Showing papers on "Conductive polymer published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this paper, the emeraldine oxidation state of polyaniline was converted from an insulator to a metal by treatment with 1M aqueous HCl to form the corresponding salt, emeraldines hydrochloride.
1,286 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report their success in the preparation of two polymers which are soluble in water in the doped and undoped states, which is a first for organic-solvent-soluble conducting polymers.
Abstract: It has only been within the last few months that organic-solvent-soluble conducting polymers have been developed. Previously, solubility in a mixture of arsenic trifluoride/pentafluoride was the singular path available to processability of conducting polymers. In this paper they report their success in the preparation of two polymers which are soluble in water in the doped and undoped statesexclamation Sodium poly(3-thiophene-..beta..-ethanesulfonate) (P3-ETSNa) and sodium poly(3-(thiophene-delta-butanesulfonate) (P3-BTSNa) and their respective conjugate acids are water soluble. The latter are of interest because, upon oxidation, they can lose a proton concomitant with electron loss to produce self-doped polymers; i.e., doped polymers where the counterion is attached to the polymer via a covalent bond.
398 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electrical conductivity of polyacetylene has been investigated with and without the presence of intrinsic electron-photon scattering and sample imperfection, and it has been shown that polyacetylacetylene with fewer sp3 defects exhibits substantially higher electrical conductivities than in material prepared by other methods.
Abstract: The electrical conductivity of conducting polymers results from mobile charge carriers introduced into the π-electron system through doping1,2. Because of the large infra-chain transfer integrals, the transport of charge is believed to be principally along the conjugated chains, with inter-chain hopping as a necessary secondary step. In conducting polymers, as in all metals and semiconductors, charge transport is limited by a combination of intrinsic electron–photon scattering and sample imperfection. Although relatively high conductivities (σ ≈ 1,000 S cm−1) have been reported for partially orientated and heavily doped polyacetylene1–3, the absence of a metal-like temperature dependence implies that the observed values are not intrinsic. In doped polyacetylene, (CH)x, electrical transport can be limited both by microscopic defects (leading to scattering and localization) and by the more macroscopic complex fibrillar morphology12 and associated interfibrillar contacts. Thus, with improvements in material quality, one might anticipate corresponding improvements in the electrical conductivity. Here we report the synthesis of polyacetylene with fewer sp3 defects than in material prepared by other methods. The higher-quality material exhibits substantially higher electrical conductivity; maximum values of >20,000 S cm−1 are obtained after doping with iodine. The conductivity has been measured as a function of temperature and pressure: at 0.48 K and 10 kbar, iodine-doped samples remain highly conducting (σ ≈ 9,000 S cm−1).
334 citations
TL;DR: The first known examples of water-soluble conducting polymers are poly-3-(2-ethaneulfonate)thiophene and poly-4-butanesulfonates (3-3-butane) thiophene.
249 citations
246 citations
143 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, optical and electronic properties of composites of soluble polythiophene derivatives and polystyrene over the full range of composition were reported, and the composite films were prepared by evaporating the solvent in an inert atmosphere from a solution containing both polymers.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors showed that poly(3-hexylthiophene (PHT), POT, PDDT, PODT and PEIT were electrochemically prepared in chloroform.
113 citations
Journal Article•
98 citations
TL;DR: The continuous process to synthesize directly polypyrrole films offers a lot of possibilities to vary the film thickness, conductivity, mechanical flexibility and stability as discussed by the authors and also the changing of the counterions leads to different types of structure and quality.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of solution processible poly(3-alkylthiophenes) is described which form highly conductive, environmentally stable complexes with electron acceptors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the doping current of poly-p -aminodiphenylamine (poly-ADPA) is proportional to the square root of sweep rate, not to the sweep rate itself.
TL;DR: The anodic electropolymerisation of long-chain 3-substituted pyrroles and thiophenes gives highly conducting polymeric materials, some of which are soluble in common organic solvents in the conducting state as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The anodic electropolymerisation of long-chain 3-substituted pyrroles and thiophenes gives highly conducting polymeric materials, some of which are soluble in common organic solvents in the conducting state.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical characteristics of electrodes composed of composites of conducting polymers and alkali metal alloys have been investigated, and it has been shown that the addition of poly(p•phenylene) (PPP) to alkali-metal alloys greatly enhances the cyclability and the rate capability of alkali• metal alloy alloys.
Abstract: The electrochemical characteristics of electrodes composed of composites of conducting polymers and alkali‐metal alloys have been investigated. We have found that the addition of poly(p‐phenylene) (PPP) to alkali‐metal alloys greatly enhances the cyclability and the rate capability of alkali‐metal alloys. The impedance of these electrodes has also been studied. The composite electrode combines the capacitive behavior of PPP with the diffusion‐limited behavior of a pure alloy electrode. The conducting polymer component in a composite electrode acts to mediate the transfer of ions between the electrolyte and the alloy.
TL;DR: In this article, the weight change of polyaniline (PAn) positive electrode in LiClO 4 /propylene carbonate (PC) electrolyte during charge/discharge process was observed in situ by an electrogravimetric technique.
TL;DR: In this paper, photoelectron spectroscopy data relevant to the chemical and electronic structure of certain members of the polyaniline family of conducting polymers is presented and analyzed.
TL;DR: In this paper, electron spin resonance measurements and spectroscopic data on the doped poly(3-hexylthienylene) macromolecules in solution were used to determine the nature of the charge storage configurations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the application of electroactive conductive polymers to nonaqueous secondary batteries is reviewed and the performance of oxidized polyacetylene, poly(3-butylthiophene-co-3-methylthiophenes), poly(dimethoxyphenylene vinylene), polypyrrole, and polyaniline as positive electrode materials, and on reduced polyacetylon, polyphenylene and polydimethylpolyphenylene as negative electrode materials.
TL;DR: In this article, the conductivity of poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene) poly(PTV) was improved to 60 S/cm on iodine doping.
Abstract: Tough, flexible films of poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene)(PTV), which exhibited conductivity of 60 S/cm on iodine doping, were prepared through a soluble precursor polymer.
Patent•
12 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a solution comprising doped and undoped poly(substituted heterocycles) and an organic solvent which can be used to form conducting polymer articles, including films.
Abstract: This invention relates to solutions comprising doped and undoped poly(substituted heterocycles) and an organic solvent which can be used to form conducting polymer articles, including films.
TL;DR: In this paper, the emeraldine base form of polyaniline is "doped" by protonic acids to the metallic conducting regime by a process involving neither oxidation nor reduction of the polymer.
Abstract: Evidence is provided which proves that the emeraldine base form of polyaniline is ‘doped’ by protonic acids to the metallic conducting regime by a process involving neither oxidation nor reduction of the polymer, thus introducing a new concept of doping to the conducting polymer field.
TL;DR: In this article, various aromatic amines were polymerized by oxidation using ammonium persulfate and a group of amines was found to give polymers substantially identical to the polymer from aniline.
TL;DR: In this article, Terthienyl and pyrrole, substituted with alkylsulfonate side chains, can be polymerized electrochemically without the addition of a conduction salt.
Abstract: α — Terthienyl and pyrrole, substituted with alkylsulfonate side chains, can be polymerized electrochemically without the addition of a conduction salt. This gives rise to self-doped conducting polymers that are soluble in water in the doped state.
01 Sep 1987
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the current response in the whole accessible potential range of conventional conducting polymers is mainly caused by faradaic charge transfer reactions rather than capacitive effects.
Abstract: Voltammetric measurements on selected polypyrrole (PPy) films and defined soluble oligomers belonging to the oligo-p-phenylene and the oligo-p-phenylenevinylene series provide new insights into the charging/discharging properties of conducting polymers. It turns out that the current response in the whole accessible potential range of conventional conducting polymers is mainly caused by faradaic charge transfer reactions rather than capacitive effects. This is supported by digital simulations which are based on a model of n-fold electron transfers within a finite layer. In addition, from the data of defined oligomers it becomes clear that the number and energies of accessible redox states in such materials depend on the extension of conjugation in the monomeric unit and on the chain length of the polymer. In general, in systems such as PPy up to a charging level of approximately 20 – 25 mol% all redox states are degenerated. Then, the successive redox states are gradually shifted to higher energies in accordance with increasing Coulomb repulsion between the charges. The results show that the bipolaron model must be amended. Nevertheless, experimental data reveal that the charging steps in conducting polymers are coupled with structural relaxation processes; but they occur, in contrast to the theoretical predictions, already on the polaron state.
TL;DR: In the past 20 years, organic molecular crystals and organic polymers have been prepared in a variety of forms such that electrical conductivity can be systematically controlled over a range of 10 orders of magnitude as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, two synthetic routes to form black insoluble and infusable polymers containing polyarenemethine structures are described, and the highest conductivity obtained by doping with iodine was 10 −4 S/cm.
TL;DR: In this paper, the oxidative degradation reactions of polyacetylene, prepared from a soluble precursor polymer, are described and compared with those of more common polymers and of polyethylene prepared by the conventional method.
TL;DR: Synthese par polymerisation par ouverture de cycle avec metathese de diisopropylidene-3,4 cyclobutene avec des sources de titanocene methylidene comme catalyseurs
Abstract: Synthese par polymerisation par ouverture de cycle avec metathese de diisopropylidene-3,4 cyclobutene avec des sources de titanocene methylidene comme catalyseurs
TL;DR: An aromatic, diether-linked phthalonitrile resin, prepared from 4,4′-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)biphenyl, can be converted into an environmentally stable, highly conductive material by thermal means as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An aromatic, diether-linked phthalonitrile resin, prepared from 4,4′-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)biphenyl, can be converted into an environmentally stable, highly conductive material by thermal means. The conductivity of the pyrolyzed polymer can be varied and controlled as a function of both the pyrolytic temperature and annealing time. This allows the generation of a range of electrical behavior from an insulator to semiconductor and approaching metallic regions.