports an experience of a real project carried out in a real Department of Defense, particularly in the navy’s context, besides externalizing a method called OSW to support the ConOps documents in SoS engineering projects.
Abstract: Military systems play a crucial role in the defense of a country. They are often interconnected to monitor the frontiers, increase the national sovereignty, and interoperate to offer a unified control of the entire territory. These alliances of systems are currently known as systems of systems (SoS). During the last years, software has been increasingly embedded in those systems to increase their precision. Besides, multiple cyber-physical systems have also been associated to interoperate in the context of SoS, bringing novel challenges related to the conception of those systems, in particular (i) how to elicit systems’ requirements and make them coexist in the same large-scale system, (ii) how to coexist competing requirements, (iii) how to support the distributed development of constituent systems and interoperability links, (iv) how to capture their conceptual operation in a unified document to exploit their functionalities in a fruitful manner, and (v) how to make the SoS cohesive, exploiting their functionalities and creating emergent behaviors to foster the national security. Given those gaps and challenges, this paper reports an experience of a real project carried out in a real Department of Defense, particularly in the navy’s context, besides externalizing a method called OSW to support the ConOps documents in SoS engineering projects. We report the conception of a SoS for defense and maritime surveillance, focusing on the concept of operations (ConOps) of that systems, the challenges faced, and the method established. We claim that this report contributes to the engineering of defense SoS since it provides a panorama of SoS conception, besides presenting solutions that can be replicated in other projects to be carried out worldwide, contributing thus for the advance of SoS research in that domain .