Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1970"

The structure of scientific revolutions

Abstract: A good book may have the power to change the way we see the world, but a great book actually becomes part of our daily consciousness, pervading our thinking to the point that we take it for granted, and we forget how provocative and challenging its ideas once were-and still are. "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" is that kind of book. When it was first published in 1962, it was a landmark event in the history and philosophy of science. And fifty years later, it still has many lessons to teach. With "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", Kuhn challenged long-standing linear notions of scientific progress, arguing that transformative ideas don't arise from the day-to-day, gradual process of experimentation and data accumulation, but that revolutions in science, those breakthrough moments that disrupt accepted thinking and offer unanticipated ideas, occur outside of "normal science," as he called it. Though Kuhn was writing when physics ruled the sciences, his ideas on how scientific revolutions bring order to the anomalies that amass over time in research experiments are still instructive in our biotech age. This new edition of Kuhn's essential work in the history of science includes an insightful introductory essay by Ian Hacking that clarifies terms popularized by Kuhn, including paradigm and incommensurability, and applies Kuhn's ideas to the science of today. Usefully keyed to the separate sections of the book, Hacking's essay provides important background information as well as a contemporary context. Newly designed, with an expanded index, this edition will be eagerly welcomed by the next generation of readers seeking to understand the history of our perspectives on science.

Why men rebel

Abstract: Why Men Rebel was first published in 1970 after a decade of political violence across the world. Forty years later, serious conflicts continue in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Ted Robert Gurr reintroduces us to his landmark work, putting it in context with the research it influenced as well as world events. Why Men Rebel remains highly relevant to today's violent and unstable world with its holistic, people-based understanding of the causes of political protest and rebellion. With its close eye on the politics of group identity, this book provides new insight into contemporary security challenges.

Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years; A Scheme

Abstract: Introduction and Resume. Context of Students' Reports. The Students' Experience. Concepts of the Scheme. The Development Scheme. Critique.

Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation.

Abstract: cussed. As an illustration of these concepts, a study is reported of 56 white, middle-class infants, 49-51 weeks of age, in a strange situation. The presence of the mother was found to encourage exploratory behavior, her absence to depress exploration and to heighten attachment behaviors. In separation episodes such behaviors as crying and search increased. In reunion episodes proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviors were heightened. In a substantial proportion of Ss, contact-resisting behaviors were also heightened in the reunion episodes, usually in conjunction with contactmaintaining behaviors, thus suggesting ambivalence. Some Ss also displayed proximity-avoiding behavior in relation to the mother in the reunion episodes. These findings are discussed in the context of relevant observational, clinical, and experimental studies of human and nonhuman primates, including studies of mother-child separation. In conclusion, it is urged that the concepts of attachment and attachment behavior be kept broad enough to comprehend the spectrum of the findings of this range of studies.

Topics in Harmonic Analysis Related to the Littlewood-Paley Theory.

Abstract: This work deals with an extension of the classical Littlewood-Paley theory in the context of symmetric diffusion semigroups. In this general setting there are applications to a variety of problems, such as those arising in the study of the expansions coming from second order elliptic operators. A review of background material in Lie groups and martingale theory is included to make the monograph more accessible to the student.

Public Investment, the Rate of Return, and Optimal Fiscal Policy

Abstract: This book, co-authored by the Nobel-prized economist, Kenneth Arrow, considers public expenditures in the context of modern growth theory. It analyzes optimal growth with public capital. A theory of 'controllability' is developed and injected into public economics and growth models. Originally published in 1970

An efficient context-free parsing algorithm

Abstract: A parsing algorithm which seems to be the most efficient general context-free algorithm known is described. It is similar to both Knuth's LR(k) algorithm and the familiar top-down algorithm. It has...

Models of Development and Theories of Development

Abstract: Models, which originate in metaphor, exist on several levels ranging from all inclusive metaphysical models to narrowly circumscribed models of specific features of theories. Models at the more general levels form the determining logical context for models at lower levels. This categorical determinism stretches from metaphysical levels through scientific theories, to the manner in which we analyze, interpret, and make inferences from empirical evidence. Two radically different models which have had a pervasive effect upon the nature of psychology generally and developmental psychology specifically are the organismic and mechanistic world views. The history and nature of those models are discussed and the manner in which they become transformed into corrolary issues which form the metatheoretical basis for theory construction is analyzed. Theories built upon different world views are logically independent and cannot be assimilated to each other. They reflect different ways of looking at the world and, as such, are incompatible in their implications.

On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State

Abstract: The modern state, however we conceive of it today, is based on a pattern that emerged in Europe in the period from 1100 to 1600. Inspired by a lifetime of teaching and research, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State is a classic work on what is known about the early history of the European state. This short, clear book book explores the European state in its infancy, especially in institutional developments in the administration of justice and finance. Forewords from Charles Tilly and William Chester Jordan demonstrate the perennial importance of Joseph Strayer’s book, and situate it within a contemporary context. Tilly demonstrates how Strayer’s work has set the agenda for a whole generation of historical analysts, not only in medieval history but also in the comparative study of state formation. William Chester Jordan's foreword examines the scholarly and pedagogical setting within which Strayer produced his book, and how this both enhanced its accessibility and informed its focus on peculiarly English and French accomplishments in early state formation.

Solutions of Two Problems in the Theory of Gravitational Radiation

Abstract: The evolution of an elongated rotating configuration by gravitational radiation and the possibility of a secular instability being induced by it are considered in the context of the classical homogeneous figures of Maclaurin and Jacobi. The triaxial Jacobian ellipsoid evolves in the direction of increasing angular velocity and approaches (exponentially) the point of bifurcation where it ceases to radiate. Further, radiation reaction does not make the Maclaurin spheroid secularly unstable past the point of bifurcation.

Organization Context and Structure: An Abbreviated Replication.

Abstract: The present study establishes the reliability and validity of short forms for the measurement of four previously established dimensions of organizations: two contextual-technology and dependence-and two structural-structuring of activities and concentration of authority-based on information obtained from the chief executive in an interview lasting about one hour. A replication study was carried out using the abbreviated measures on a sample of 40 organizations in the English Midlands. The findings supported the relationships previously found between context and structure. Structuring of activities was found to be primarily related to organization size and to a lesser extent to technology; concentration of authority was found to be related to dependence. A restudy using these measures on 14 organizations after a period of four to five years generally supported the hypothesis that forms of workflow bureaucracy show a trend over time in the direction of increased structuring of activities coupled with decreased concentration of authority.

Digoxin intoxication: the relationship of clinical presentation to serum digoxin concentration

Abstract: A radioimmunoassay for serum digoxin concentration has been used to study the interrelationships of circulating levels of the drug and various factors in the clinical setting in 48 hospitalized patients with cardiac rhythm disturbances due to digoxin intoxication. 131 patients on maintenance doses of digoxin without toxicity and 48 patients with equivocal evidence of digoxin excess were also studied and compared with the toxic group. Patients with cardiac rhythm disturbances due to digoxin intoxication tended to be older and to have diminished renal function compared with the nontoxic group; body weight, serum potassium concentration, underlying cardiac rhythm, and nature of cardiac disease were not significantly different for the groups as a whole. Despite comparable mean daily digoxin dosages, digoxin intoxicated patients had a mean serum digoxin concentration of 3.7 +/-1.0 (SD) ng/ml, while nontoxic patients had a mean level of 1.4 +/-0.7 ng/ml (P < 0.001), 90% of patients without evidence of toxicity had serum digoxin concentrations of 2.0 ng/ml or less, while 87% of the toxic group had levels above 2.0; the range of overlap between the two groups extended from 1.6 to 3.0 ng/ml. Patients with atrioventricular block as their principal toxic manifestation had a significantly lower mean serum digoxin concentration than those in whom ectopic impulse formation was the chief rhythm disturbance. Patients with equivocal evidence of digoxin excess had received comparable daily maintenance doses of digoxin but had a mean serum concentration of 1.9 +/-0.8 ng/ml, intermediate between those of the nontoxic (P < 0.005) and toxic (P < 0.001) groups. Renal function as judged by mean blood urea nitrogen concentration was also intermediate. The data indicate that knowledge of the serum digoxin concentration, weighed in the clinical context, is useful in the management of patients receiving this drug.

Context and Consex: A Cautionary Tale

Abstract: In a contextual analysis it is found that students in schools with high sex ratios have higher educational aspirations than students in schools with low sex ratios (i.e. high male-female ratios) in a population of white high-school senior in Davidson County, Tennessee. The effect of sex-ratio context persists when sex, intelligence, and father's education are controlled. The "consexual effect" is interpreted as a consequence of anticipatory socialization. The contextual interpretation is the exposed as speculative, artifactual, and substantively trivial. Covariance analysis and dummy-variable regression analysis are advocated as more suitable techniques for the measurement and interpretation of differences among groups.

A Linguistic Analysis of First-Grade Reading Errors.

Abstract: ANALYZES ORAL READING errors observed in a first-grade classroom as approximations to the correct response in terms of letters, word structure, grammatical acceptability, and semantic appropriateness. A measure of graphic similarity showed that better readers excelled weaker readers in more closely approaching the correct response; both groups improved throughout the year. On the syntactic level, judgments of grammatical acceptability reinforced by part-of-speech analysis showed that the class made responses that in general conformed to the constraints of preceding grammatical context, indicating that both strong and weak readers brought their knowledge of linguistic structure to bear on the identification of words. Some evidence arose for an inverse relationship in the use of graphic information and grammatical context. Judgments of semantic appropriateness in the sentence indicated that a response that was syntactically acceptable was almost always semantically appropriate as well.

Logical Investigations Volume 2

Abstract: Edmund Husserl is the founder of phenomenology and the Logical Investigations is his most famous work. It had a decisive impact on twentieth century philosophy and is one of few works to have influenced both continental and analytic philosophy.This is the first time both volumes have been available in paperback. They include a new introduction by Dermot Moran, placing the Investigations in historical context and bringing out their contemporary philosophical importance.These editions include a new preface by Sir Michael Dummett.

GEDANKEN—a simple typeless language based on the principle of completeness and the reference concept

Abstract: GEDANKEN is an experimental programming language with the following characteristics. (1) Any value which is permitted in some context of the language is permissible in any other meaningful context. In particular, functions and labels are permissible results of functions and values of variables. (2) Assignment and indirect addressing are formalized by introducing values, called references, which in turn possess other values. The assignment operation always affects the relation between some reference and its value. (3) All compound data structures are treated as functions. (4) Type declarations are not permitted. The functional approach to data structures and the use of references insure that any process which accepts some data structure will accept any logically equivalent structure, regardless of its internal representation. More generally, any data structure may be implicit; i.e. it may be specified by giving an arbitrary algorithm for computing or accessing its components. The existence of label variables permits the construction of co-routines, quasi-parallel processes, and other unorthodox control mechanisms. A variety of programming examples illustrates the generality of the language. Limitations and possible extensions are discussed briefly.

Introduction to modern behaviorism

Abstract: "Introduction to Modern Behaviorism" presents the framework of behaviourism in a concise way. In the third edition, while retaining the features hailed in previous editions, Rachlin expands his coverage of basic learning principles to include research developments in both classical and instrumental conditioning, animal cognition, language, context, and self control.

Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study

Abstract: This is a classic regional and comparative study of early modern witchcraft. The history of witchcraft continues to attract attention with its emotive and contentious debates. The methodology and conclusions of this book have impacted not only on witchcraft studies but the entire approach to social and cultural history with its quantitative and anthropological approach. The book provides an important case study on Essex as well as drawing comparisons with other regions of early modern England. The second edition of this classic work adds a new historiographical introduction, placing the book in context today.

Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England

Abstract: This is a classic regional and comparative study of early modern witchcraft. The history of witchcraft continues to attract attention with its emotive and contentious debates. The methodology and conclusions of this book have impacted not only on witchcraft studies but the entire approach to social and cultural history with its quantitative and anthropological approach. The book provides an important case study on Essex as well as drawing comparisons with other regions of early modern England. The second edition of this classic work adds a new historiographical introduction, placing the book in context today.

Doing It Together: Citizen Participation In The Professional News Making Process

Abstract: This paper looks at how mainstream media are currently reacting to the trend of citizen media. In order to look beyond the hype and high expectations about user generated content, we first try to put the debate on citizen and participatory journalism in context. We argue that the revived interest in participatory journalism is the result of both external developments in society and internal evolutions in journalism. Next, we analyze these developments in four European countries – Belgium, Finland, Germany and Spain – in order to identify similarities and differences that hint at the (professional, organizational, socio-cultural and economic) factors influencing the evolution of participatory journalism. Data collected suggests that despite of the differences in context, media in any of the four countries tend to develop very limited opportunities for audience participation. The professional culture of journalists is suggested as the main factor preventing the development of participatory projects, while marketing and business strategies somehow push for the exploration of such proposals.

9 Enzymes as Control Elements in Metabolic Regulation

Abstract: Publisher Summary Because of the mass of information that has accumulated from the study of enzymes, it is not surprising that molecular and metabolic aspects of enzymology are often treated separately. Although the present knowledge in this area is primitive, it is already apparent that the properties of enzymes generally, and of regulatory enzymes in particular, are very precisely tailored to the needs of the cells in which they occur. The kinetic behavior of an enzyme can be rationally interpreted only in terms of metabolic function, and the structural features of an enzyme molecule are only the means by which this behavior is attained. Each enzyme has evolved in the context of a metabolizing cell containing hundreds of other enzymes. Progress in understanding the kinetic and structural properties of any enzyme will be aided by the progress toward understanding the interactions in which that enzyme participates in the living cell.

Analysis of nonlinear problems in rock mechanics with particular reference to jointed rock systems

Abstract: THE ROLE OF NONLINEAR STRESS AND DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF ROCK AND SOIL MECHANICS IS DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS SOME OF THE CURRENTLY USED MATERIAL MODELS. A PARTICULAR FORM OF RELATIONSHIPS FOR A STRATIFIED OR JOINTED MEDIUM IS PROPOSED AND DETAILS OF DERIVING SIMPLE AND CURVED (ISOPARAMETRIC) FINITE ELEMENTS FOR JOINTS ARE SHOWN. TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL JOINT SYSTEMS ARE DISCUSSED. THE GENERAL METHODS PROPOSED HAVE A WIDE FIELD OF APPLICABILITY AND SOME PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS ARE ILLUSTRATED BY EXAMPLES. /AUTHOR/

Meaning and Speech Acts

Abstract: A controversy has been brewing up for some time now between those who want to explain the meanings of certain words in terms of the speech acts which those words (or sentences containing them) are standardly used to perform, and those who say that this is a mistake. Let us call these two parties the performers and the critics. I have myself; in my treatment of ‘good’, put on one of the performances which is criticised; and Professor Strawson, in his account of ‘true’, has put on another.1 Professor Searle appears by turns as one of the most interesting performers and as one of the most trenchant critics. For he says, in general, in his recent excellent book, Speech Acts: A study of the meaning of sentences is not in principle distinct from a study of speech acts. Properly construed, they are the same study. Since every meaningful sentence in virtue of its meaning can be used to perform a particular speech act (or range of speech acts), and since every possible speech act can in principle be given an exact formulation in a sentence or sentences (assuming an appropriate context of utterance), the study of the meanings of sentences and the study of speech acts are not two independent studies but one study from two different points of view (p. 18); and in an article, with which I agree almost entirely, he attacks the view (attributed perhaps wrongly to Austin) that meaning is wholly distinct from illocutionary force.2 And in particular he convincingly analyses the word ‘promise’ in terms of the speech act of promising,3 and analyses referring expressions in terms of the speech act of referring.4 But on the other hand he severely criticises those who would treat ‘good’ in a similar way.1