Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1968"

A General Definition of Residuals

Abstract: RESIDUALS are now widely used to assess the adequacy of linear models; see Anscombe (1961) for a systematic discussion of significance tests based on residuals, and for references to earlier work. A second and closely related application of residuals is in time-series analysis, for example in examining the fit of an autoregressive model. In the context of normal-theory linear models, the n x 1 vector of random variables Y is assumed to have the form

Issues in multiple regression.

Abstract: Controlling for variables implies conceptual distinctness between the control and zero-order variables. However, there are different levels of distinctness, some more subtle than others. These levels are determined by the theoretical context of the research. Failure to specify the theoretical context creates ambiguity as to the level of distinctness, and leads to the partialling fallacy, in which one controls for variables that are distinct in terms of appropriate theory. Although this can occur in using any control procedure, it is especially likely to occur in multiple regression, where high-order partial regression coefficients are routinely obtained in order to determine the relative importance of variables. Four major ways in which these regression coefficients can be seriously misleading are discussed. Although warnings concerning multicollinearity are to be found in statistics texts, they are insufficiently informative to prevent the mistakes described here. This is because the problem is essential...

System Reliability Allocation and a Computational Algorithm

Abstract: The detailed allocation method of system reliability discussed in this paper is designed to select the optimal solution in the context of the trade-off analysis. It is noted that the problem may be structured as an n-stage sequential decision problem. A computational algorithm is developed using dynamic programming.

The language of the self : the function of language in psychoanalysis

Abstract: This book is based on a translation of Lacan's 1953 article that became a manifesto for a generations interested in a new reading of Freud. Lacan offers a significant and fertile return to the heart of the Freudian texts, and translator Anthony Wilden expands and amplifies the text with extensive notes and a commentary that places Lacan's work in the context of contemporary thought.

Scattered context grammars.

Abstract: Scattered context grammars are defined and the closure properties of the family of languages generated are considered. This family of languages is contained in the family of context sensitive languages and contains all languages accepted by linear time nondeterministic Turing machines.

Creativity in young children.

Abstract: Measures of divergent thinking were administered to 34 7and 8-year-old boys in a permissive testing context and without time limits. Individual differences were reliable across tests and independent of IQ, in contrast to typical findings in studies employing an ability-testing atmosphere. In 87 kindergarten children, similar results were obtained for tests with semantic content but not for one whose content was figural. However, there was intertask consistency in test involvement despite this partial inconsistency in response totals, suggesting that a unitary creativity dimension is present in kindergarten children but is not measured by the figural test at this age. The response style "reflection-impulsivity" was unrelated to creativity, although hypothesized antecedents of this dimension are identical to those which have been proposed for various creativity subgroups. A measure of artistic preference also failed to relate significantly to creativity scores.

Explorations in the Theory of Social Movements and Revolutions

Abstract: James C. Davies proposed a "rise and drop" hypothesis to explain the origin of revolutiolls. The present paper attempts to place this in the more general context of analyzing conditions which produce both social movements and revolutions. Three additional temporal hypotheses ("rising expectations," "relative deprivation," and "downward mobility") and one nontemporal hypothesis ("status inconsistency") are suggested. These five hypotheses are subsumed under the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. This provides a general social psychological theory of motivation which could account for individual predispositions toward participation in social movements and revolutions. Predictions are made regardinig the direction and initensity of such

The machine sequencing problem – review and extensions

Abstract: The deterministic sequencing problem is reviewed from the points of view of variety, models, context, methodology, and current state of the art. The relationship between the theory of sequencing and other areas of control is illustrated with the relationship of sequencing to inventory. The “cyclical EMQ (Economical Manufacturing Quantities)” problem is discussed and new formulations are presented which promise a computationally feasible resolution of this outstanding problem.

Education, Manpower, and Economic Growth

Abstract: It is not the goal of a democracy that every citizen be the equivalent of a brain surgeon or a top executive. It is the goal of a democracy that every individual fulfill his own potentialities and live a meaningful and satisfying life in the context of those potentialities. The important thing is that he have the kinds of experience and education that will bring out the best that is in him. College will do this for some kinds of people with some kinds of abilities. Other kinds of experience will do it for people with different abilities.

Psychology and information

Abstract: An aspect of the human use of information that has generally been overlooked in the automation of information services is the human tendency to locate information spatially. Computer-based systems do not necessarily assign any unique role to spatial tags, and so a feature of considerable importance for the organization of the user's memory seems to have been largely overlooked. The spatial dimension of human memory is discussed, and some suggestions are offered for exploiting it more effectively in the context of information retrieval services.

Components of an operational theory of international alliance formation

Abstract: Explaining or predicting patterns of alliance among nations has long been a central concern in the study of international politics and organization. There is, however, no satisfactory theory to indicate what nations will ally with what others in the system. This article is intended to outline an approach to the construction of such a comprehensive theory, suggesting some of the definitions and propositions that would be central to the effort, as well as some of the research obstacles that would be faced. First, we shall indicate the context of the problem: (1) There are three or more nations. (2) The situation is at least partly competitive; i.e., there is no single outcome that will maximize the gains of each of the participants. (3) No single nation is either in a dominant position-it can win without allying itself with any other nation-or in a position of potential veto-it must be included in any winning coalition. (4) There is the possibility of a decision,

Francis Bacon and Renaissance Prose

Abstract: The full study of Bacon as a writer, Dr Vickers takes into account the whole corpus of Bacon's work, in Latin as well as in English. His chief sources are the The Advancement of Learning and the Essays. His purpose is to reinstate Bacon as one of the supreme masters of English prose in a period which made rich use of all the expressive resources of the medium. The study is both analytical and historical: it isolates the major features of Bacon's style, and sets them in the context of Renaissance theory and practice. The features include the overall structure of Bacon's works, his important concept of the aphorism, and his use of the traditional patterns of syntax. Dr Vickers makes a challenging reassessment of the accepted view of Bacon as a 'Senecan' or 'anti-Ciceronian' prose writer. Particular attention is paid to imagery, in which Bacon's powers as an imaginative writer are greatest. There are two general chapters, the first being the problem of analysing style, the last on reactions to Bacon's style since the seventeenth century. This book also provides the basis for a fresh assessment of Renaissance prose.

Experiments in the recognition of hand-printed text, part II: context analysis

Abstract: The work described in this paper is part of a larger effort aimed at the recognition of hand-printed text. In a companion paper, Munson describes the scanning of the text, and the preprocessing and tentative classification of individual characters. In this paper, we describe techniques for using context to detect and correct errors in classification.

The effect of verbal context on the recall of schizophrenics and other psychiatric patients.

Abstract: The effect of increasing verbal context on recall was tested in three groups of patients—a group of acute, first admission schizophrenics, a group of severely depressed patients, and a non-psychotic control group. The groups were matched for age and score on the Mill Hill vocabulary test, and no patient receiving drugs was included in the experiment. The results confirmed previous findings suggesting that schizophrenics show impairment in the ability to make use of contextual cues. However, the impairment did not appear to be specific as it was found equally in the depressive group.

Toward a Grammar of Meaning

Abstract: THE concept of meaning is as dismayingly complex as any concept which suffers the attentions of philosophy. So diverse and apparently miscellaneous are the senses, uses, and meanings of the words mean and meaning that the very integrity of "the concept of meaning" is subject to doubt. Yet we will surely not understand the concept of meaning, or any concept, until we understand how its parts hang together, as it were, to the extent that they do; until we have an analysis of the concept which reflects such univocity as the concept possesses. The provision of such an account would seem to depend in part on our discovering and describing relationships between the various uses and senses and grammatically diverse occurrences of the words which, as one says, "express" the concept in question. The statement of whatever syntactical, including transformational, relations may exist between sentences involving these words, and the placing of this description within the context of analyses of kindred expressions and ultimately within the broader context of a theory of the entire language, seems likely to prove essential to this undertaking.

The Extremity Rating Revisited Within the Context of Personal Construct Theory

Abstract: This review supports the meaningfulness hypothesis of rating extremity and, most importantly, supports the profitability of pursuing the implications of the extremity rating within Personal Construct theory, focusing upon extremity ratings as done within the individual's own language dimensions. As for the construct of meaningfulness versus pathology, this contrast can be accepted as heuristically valuable, although of questionable validity. A new series of studies could be designed to clarify whether, under certain conditions, pathology and meaningfulness are related. To design such a series of studies, it would be helpful to have a theory of personality and behaviour which might suggest possible conditions of relationship. Personal Construct theory can provide a context within which to consider this paradox of meaning and pathology.

Effect of context and instructional set upon evaluations of personality-trait adjectives

Abstract: A series of studies was performed to investigate the effect of context upon evaluations made of personality-t rait adjectives. Ss were presented sets of 3 adjectives which varied in favorableness as indicated by normative data and were then asked to evaluate 1 (test) adjective in each set under a variety of instructional conditions. Results indicated that whenever Ss were asked to rate the 3 adjectives in each set as a collective before rating test adjectives, evaluations of test adjectives increased with the favorableness of the context adjectives accompanying them. This effect occurred regardless of whether Ss were told that the adjectives in the collective described a single person or whether they were related in any way other than through their physical juxtaposition; it was only necessary that Ss form an impression of the collective as a whole before evaluating the test adjective. Results were interpreted as inconsistent with theoretical formulations of Anderson and Lampel (1965) and Osgood and Tannenbaum (1955). It was tentatively hypothesized that when Ss are asked to evaluate a group of stimuli, the range of stimuli included in each category along the scale used in making judgments, and hence the size of each scale category, increases with the dispersion of stimuli contained in the group. Anderson and Lampel (1965) reported that when sets of trait descriptions (adjectives) were not ascribed to a hypothethical person, the rating of any particular trait in a set was independent of the quality of the adjectives with which it was presented (their context). However, when subjects were told to assume that the adjectives in each set described a person, the evaluation of any given adjective increased with the normative favorableness of the other members of the set. This latter effect was replicated in a later study (Ander

Probability of Survival as an Investment Criterion

Abstract: Suppose that an investing firm is primarily interested in achieving a specified minimum return critical to its economic survival. Then it seems appropriate to maximize the probability of exceeding the aspiration level. This decision criterion will be applied in the context of several stochastic static investment models with budget constraint. As long as the aspiration level does not exceed the maximum expected return achievable with the given budget, the desired investment strategy must be sought among the efficient solutions in the Markowitz sense. For higher aspiration levels this is no longer true. For the special case of the Markowitz model we show that all investment projects with expected yield not exceeding the aspiration level (of yield) should be rejected. This is a surprising confirmation of a well-known deterministic rule of investment theory and practice in a rather different context.

Adolescent Social Structure and Drinking Behavior

Abstract: The study examines adolescent drinking customs in the context of the informal social structure of the high school. Teenage drinking behavior was also examined in relationship to demographic variables and parental use of alcoholic beverages. The study identified a mosaic adolescent society consisting of eight informal social status subgroups with contrasting and often hostile values, attitudes, and leisure-time patterns. A highly significant (p < .001) relationship was found between the students' subgroup membership and drinking category. Parental alcohol use also was related to teenagers' use (p < .001), and interesting variations were identified when teenage drinking behavior was studied in relationship to demographic factors.

A Short-Form Measure of Self-Actualization

Abstract: The importance of the concept self-actualization is discussed in the context of explaining and predicting behavior in complex organizations. Assessing self-actualization by use of the semistructured research interview is discussed; and a short-form, structured instrument is set forth, not as a substitute, but as an alternative technique that may better meet the needs of investigators and practitioners, particularly where time, expense, and (relative lack of) interviewing and analytic skills are important factors. The short form is validated (a) by comparing the data yielded by it with the data yielded by the semistructured form and (b) by showing that the scores yielded by the structured technique are associated with the same phenomena as the scores yielded by the semistructured technique.

Risk, Uncertainty and Farm Management Decisions

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to give a brief exposition of the decision criteria commonly propounded for decisions under risk and uncertainty. The review of these criteria in the context of farm management decisions reiterates the inappropriateness of all except the expected utility hypothesis, and it is concluded that utility analysis has considerable potential as an operational tool in farm management.

Toward understanding Ecosystems

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter is dedicated to the understanding of the ecosystems. Ecosystem essentially refers to the total sum of the organisms, the environment, and the processes of interaction between and within all parts of the system. This chapter illustrates the difficulties confronted by the ecologist attempting to understand the complexities of ecosystems. The chapter addresses specific questions regarding the ecosystems. It describes the coupling of the environment to the organism in terms of energy flow. Ecosystems are of various kinds and sizes, and are recognizable as a unit. It is noted that any given environmental factor acts simultaneously with all of the other factors and must be considered in context to the others. It is this simultaneity of action of several factors that makes the study of ecology difficult and challenging. In context to the environmental factors, the single most essential requirement of all living things is energy. Energy is the ability to do work. If the environment is to influence an organism it must do so by energy transfer between the organism and the environment. All interactions can be reduced to an energy basis.

The displays and call notes of cardinals

Abstract: This paper presents descriptions of the calls and visual displays of the cardinal, Richmondena cardinalis, and suggests some motivational factors behind the displays. Of the several calls, some occur in highly specific situations as exemplified by the piping call of the male during courtship feeding. Others occur in more than one context, an example being the chitter call used in intense situations of agonism or alarm. In agonistic encounters, several calls of similar structure occur together.Among the displays the most interesting are those used in courtship, namely, song-flight, song-dance, lopsided, and courtship-feeding displays. All of them share components with non-display actions, but the motivations behind them appear to be complex.The displays of the cardinal are similar in some cases to those of other richmondenine finches and to those of birds in the related subfamilies Emberizinae and Carduelinae.

Background, Context and Significant Issues in Neighborhood Health Center Programs

Abstract: When the War on Poverty began, health was not looked upon as one of its major battlefronts. How it came to be just that can be better understood by a look back into the atmosphere in which the early decisions were made. The passage of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, mobilized — in Washington, D. C., and in communities large and small around the nation— a group of dedicated and exuberant men and women from highly diverse backgrounds, who were determined to make real the promise of the new antipoverty legislation. They were young— not necessarily in age, but they had the youth that Senator Robert Kennedy described so eloquently as “ not a time of life, but a state of mind, a temper of the will, a quality of imagination, a predomi­ nance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease.” They were there to implement a piece of legisla­ tion that provided an unprecedented opportunity for the federal government to support the development of new ways of dealing with old problems. In the headquarters of the Community Action Program, we had the task of seeking out and defining some of the ways by which the federal government could most effectively assist local communities in their efforts to eradicate poverty. At the beginning, the number of fronts on which the war on poverty could be waged seemed to be

The Role of Interferometry in Long Distance Measurement

Abstract: This paper reviews various techniques of very precise distance measurement and in this context presents the possibilities of optical interferometry. It is concluded that the latter will play the primary role for highly precise measurements of lengths up to 100 m and well beyond that in special cases.