Showing papers on "Conductive polymer published in 2018"
TL;DR: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular packing, morphology and charge transport features of organic semiconductor crystals, the control of crystallization for achieving high quality crystals and the device physics in the three main applications.
Abstract: Organic semiconductors have attracted a lot of attention since the discovery of highly doped conductive polymers, due to the potential application in field-effect transistors (OFETs), light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and photovoltaic cells (OPVs). Single crystals of organic semiconductors are particularly intriguing because they are free of grain boundaries and have long-range periodic order as well as minimal traps and defects. Hence, organic semiconductor crystals provide a powerful tool for revealing the intrinsic properties, examining the structure–property relationships, demonstrating the important factors for high performance devices and uncovering fundamental physics in organic semiconductors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular packing, morphology and charge transport features of organic semiconductor crystals, the control of crystallization for achieving high quality crystals and the device physics in the three main applications. We hope that this comprehensive summary can give a clear picture of the state-of-art status and guide future work in this area.
537 citations
TL;DR: The conductive biomaterials used in tissue engineering including conductive composite films, conductive nanofibers, Conductive hydrogels, and Conductive composite scaffolds fabricated by various methods such as electrospinning, coating, or deposition by in situ polymerization are summarized.
515 citations
TL;DR: This review seeks to describe the chemical forms and functionalities of the main types of conductive polymers, as well as their synthesis methods, and expound on the plethora of biomedical applications that harbor the potential to be revolutionized by conductivepolymers.
Abstract: Research pertaining to conductive polymers has gained significant traction in recent years, and their applications range from optoelectronics to material science. For all intents and purposes, conductive polymers can be described as Nobel Prize-winning materials, given that their discoverers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000. In this review, we seek to describe the chemical forms and functionalities of the main types of conductive polymers, as well as their synthesis methods. We also present an in-depth analysis of composite conductive polymers that contain various nanomaterials such as graphene, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and paramagnetic metal ions. Natural polymers such as collagen, chitosan, fibroin, and hydrogel that are structurally modified for them to be conductive are also briefly touched upon. Finally, we expound on the plethora of biomedical applications that harbor the potential to be revolutionized by conductive polymers, with a particular focus on tissue engineering, regene...
486 citations
TL;DR: This Review summarizes recent advances of large-area flexible TCFs enabled by several roll-to-roll-compatible printed techniques including inkjet printing, screen printing, offset printing, and gravure printing using the emerging transparent conductive materials.
Abstract: Printed electronics are an important enabling technology for the development of low-cost, large-area, and flexible optoelectronic devices. Transparent conductive films (TCFs) made from solution-processable transparent conductive materials, such as metal nanoparticles/nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and conductive polymers, can simultaneously exhibit high mechanical flexibility, low cost, and better photoelectric properties compared to the commonly used sputtered indium-tin-oxide-based TCFs, and are thus receiving great attention. This Review summarizes recent advances of large-area flexible TCFs enabled by several roll-to-roll-compatible printed techniques including inkjet printing, screen printing, offset printing, and gravure printing using the emerging transparent conductive materials. The preparation of TCFs including ink formulation, substrate treatment, patterning, and postprocessing, and their potential applications in solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, and touch panels are discussed in detail. The rational combination of a variety of printed techniques with emerging transparent conductive materials is believed to extend the opportunities for the development of printed electronics within the realm of flexible electronics and beyond.
481 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the working principles and fundamental properties of different types of organic electrode materials, including conductive polymers, organosulfur compounds, organic radicals, carbonyl compounds, and other emerging materials.
431 citations
386 citations
TL;DR: The authors show a method for fabricating highly conductive hydrogels comprising two interpenetrating networks, one of which is formed by the gelation of the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS.
Abstract: Conductive and stretchable materials that match the elastic moduli of biological tissue (0.5–500 kPa) are desired for enhanced interfacial and mechanical stability. Compared with inorganic and dry polymeric conductors, hydrogels made with conducting polymers are promising soft electrode materials due to their high water content. Nevertheless, most conducting polymer-based hydrogels sacrifice electronic performance to obtain useful mechanical properties. Here we report a method that overcomes this limitation using two interpenetrating hydrogel networks, one of which is formed by the gelation of the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS. Due to the connectivity of the PEDOT:PSS network, conductivities up to 23 S m−1 are achieved, a record for stretchable PEDOT:PSS-based hydrogels. Meanwhile, the low concentration of PEDOT:PSS enables orthogonal control over the composite mechanical properties using a secondary polymer network. We demonstrate tunability of the elastic modulus over three biologically relevant orders of magnitude without compromising stretchability ( > 100%) or conductivity ( > 10 S m−1).
310 citations
TL;DR: This study synthesized a sulfo-self-doped PANI cathode by a facile electrochemical copolymerization process and opens a door for the use of conducting polymers as cathode materials for high-performance rechargeable zinc batteries.
Abstract: Rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries are promising energy-storage systems for grid applications. Highly conductive polyaniline (PANI) is a potential cathode, but it tends to deactivate in electrolytes with low acidity (i.e. pH >1) owing to deprotonation of the polymer. In this study, we synthesized a sulfo-self-doped PANI electrode by a facile electrochemical copolymerization process. The -SO3 - self-dopant functions as an internal proton reservoir to ensure a highly acidic local environment and facilitate the redox process in the weakly acidic ZnSO4 electrolyte. In a full zinc cell, the self-doped PANI cathode provided a high capacity of 180 mAh g-1 , excellent rate performance of 70 % capacity retention with a 50-fold current-density increase, and a long cycle life of over 2000 cycles with coulombic efficiency close to 100 %. Our study opens a door for the use of conducting polymers as cathode materials for high-performance rechargeable zinc batteries.
305 citations
TL;DR: This method combines the polarity and porosity advantages of MOFs with the conductive feature of conductive polymers, in this case, polypyrrole, to construct ppy-MOF compartments for the confinement of sulfur in Li-S batteries.
Abstract: We report a new method to promote the conductivities of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by 5 to 7 magnitudes, thus their potential in electrochemical applications can be fully revealed. This method combines the polarity and porosity advantages of MOFs with the conductive feature of conductive polymers, in this case, polypyrrole (ppy), to construct ppy-MOF compartments for the confinement of sulfur in Li-S batteries. The performances of these ppy-S-in-MOF electrodes exceed those of their MOF and ppy counterparts, especially at high charge-discharge rates. For the first time, the critical role of ion diffusion to the high rate performance was elucidated by comparing ppy-MOF compartments with different pore geometries. The ppy-S-in-PCN-224 electrode with cross-linked pores and tunnels stood out, with a high capacity of 670 and 440 mAh g-1 at 10.0 C after 200 and 1000 cycles, respectively, representing a new benchmark for long-cycle performance at high rate in Li-S batteries.
299 citations
TL;DR: A transparent, conductive, stretchable, and self-adhesive hydrogel by in situ formation of polydopamine (PDA)-doped polypyrrole (PPy) nanofibrils in the polymer network was reported in this paper.
Abstract: Conductive hydrogels are promising materials for soft electronic devices. To satisfy the diverse requirement of bioelectronic devices, especially those for human–machine interfaces, hydrogels are required to be transparent, conductive, highly stretchable, and skin-adhesive. However, fabrication of a conductive-polymer-incorporated hydrogel with high performance is a challenge because of the hydrophobic nature of conductive polymers making processing difficult. Here, we report a transparent, conductive, stretchable, and self-adhesive hydrogel by in situ formation of polydopamine (PDA)-doped polypyrrole (PPy) nanofibrils in the polymer network. The in situ formed nanofibrils with good hydrophilicity were well-integrated with the hydrophilic polymer phase and interwoven into a nanomesh, which created a complete conductive path and allowed visible light to pass through for transparency. Catechol groups from the PDA–PPy nanofibrils imparted the hydrogel with self-adhesiveness. Reinforcement by the nanofibrils ...
298 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel polymer binder that possesses high ion as well as electron conductivities suitable for high-performance Si anodes is designed and demonstrated, and the binder is prepared by assembling ion-conductive polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyethylenimine (PEI) onto the electronconductive PEDOT:PSS chains via chemical crosslinking, chemical reduction, and electrostatic self-assembly.
Abstract: DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201702314 the conductive additives may lose electric contact with Si. To address this issue, conducting polymers, which have dual functions as a binder and conducting additive, have been developed for Si anodes. The conducting polymers provide good electron transport during cycling[13–20] and volume contraction in the Si-based electrode. For example, Liu et al.[13] reported that a polyfluorene-based conducting polymer with improved electron conductivity and robust mechanical binding force contributes to remarkable rate performance and good cycling stability of the Si anode. Among the conducting polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) can have a high conductivity up to 1000 S cm−1 and is easy to processing.[21,22] The PEDOT has been adopted as a part of the Si anode composites to enhance the electronic conductivity and cycling performance by in situ polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) with the Si[23–26] or mixing the water-based PEDOT:PSS dispersion with the Si and other components (where PSS is poly (styrenesulfonate)).[18,27–30] Beside the electron transport, ion conductivity in the binder also significantly influences the performance of the Si anode.[31–33] The binder is required to provide rapid access for lithium-ion (Li-ion) to transport between the Si surface and the binder to achieve high-performance Si anode. Recently, Salem et al.[33] reported that they could improve the rate performance of anodes via enhancing the ion conductivity of the poly(thiophene) conductive polymer binder by attaching ionic alkyl carboxylate groups. However, the electron conductivity of the poly(thiophene) is still limited (<10−2 S cm−1). Therefore, increasing the ion conductivity of the highly electronconductive (up to 103 S cm−1) PEDOT:PSS will be a promising strategy to achieve efficient conductive polymer binders for high-performance silicon anodes. Herein, a novel polymer binder that possesses high ion as well as electron conductivities suitable for high-performance Si anodes is designed and demonstrated. The binder is prepared by assembling ion-conductive polyethylene oxide (PEO)[34] and polyethylenimine (PEI)[35] onto the electron-conductive PEDOT:PSS chains via chemical crosslinking, chemical reduction, and electrostatic self-assembly. The polymer binder possesses superior lithium-ion and electron transport properties that are 14 and 90 times higher than those of the widely used carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (with acetylene black) binder Polymer binders with high ion and electron conductivities are prepared by assembling ionic polymers (polyethylene oxide and polyethylenimine) onto the electrically conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) chains. Crosslinking, chemical reductions, and electrostatics increase the modulus of the binders and maintain the integrity of the anode. The polymer binder shows lithium-ion diffusivity and electron conductivity that are 14 and 90 times higher than those of the widely used carboxymethyl cellulose (with acetylene black) binder, respectively. The silicon anode with the polymer binder has a high reversible capacity of over 2000 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A g−1 and maintains a superior capacity of 1500 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 8.0 A g−1.
TL;DR: The authors elucidate the structure-property-performance relationships for conventional and crystallized PEDOT:PSS films and expect that the present study will contribute to the development of long-term stable implantable bioelectronics for neural recording/stimulation.
Abstract: Owing to the mixed electron/hole and ion transport in the aqueous environment, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)-based organic electrochemical transistor has been regarded as one of the most promising device platforms for bioelectronics. Nonetheless, there exist very few in-depth studies on how intrinsic channel material properties affect their performance and long-term stability in aqueous environments. Herein, we investigated the correlation among film microstructural crystallinity/composition, device performance, and aqueous stability in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) films. The highly organized anisotropic ordering in crystallized conducting polymer films led to remarkable device characteristics such as large transconductance (∼20 mS), extraordinary volumetric capacitance (113 F·cm−3), and unprecedentedly high [μC*] value (∼490 F·cm−1V−1s−1). Simultaneously, minimized poly(styrenesulfonate) residues in the crystallized film substantially afforded marginal film swelling and robust operational stability even after >20-day water immersion, >2000-time repeated on-off switching, or high-temperature/pressure sterilization. We expect that the present study will contribute to the development of long-term stable implantable bioelectronics for neural recording/stimulation.
TL;DR: Overall, solution coprocessing of p(gNDI-gT2) and N-DMBI results in a larger thermoelectric power factor compared to other NDI-based polymers, and the doped polymer is able to maintain its electrical conductivity for about 20 min when exposed to air and recovers rapidly when returned to a nitrogen atmosphere.
Abstract: N-doping of conjugated polymers either requires a high dopant fraction or yields a low electrical conductivity because of their poor compatibility with molecular dopants. We explore n-doping of the polar naphthalenediimide–bithiophene copolymer p(gNDI-gT2) that carries oligoethylene glycol-based side chains and show that the polymer displays superior miscibility with the benzimidazole–dimethylbenzenamine-based n-dopant N-DMBI. The good compatibility of p(gNDI-gT2) and N-DMBI results in a relatively high doping efficiency of 13% for n-dopants, which leads to a high electrical conductivity of more than 10–1 S cm–1 for a dopant concentration of only 10 mol % when measured in an inert atmosphere. We find that the doped polymer is able to maintain its electrical conductivity for about 20 min when exposed to air and recovers rapidly when returned to a nitrogen atmosphere. Overall, solution coprocessing of p(gNDI-gT2) and N-DMBI results in a larger thermoelectric power factor of up to 0.4 μW K–2 m–1 compared to ...
TL;DR: This work developed a class of tetracyanoquinodimethane-derived conductive microporous covalent triazine-based frameworks (TCNQ-CTFs) with both high nitrogen content and large SSA, which should hold a great potential as high-performance electrode material for electrochemical energy-storage systems.
Abstract: Nitrogen enriched porous nanocarbon, graphene and conductive polymers attracted increasing attention in the application of supercapacitors. However, the electrode material possessing large specific surface area (SSA) and high nitrogen doping concentration simultaneously, which is needed for excellent supercapacitors, has not been achieved thus far. Herein, we developed a class of tetracyanoquinodimethane-derived conductive microporous covalent triazine-based frameworks (marked as TCNQ-CTFs) with high nitrogen content (> 8%) and large SSA (> 3600 m²/g) at the same time. These CTFs exhibited excellent specific capacitances with the highest value exceeding 380 F/g, considerable energy density of 42.8 Wh/kg and remarkable cycling stability without any capacitance degradation after 10000 cycles. This class of CTFs should hold a great potential as high-performance electrode material for electrochemical energy storage system.
TL;DR: A redox-active, nonconjugated radical polymer that exhibited high conductivity and underwent rapid solid-state charge transfer reactions and had an electrical conductivity of up to 28 siemens per meter over channel lengths up to 0.6 micrometers is synthesized.
Abstract: Solid-state conducting polymers usually have highly conjugated macromolecular backbones and require intentional doping in order to achieve high electrical conductivities. Conversely, single-component, charge-neutral macromolecules could be synthetically simpler and have improved processibility and ambient stability. We show that poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl), a nonconjugated radical polymer with a subambient glass transition temperature, underwent rapid solid-state charge transfer reactions and had an electrical conductivity of up to 28 siemens per meter over channel lengths up to 0.6 micrometers. The charge transport through the radical polymer film was enabled with thermal annealing at 80°C, which allowed for the formation of a percolating network of open-shell sites in electronic communication with one another. The electrical conductivity was not enhanced by intentional doping, and thin films of this material showed high optical transparency.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide guidance for the design of a new type of organic material for next-generation rechargeable batteries, which is a promising alternative to conventional inorganic materials such as conducting polymers, organodisulfides, nitroxyl radical polymers and conjugated carbonyl compounds.
Abstract: Organic electrode materials are promising for electrochemical energy storage devices because they have a high theoretical capacity, structural diversity, and flexibility In addition, they are light weight, inexpensive, and environmentally benign Organic electrode materials are a promising alternative to conventional inorganic materials Various organic materials, such as conducting polymers, organodisulfides, nitroxyl radical polymers, and conjugated carbonyl compounds, have been studied as electrode materials for lithium batteries Among them, small organic carbonyl compounds and polymers containing carbonyls have been widely studied as electrode materials because of their high theoretical capacity, fast redox kinetics, and structural diversity However, these materials have intrinsic drawbacks, such as solubility in electrolyte media and a low conductivity Herein, methods to solve these problems by increasing the polarity are discussed The polarity of small molecules could be increased by forming salts In addition, the conductivity could be enhanced using a chemical doping strategy or forming a composite with a conductive additive This review provides guidance for the design of a new type of organic material for next-generation rechargeable batteries
TL;DR: The approach developed in this work provides a simple, economic, and effective way to fabricate PANI-based 3D architectures, which leads to promising application in future energy and electric devices at micro-nano scale.
Abstract: We apply direct ink writing for the three-dimensional (3D) printing of polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide (PANI/RGO) composites with PANI/graphene oxide (PANI/GO) gel as printable inks. The PANI/GO gel inks for 3D printing are prepared via self-assembly of PANI and GO in a blend solvent of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and water, and offer both shaping capability, self-sustainability, and electrical conductivity after reduction of GO. PANI/RGO interdigital electrodes are fabricated with 3D printing, and based on these electrodes, a planar solid-state supercapacitor is constructed, which exhibits high performance with an areal specific capacitance of 1329 mF cm–2. The approach developed in this work provides a simple, economic, and effective way to fabricate PANI-based 3D architectures, which leads to promising application in future energy and electric devices at micro-nano scale.
TL;DR: The most attractive in a group of these polymers are polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) derivatives.
Abstract: Smart textiles are fabrics able to sense external conditions or stimuli, to respond and adapt behaviour to them in an intelligent way and present a challenge in several fields today such as health, sport, automotive and aerospace. Electrically conductive textiles include conductive fibres, yarns, fabrics, and final products made from them. Often they are prerequisite to functioning smart textiles, and their quality determines durability, launderability, reusability and fibrous performances of smart textiles. Important part in smart textiles development has conductive polymers which are defined as organic polymers able to conduct electricity. They combine some of the mechanical features of plastics with the electrical properties typical for metals. The most attractive in a group of these polymers are polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as one of the polythiophene (PTh) derivatives. Commercially available smart textile products where conductive polymers have cr...
TL;DR: A fast in situ polymerization approach to pure polyaniline (PANI) hydrogels, with vanadium pentoxide hydrate nanowires as both the oxidant and sacrifice template, which represents a rational strategy for design of conducing polymer networks.
Abstract: Although challenging, fabrication of porous conducting polymeric materials with excellent electronic properties is crucial for many applications. We developed a fast in situ polymerization approach to pure polyaniline (PANI) hydrogels, with vanadium pentoxide hydrate nanowires as both the oxidant and sacrifice template. A network comprised of ultrathin PANI nanofibers was generated during the in situ polymerization, and the large aspect ratio of these PANI nanofibers allowed the formation of hydrogels at a low solid content of 1.03 wt %. Owing to the ultrathin fibril structure, PANI hydrogels functioning as a supercapacitor electrode display a high specific capacitance of 636 F g–1, a rate capability, and good cycling stability (∼83% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles). This method was also extended to the preparation of polypyrrole and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hydrogels. This template polymerization method represents a rational strategy for design of conducing polymer networks, which can b...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on recent efforts to develop self-healing conductive composites including their preparation methods, properties and applications, and highlighted their novel applications of the selfhealing materials in conductive coatings, energy storage devices and sensors.
Abstract: Self-healing materials have attracted increasing attention because of their wide range of applications. It can be expected to offer obvious advantages in conductive materials with self-healing properties, which are regarded as promising candidates for the fabrication of self-healing electronics, energy storage devices, sensors, anticorrosive coating and conductive adhesives. In this review, we focused on recent efforts to develop self-healing conductive composites including their preparation methods, properties and applications. The self-healing conductive materials were presented based on different conductive mediums, such as metal, carbon, conductive polymer, ionic liquids. In addition, their novel applications of the self-healing conductive materials in conductive coatings, energy storage devices and sensors are highlighted. Finally, the future challenges of conductive materials with self-healing properties are proposed.
TL;DR: The dimension of polyaniline (PANI) is effectively tuned by changing the end groups of additive surfactants as mentioned in this paper, which plays a decisive role in resulting electrochemical performances.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that proper donor engineering can enhance the n-doping efficiency, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric performance of D-A copolymers.
Abstract: Conjugated polymers with high thermoelectric performance enable the fabrication of low-cost, large-area, low-toxicity, and highly flexible thermoelectric devices. However, compared to their p-type counterparts, n-type polymer thermoelectric materials show much lower performance, which is largely due to inefficient doping and a much lower conductivity. Herein, it is reported that the development of a donor-acceptor (D-A) polymer with enhanced n-doping efficiency through donor engineering of the polymer backbone. Both a high n-type electrical conductivity of 1.30 S cm-1 and an excellent power factor (PF) of 4.65 µW mK-2 are obtained, which are the highest reported values among D-A polymers. The results of multiple characterization techniques indicate that electron-withdrawing modification of the donor units enhances the electron affinity of the polymer and changes the polymer packing orientation, leading to substantially improved miscibility and n-doping efficiency. Unlike previous studies in which improving the polymer-dopant miscibility typically resulted in lower mobilities, the strategy maintains the mobility of the polymer. All these factors lead to prominent enhancement of three orders magnitude in both the electrical conductivity and the PF compared to those of the non-engineered polymer. The results demonstrate that proper donor engineering can enhance the n-doping efficiency, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric performance of D-A copolymers.
TL;DR: A dramatic enhancement in the thermoelectric performance of PEDOT:PSS is reported by constructing unique composite films with graphene quantum dots (GQDs).
Abstract: The typical conductive polymer of PEDOT:PSS has recently attracted intensive attention in thermoelectric conversion because of its low cost and low thermal conductivity as well as high electrical conductivity. However, compared to inorganic counterparts, the relatively poor thermoelectric performance of PEDOT:PSS has greatly limited its development and high-tech applications. Here, we report a dramatic enhancement in the thermoelectric performance of PEDOT:PSS by constructing unique composite films with graphene quantum dots (GQDs). At room temperature, the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of PEDOT:PSS/GQDs reached to 7172 S/m and 14.6 μV/K, respectively, which are 30.99% and 113.2% higher than those of pristine PEDOT:PSS. As a result, the power factor of the optimized PEDOT:PSS/GQDs composite is 550% higher than that of pristine PEDOT:PSS. These significant improvements are attributed to the ordered alignment of PEDOT chains on the surface of GQDs, originated from the strong interfacial interaction between PEDOT:PSS and GQDs and the separation of PEDOT and PSS phases. This study evidently provides a promising route for PEDOT:PSS applied in high-efficiency thermoelectric conversion.
TL;DR: The conductive polymers that integrate the excellent electronic conductivity of polyaniline (PANI) and the high ionic conductivityof poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are designed for the surface modification of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn 0.1O2 cathode materials to deliver high discharge specific capacity, excellent rate properties, and outstanding cycling performance.
Abstract: Ni-rich cathode materials have drawn lots of attention owing to its high discharge specific capacity and low cost. Nevertheless, there are still some inherent problems that desiderate to be settled, such as cycling stability and rate properties as well as thermal stability. In this article, the conductive polymers that integrate the excellent electronic conductivity of polyaniline (PANI) and the high ionic conductivity of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are designed for the surface modification of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials. Besides, the PANI–PEG polymers with elasticity and flexibility play a significant role in alleviating the volume contraction or expansion of the host materials during cycling. A diversity of characterization methods including scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared have demonstrated that LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials is covered with a homogeneous and thor...
TL;DR: This review focuses on recent advances in electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on conducting polymers doped with various nanomaterials, including carbon nanommaterials, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots.
Abstract: Nanomaterial-doped conducting polymers represent a unique class of composite materials that synergizes the advantageous features of nanomaterials and organic conductors, and they have been used in many applications such as electrochemical sensors and energy storage devices. Conducting polymers can be controllably synthesized from various monomers, and during the polymerization process, different nanomaterials offering unique physical and chemical properties can be doped into the formed conducting polymer composites. In this review, we focus on recent advances in electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on conducting polymers doped with various nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots. Approaches to fabrication of films of these materials are described and sensing applications for different targets are summarized.
TL;DR: The oCVD PEDOT thin films with ultrahigh electrical conductivity and high carrier mobility show great promise for novel high-speed organic electronics with low energy consumption and better charge carrier transport.
Abstract: Air-stable, lightweight, and electrically conductive polymers are highly desired as the electrodes for next-generation electronic devices However, the low electrical conductivity and low carrier mobility of polymers are the key bottlenecks that limit their adoption We demonstrate that the key to addressing these limitations is to molecularly engineer the crystallization and morphology of polymers We use oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) and hydrobromic acid treatment as an effective tool to achieve such engineering for conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) We demonstrate PEDOT thin films with a record-high electrical conductivity of 6259 S/cm and a remarkably high carrier mobility of 1845 cm2 V−1 s−1 by inducing a crystallite-configuration transition using oCVD Subsequent theoretical modeling reveals a metallic nature and an effective reduction of the carrier transport energy barrier between crystallized domains in these thin films To validate this metallic nature, we successfully fabricate PEDOT-Si Schottky diode arrays operating at 1356 MHz for radio frequency identification (RFID) readers, demonstrating wafer-scale fabrication compatible with conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology The oCVD PEDOT thin films with ultrahigh electrical conductivity and high carrier mobility show great promise for novel high-speed organic electronics with low energy consumption and better charge carrier transport
TL;DR: Current review signifies recent trends and challenges in the development of electrochemical sensors based on organic conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes and their composites for the determination of trace heavy metal ions in water are reviewed.
Abstract: Current review signifies recent trends and challenges in the development of electrochemical sensors based on organic conducting polymers (OCPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their composites for the...
TL;DR: The strengths and weaknesses of the generation of conductive hydrogels using various conductive materials such as metal nanoparticles, carbons, and conductive polymers are examined.
Abstract: In the field of tissue engineering, conductive hydrogels have been the most effective biomaterials to mimic the biological and electrical properties of tissues in the human body. The main advantages of conductive hydrogels include not only their physical properties but also their adequate electrical properties, which provide electrical signals to cells efficiently. However, when introducing a conductive material into a non-conductive hydrogel, a conflicting relationship between the electrical and mechanical properties may develop. This review examines the strengths and weaknesses of the generation of conductive hydrogels using various conductive materials such as metal nanoparticles, carbons, and conductive polymers. The fabrication method of blending, coating, and in situ polymerization is also added. Furthermore, the applications of conductive hydrogel in cardiac tissue engineering, nerve tissue engineering, and bone tissue engineering and skin regeneration are discussed in detail.
TL;DR: In this paper, a conductive polymer, polypyrrole (PPy), was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization technique for a period of four hours at room temperature using pyrrole monomer (mPPy) in aqueous solution.
Abstract: Conductive polymer, polypyrrole (PPy), was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization technique for a period of four hours at room temperature using pyrrole monomer (mPPy) in aqueous solution. Different oxidants such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ammonium persulphate (N2H8S2O8) and surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (C12H25NaO4S) were used. The produced PPy samples were characterized by using different techniques such as the electrical resistivity by four probe technique, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The performance of the oxidants has been investigated and compared. It was found that both oxidants, FeCl3 and N2H8S2O8, have decreased electrical resistivity as a function of temperature, which means increased conductivity. However, FeCl3 has achieved better performance than N2H8S2O8, where it has achieved a lower resistivity of about 60 ohms at room temperature, which indicates higher conductivity of PPy samples with FeCl3 as an oxidant. Similarly, further investigation of FeCl3 oxidant has been conducted by varying its concentration, and its influence on the final properties was reported. It has been observed that the morphology of PPy samples has a significant influence on the conductivity. It was found that 0.1 M and 0.05 M concentrations of FeCl3 oxidant and monomer, respectively, have achieved better thermal stability, which is FeCl3/mPPy ratio of 2 as an optimum value. FTIR and XRD results confirmed the structural formation of polypyrrole from pyrrole monomer during the synthesizing process.