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Concept of operations

About: Concept of operations is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 964 publications have been published within this topic receiving 6845 citations. The topic is also known as: CONOPS.


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04 Nov 2015
TL;DR: The design specification for natural environments (DSNE) as mentioned in this paper is a formal specification of a variety of external environmental factors (most of natural origin and a few of human origin) which impact the development or operation of flight vehicles and destination surface systems.
Abstract: This document is derived from the former National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Constellation Program (CxP) document CxP 70023, titled "The Design Specification for Natural Environments (DSNE), Revision C." The original document has been modified to represent updated Design Reference Missions (DRMs) for the NASA Exploration Systems Development (ESD) Programs. The DSNE completes environment-related specifications for architecture, system-level, and lower-tier documents by specifying the ranges of environmental conditions that must be accounted for by NASA ESD Programs. To assure clarity and consistency, and to prevent requirements documents from becoming cluttered with extensive amounts of technical material, natural environment specifications have been compiled into this document. The intent is to keep a unified specification for natural environments that each Program calls out for appropriate application. This document defines the natural environments parameter limits (maximum and minimum values, energy spectra, or precise model inputs, assumptions, model options, etc.), for all ESD Programs. These environments are developed by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Natural Environments Branch (MSFC organization code: EV44). Many of the parameter limits are based on experience with previous programs, such as the Space Shuttle Program. The parameter limits contain no margin and are meant to be evaluated individually to ensure they are reasonable (i.e., do not apply unrealistic extreme-on-extreme conditions). The natural environments specifications in this document should be accounted for by robust design of the flight vehicle and support systems. However, it is understood that in some cases the Programs will find it more effective to account for portions of the environment ranges by operational mitigation or acceptance of risk in accordance with an appropriate program risk management plan and/or hazard analysis process. The DSNE is not intended as a definition of operational models or operational constraints, nor is it adequate, alone, for ground facilities which may have additional requirements (for example, building codes and local environmental constraints). "Natural environments," as the term is used here, refers to the environments that are not the result of intended human activity or intervention. It consists of a variety of external environmental factors (most of natural origin and a few of human origin) which impose restrictions or otherwise impact the development or operation of flight vehicles and destination surface systems. These natural environments include the following types of environments: Terrestrial environments at launch, abort, and normal landing sites (winds, temperatures, pressures, surface roughness, sea conditions, etc.); Space environments (ionizing radiation, orbital debris, meteoroids, thermosphere density, plasma, solar, Earth, and lunar-emitted thermal radiation, etc.); Destination environments (Lunar surface and orbital, Mars atmosphere and surface, near Earth asteroids, etc.). Many of the environmental specifications in this document are based on models, data, and environment descriptions contained in the CxP 70044, Constellation Program Natural Environment Definition for Design (NEDD). The NEDD provides additional detailed environment data and model descriptions to support analytical studies for ESD Programs. For background information on specific environments and their effects on spacecraft design and operations, the environment models, and the data used to generate the specifications contained in the DSNE, the reader is referred to the NEDD paragraphs listed in each section of the DSNE. Also, most of the environmental specifications in this document are tied specifically to the ESD DRMs in ESD-10012, Revision B, Exploration Systems Development Concept of Operations (ConOps). Coordination between these environment specifications and the DRMs must be maintained. This document should be compatible with the current ESD DRMs, but updates to the mission definitions and variations in interpretation may require adjustments to the environment specifications.

2 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, a distributed test, track, and trace system for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic revealed that many countries had insufficient strategies to conduct test, tracking and trace of the viral transmission once infected people entered a country's borders.
Abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic revealed that many countries had insufficient strategies to conduct test, track, and trace of the viral transmission once infected people entered a country’s borders. Computer science could be used to understand the seats of infection, and hotspots that may fuel potential outbreaks. As well as the added benefit of steering on-the-ground epidemiological surveillance activities to contain further outbreaks. However, there is more to a computerized solution than an architectural design of an end-to-end distributed test, track, and trace system and its use of machine learning technologies. A successful implementation encompasses a number of key areas that include people, processes, and technology. Comparisons are drawn with cyber security operations center use-cases in support of a strategy and concept of operations to enable: (a) front-end test teams at the border chokepoints to collect test samples; (b) cloud processing of test subject records and laboratory test results; (c) emergency operations center containment monitoring; (d) data analysis of test subject groupings to identify hotspot areas; (e) use of epidemiological trends to direct further testing; and (f) conduct epidemiological monitoring to detect new chains of transmission.

2 citations

01 Mar 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the challenges facing the U.S. Air Force in the 21st century, namely, the evolving capabilities of adversaries' air systems and counter-air capabilities.
Abstract: Toward a New Concept Air operations are a significant component of 21st-century U.S. and allied joint and coalition operations. As fifth-generation aircraft enter service in larger numbers, they will generate not only greater firepower, but also significantly greater integrated capability for the nonkinetic use of aircraft (1) and an expanded use of connectivity, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), communications, and computational capabilities built around a man-machine interface that will, in turn, shape the robotics and precision revolutions already under way. The capability of air assets to connect air, ground, and maritime forces throughout the battlespace can support the decisionmaking of ground and maritime command elements. Indeed, the command, control, communications, computers ([C.sup.4]) and ISR envisaged in networked operations is becoming reshaped into [C.sup.4] and ISRD, whereby decisionmaking (D) is shared across the battlespace. Distributed information and decisionmaking will be enhanced as air operations become much more capable of providing information in support of the deployed decisionmaker, and kinetic and nonkinetic support elements can be cued in support of air, ground, and maritime combat requirements. A RAND Corporation brief on air combat issued in August 2008 generated debate about U.S. air capabilities in difficult future combat scenarios. (2) In particular, the F-35 came under scrutiny in much of the political and analytical coverage. The RAND brief and the reactions to it are a good starting point for discussion of the changing nature of air operations induced by the introduction of the new manned aircraft. The RAND analysts focused on a core challenge facing the Air Force in the 21st century, namely, the evolving capabilities of competitors' air systems and counterair capabilities. In particular, the RAND study focused on a 2020 scenario over the Taiwan Strait in which Chinese forces sought to deny air superiority to the United States. The study addressed three key elements of U.S. air superiority--the use of nearby bases or seas, exploitation of stealth advantages, and employment of beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles--applied against Chinese forces. The study argued that all three U.S. advantages could be countered by a Chinese strategy that combined a significant numerical advantage, antiaccess denial strategies, counterstealth innovations, and countermeasures and operations to defeat BVR missiles. In the RAND scenario, the Chinese innovated, but the United States did not. The study underscored reasonable concerns. Numbers do matter, antiaccess technologies and strategies are evolving rapidly, and defensive measures against stealth and BVR missiles are improving--and Chinese defenses are proliferating. Simply building a small number of highly capable platforms will not enable the Air Force or the U.S. military to prevail in combat. That is the bad news. The good news is that by leveraging the capabilities of new systems, crafting a 21st-century approach to air operations, more effectively integrating legacy and new air and naval forces, and evolving combined and allied operations, the United States can counter the evolution of a competitor like China. The proliferation of capabilities being developed by China and Russia globally to U.S. and allied competitors is enhancing the need for a rapidly evolving concept of operations (CONOPS) for U.S. and allied forces shaped by the forcing function (3) of fifth-generation aircraft and associated air and naval systems. Before returning to the analysis of the RAND brief, I want to develop an understanding of 21st-century air operations and the role of fifth-generation aircraft and unmanned systems within the CONOPS. I will then apply the 21st-century CONOPS to the RAND analysis and suggest how the outcome might look quite different. Connectivity and Battle Management Air operations in the 21st century are characterized by an increasing ability to connect air, ground, and maritime forces, whereby air assets can support the decisionmaking of ground and maritime command elements. …

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
12 Jan 2017
TL;DR: The information and processes for conducting low-cost, rapidly developed student-based international space station experiments are presented, including insight into the system operations, the development environment, effective team organization, and data analysis.
Abstract: The International Space Station National Laboratory gives students a platform to conduct space-flight science experiments. To successfully take advantage of this opportunity, students and their mentors must have an understanding of how to develop and then conduct a science project on international space station within a school year. Many factors influence the speed in which a project progresses. The first step is to develop a science plan, including defining a hypothesis, developing science objectives, and defining a concept of operation for conducting the flight experiment. The next step is to translate the plan into well-defined requirements for payload development. The last step is a rapid development process. Included in this step is identifying problems early and negotiating appropriate trade-offs between science and implementation complexity. Organizing the team and keeping players motivated is an equally important task, as is employing the right mentors. The project team must understand the flight experiment infrastructure, which includes the international space station environment, payload resource requirements and available components, fail-safe operations, system logs, and payload data. Without this understanding, project development can be impacted, resulting in schedule delays, added costs, undiagnosed problems, and data misinterpretation. The information and processes for conducting low-cost, rapidly developed student-based international space station experiments are presented, including insight into the system operations, the development environment, effective team organization, and data analysis. The details are based on the Valley Christian Schools (VCS, San Jose, CA) fluidic density experiment and penicillin experiment, which were developed by 13- and 14-year-old students and flown on ISS.

2 citations

01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: Tullmann et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a roadmap for the implementation of a European Space Traffic Management (STM) system within the next two decades under consideration of an evolving Air Traffic Management system.
Abstract: This is the second (Paper II) in a mini series of three papers that summarise the final results from an evaluation study which DLR GfR and its partners conducted on behalf of ESA. The objective of this study was to generate a roadmap for the implementation of a European Space Traffic Management (STM) system within the next two decades under consideration of an evolving Air Traffic Management (ATM) system. In Paper I (Tullmann et al. 2017a) we demonstrated that collision risks do not prevent suborbital space flights from the very beginning. We provided proof of concept that this kind of travel is generally possible, provided significant advances in heat and collision shielding technologies can be achieved. Potential technical, conceptual and organisational setups in response to Europe’s STM needs were discussed, focussing on technology and infrastructure development, Space Debris, Space Surveillance & Tracking, Space Weather Monitoring and ATM and STM integration. The initial roadmap was presented showing that the European STM system could become operational in the 2030 – 2035 time frame. Finally, the Top 10 STM-related issues were identified that need to be solved on EU and UN level. In Paper II, we now cover the relevant Safety & Reliability (S&R) aspects which should be reflected in a STM concept of operations. In this context relevant contributors to unsafe operations and hazardous events as well as the parties at risk are identified. Safety Management Systems in aviation business are investigated in order to check to what extent their S&R concepts and good-practices are applicable to STM operations. An initial Risk Classification Scheme for STM purposes is presented and has been applied to classify the Space Weather risks identified in Paper I. Initial values for the acceptable levels of safety for spaceplane occupants and for third parties at risk are presented and the hazards originating from re-entering objects and airspace sharing are discussed. Paper II finishes with the outline of the envisaged Space Navigation Service Provider (SNSP) certification process. This mini series of papers is concluded by Paper III (Tullmann et al. 2017c) in which we provide initial system and S&R requirements, constraints and recommendations that should be considered for a European STM setup.

2 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202133
202025
201940
201830
201743
201647