Consolidation (soil)

Abstract: The settlement of soils under load is caused by a phenomenon called consolidation, whose mechanism is known to be in many cases identical with the process of squeezing water out of an elasticporous medium. The mathematical physical consequences of this viewpoint are established in the present paper. The number of physical constants necessary to determine the properties of the soil is derived along with the general equations for the prediction of settlements and stresses in three‐dimensional problems. Simple applications are treated as examples. The operational calculus is shown to be a powerful method of solution of consolidation problems.

Abstract: Preface. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Soil Behavior in Civil and Environmental Engineering. 1.2 Scope and Organization. 1.3 Getting Started. CHAPTER 2: SOIL FORMATION. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Earth's Crust. 2.3 Geologic Cycle and Geological Time. 2.4 Rock and Mineral Stability. 2.5 Weathering. 2.6 Origin of Clay Minerals and Clay Genesis. 2.7 Soil Profiles and Their Development. 2.8 Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition. 2.9 Postdepositional Changes in Sediments. 2.10 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 3: SOIL MINERALOGY. 3.1 Importance of Soil Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering. 3.2 Atomic Structure. 3.3 Interatomic Bonding. 3.4 Secondary Bonds. 3.5 Crystals and Their Properties. 3.6 Crystal Notation. 3.7 Factors Controlling Crystal Structures. 3.8 Silicate Crystals. 3.9 Surfaces. 3.10 Gravel, Sand, and Silt Particles. 3.11 Soil Minerals and Materials Formed by Biogenic and Geochemical Processes. 3.12 Summary of Nonclay Mineral Characteristics. 3.13 Structural Units of the Layer Silicates. 3.14 Synthesis Pattern and Classification of the Clay Minerals. 3.15 Intersheet and Interlayer Bonding in the Clay Minerals. 3.16 The 1:1 Minerals. 3.17 Smectite Minerals. 3.18 Micalike Clay Minerals. 3.19 Other Clay Minerals. 3.20 Summary of Clay Mineral Characteristics. 3.21 Determination of Soil Composition. 3.22 X-ray Diffraction Analysis. 3.23 Other Methods for Compositional Analysis. 3.24 Quantitative Estimation of Soil Components. 3.25 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 4: SOIL COMPOSITION AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Approaches to the Study of Composition and Property Interrelationships. 4.3 Engineering Properties of Granular Soils. 4.4 Dominating Influence of the Clay Phase. 4.5 Atterberg Limits. 4.6 Activity. 4.7 Influences of Exchangeable Cations and pH. 4.8 Engineering Properties of Clay Minerals. 4.9 Effects of Organic Matter. 4.10 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 5: SOIL FABRIC AND ITS MEASUREMENT. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Definitions of Fabrics and Fabric Elements. 5.3 Single-Grain Fabrics. 5.4 Contact Force Characterization Using Photoelasticity. 5.5 Multigrain Fabrics. 5.6 Voids and Their Distribution. 5.7 Sample Acquisition and Preparation for Fabric Analysis. 5.8 Methods for Fabric Study. 5.9 Pore Size Distribution Analysis. 5.10 Indirect Methods for Fabric Characterization. 5.11 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 6: SOIL-WATER-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Nature of Ice and Water. 6.3 Influence of Dissolved Ions on Water. 6.4 Mechanisms of Soil-Water Interaction. 6.5 Structure and Properties of Adsorbed Water. 6.6 Clay-Water-Electrolyte System. 6.7 Ion Distributions in Clay-Water Systems. 6.8 Elements of Double-Layer Theory. 6.9 Influences of System Variables on the Double Layer. 6.10 Limitations of the Gouy-Chapman Diffuse Double Layer Model. 6.11 Energy and Force of Repulsion. 6.12 Long-Range Attraction. 6.13 Net Energy of Interaction. 6.14 Cation Exchange-General Considerations. 6.15 Theories for Ion Exchange. 6.16 Soil-Inorganic Chemical Interactions. 6.17 Clay-Organic Chemical Interactions. 6.18 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 7: EFFECTIVE, INTERGRANULAR, AND TOTAL STRESS. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Principle of Effective Stress. 7.3 Force Distributions in a Particulate System. 7.4 Interparticle Forces. 7.5 Intergranular Pressure. 7.6 Water Pressures and Potentials. 7.7 Water Pressure Equilibrium in Soil. 7.8 Measurement of Pore Pressures in Soils. 7.9 Effective and Intergranular Pressure. 7.10 Assessment of Terzaghi's Equation. 7.11 Water-Air Interactions in Soils. 7.12 Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils. 7.13 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 8: SOIL DEPOSITS-THEIR FORMATION, STRUCTURE, GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES, AND STABILITY. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Structure Development. 8.3 Residual Soils. 8.4 Surficial Residual Soils and Taxonomy. 8.5 Terrestrial Deposits. 8.6 Mixed Continental and Marine Deposits. 8.7 Marine Deposits. 8.8 Chemical and Biological Deposits. 8.9 Fabric, Structure, and Property Relationships: General Considerations. 8.10 Soil Fabric and Property Anisotropy. 8.11 Sand Fabric and Liquefaction. 8.12 Sensitivity and Its Causes. 8.13 Property Interrelationships in Sensitive Clays. 8.14 Dispersive Clays. 8.15 Slaking. 8.16 Collapsing Soils and Swelling Soils. 8.17 Hard Soils and Soft Rocks. 8.18 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 9: CONDUCTION PHENOMENA. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Flow Laws and Interrelationships. 9.3 Hydraulic Conductivity. 9.4 Flows Through Unsaturated Soils. 9.5 Thermal Conductivity. 9.6 Electrical Conductivity. 9.7 Diffusion. 9.8 Typical Ranges of Flow Parameters. 9.9 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Salts Through Soil-Coupled Flows. 9.10 Quantification of Coupled Flows. 9.11 Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Chemicals. 9.12 Electrokinetic Phenomena. 9.13 Transport Coefficients and the Importance of Coupled Flows. 9.14 Compatibility-Effects of Chemical Flows on Properties. 9.15 Electroosmosis. 9.16 Electroosmosis Efficiency. 9.17 Consolidation by Electroosmosis. 9.18 Electrochemical Effects. 9.19 Electrokinetic Remediation. 9.20 Self-Potentials. 9.21 Thermally Driven Moisture Flows. 9.22 Ground Freezing. 9.23 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 10: VOLUME CHANGE BEHAVIOR. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 General Volume Change Behavior of Soils. 10.3 Preconsolidation Pressure. 10.4 Factors Controlling Resistance to Volume Change. 10.5 Physical Interactions in Volume Change. 10.6 Fabric, Structure, and Volume Change. 10.7 Osmotic Pressure and Water Adsorption Influences on Compression and Swelling. 10.8 Influences of Mineralogical Detail in Soil Expansion. 10.9 Consolidation. 10.10 Secondary Compression. 10.11 In Situ Horizontal Stress (K 0 ). 10.12 Temperature-Volume Relationships. 10.13 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 11 STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 General Characteristics of Strength and Deformation. 11.3 Fabric, Structure, and Strength. 11.4 Friction Between Solid Surfaces. 11.5 Frictional Behavior of Minerals. 11.6 Physical Interactions Among Particles. 11.7 Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition. 11.8 Strength Parameters for Sands. 11.9 Strength Parameters for Clays. 11.10 Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization. 11.11 Residual State and Residual Strength. 11.12 Intermediate Stress Effects and Anisotropy. 11.13 Resistance to Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction. 11.14 Strength of Mixed Soils. 11.15 Cohesion. 11.16 Fracturing of Soils. 11.17 Deformation Characteristics. 11.18 Linear Elastic Stiffness. 11.19 Transition from Elastic to Plastic States. 11.20 Plastic Deformation. 11.21 Temperature Effects. 11.22 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. CHAPTER 12: TIME EFFECTS ON STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 General Characteristics. 12.3 Time-Dependent Deformation-Structure Interaction. 12.4 Soil Deformation as a Rate Process. 12.5 Bonding, Effective Stresses, and Strength. 12.6 Shearing Resistance as a Rate Process. 12.7 Creep and Stress Relaxation. 12.8 Rate Effects on Stress-Strain Relationships. 12.9 Modeling of Stress-Strain-Time Behavior. 12.10 Creep Rupture. 12.11 Sand Aging Effects and Their Significance. 12.12 Mechanical Processes of Aging. 12.13 Chemical Processes of Aging. 12.14 Concluding Comments. Questions and Problems. List of Symbols. References. Index.

Abstract: The Paper presents a constitutive model for describing the stress-strain behaviour of partially saturated soils. The model is formulated within the framework of hardening plasticity using two independent sets of stress variables: the excess of total stress over air pressure and the suction. The model is able to represent, in a consistent and unified manner, many of the fundamental features of the behaviour of partially saturated soils which had been treated separately by previously proposed models. On reaching saturation, the model becomes a conventional critical state model. Because experimental evidence is still limited, the model has been kept as simple as possible in order to provide a basic framework from which extensions are possible. The model is intended for partially saturated soils which are slightly or moderately expansive. After formulating the model for isotropic and triaxial stress states, typical predictions are described and compared, in a qualitative way, with characteristic trends of the...

Abstract: The author's previous theory of elasticity and consolidation for isotropic materials [J. Appl. Phys. 12, 155–164 (1941)] is extended to the general case of anisotropy. The method of derivation is also different and more direct. The particular cases of transverse isotropy and complete isotropy are discussed.

Abstract: This manual presents data on soil behaviour, with emphasis on practical and empirical knowledge, required by geotechnical engineers for the design and construction of foundations and embankments It deals with: index and classification properties of soils; soil classification; clay minerals and soil structure; compaction; water in soils (capillarity, shrinkage, swelling, frost action, permeability, seepage, effective stress); consolidation and consolidation settlements; time rate of consolidation; the Mohr circle, failure theories, and stress paths; shear strength of sands and clays Four appendices deal with the following: application of the "SI" system of units to getechnical engineering; derivation of Laplace's equation; derivation and solution of Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory; pore pressure parameters (TRRL)