Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1973"

Separation: Anxiety and Anger

Abstract: Security, Anxiety, And Distress * Prototypes of Human Sorrow * The Place of Separation and Loss in Psychopathology * Behavior with and without Mother: Humans * Behaviors with and Without Mother: Non-Human Primates An Ethological Approach To Human Fear * Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear * Forms of Behavior Indicative of Fear * Situations that Arouse Fear in Humans * Situations That Arouse Fear in Animals * Natural Clues to Danger and Safety * Natural Clues, Cultural Clues, and the Assessment of Danger * Rationalization, Misattribution, and Projection * Fear of Separation Individual Differences In Susceptibility To Fear: Anxious Attachment * Some Variables Responsible for Individual Differences * Susceptibility to Fear and the Availability of Attachment Figures * Anxious Attachment and Some Conditions That Promote It * Overdependency and the Theory of Spoiling * Anger, Anxiety, and Attachment * Anxious Attachment and the Phobias of Childhood * Anxious Attachment and Agoraphobia * Omission, Suppression, and Falsification of Family Context * Secure Attachment and the Growth of Self-Reliance * Pathways for the Growth of Personality

On Being Sane in Insane Places

Abstract: It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. The hospital itself imposes a special environment in which the meanings of behavior can easily be misunderstood. The consequences to patients hospitalized in such an environment-the powerlessness, depersonalization, segregation, mortification, and self-labeling-seem undoubtedly countertherapeutic. I do not, even now, understand this problem well enough to perceive solutions. But two matters seem to have some promise. The first concerns the proliferation of community mental health facilities, of crisis intervention centers, of the human potential movement, and of behavior therapies that, for all of their own problems, tend to avoid psychiatric labels, to focus on specific problems and behaviors, and to retain the individual in a relatively non-pejorative environment. Clearly, to the extent that we refrain from sending the distressed to insane places, our impressions of them are less likely to be distorted. (The risk of distorted perceptions, it seems to me, is always present, since we are much more sensitive to an individual's behaviors and verbalizations than we are to the subtle contextual stimuli that often promote them. At issue here is a matter of magnitude. And, as I have shown, the magnitude of distortion is exceedingly high in the extreme context that is a psychiatric hospital.) The second matter that might prove promising speaks to the need to increase the sensitivity of mental health workers and researchers to the Catch 22 position of psychiatric patients. Simply reading materials in this area will be of help to some such workers and researchers. For others, directly experiencing the impact of psychiatric hospitalization will be of enormous use. Clearly, further research into the social psychology of such total institutions will both facilitate treatment and deepen understanding. I and the other pseudopatients in the psychiatric setting had distinctly negative reactions. We do not pretend to describe the subjective experiences of true patients. Theirs may be different from ours, particularly with the passage of time and the necessary process of adaptation to one's environment. But we can and do speak to the relatively more objective indices of treatment within the hospital. It could be a mistake, and a very unfortunate one, to consider that what happened to us derived from malice or stupidity on the part of the staff. Quite the contrary, our overwhelming impression of them was of people who really cared, who were committed and who were uncommonly intelligent. Where they failed, as they sometimes did painfully, it would be more accurate to attribute those failures to the environment in which they, too, found themselves than to personal callousness. Their perceptions and behavior were controlled by the situation, rather than being motivated by a malicious disposition. In a more benign environment, one that was less attached to global diagnosis, their behaviors and judgments might have been more benign and effective.

Requiem for Large-Scale Models

Abstract: The task in this paper is to evaluate, in some detail, the fundamental flaws in attempts to construct and use large models and to examine the planning context in which the models, like dinosaurs, collapsed rather than evolved. The conclusions can be summarized in three points: 1. In general, none of the goals held out for large-scale models have been achieved, and there is little reason to expect anything different in the future. 2. For each objective offered as a reason for building a model, there is either a better way of achieving the objective (more information at less cost) or a better objective (a more socially useful question to ask). 3. Methods for long-range planning-whether they are called comprehensive planning, large-scale systems simulation, or something else-need to change drastically if planners expect to have any influence on the long run.

Pathogenesis of Herpetic Neuritis and Ganglionitis in Mice: Evidence for Intra-Axonal Transport of Infection

Abstract: The pathogenesis of acute herpetic infection in the nervous system has been studied following rear footpad inoculation of mice. Viral assays performed on appropriate tissues at various time intervals indicated that the infection progressed sequentially from peripheral to the central nervous system, with infectious virus reaching the sacrosciatic spinal ganglia in 20 to 24 hr. The infection also progressed to ganglia in mice given high levels of anti-viral antibody. Immunofluorescent techniques demonstrated that both neurons and supporting cells produced virus-specific antigens. By electron microscopy, neurons were found to produce morphologically complete virions, but supporting cells replicated principally nucleocapsids. These results are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms by which herpes simplex virus might travel in nerve trunks. They are considered to offer strong support for centripetal transport in axons.

A Study in Agricultural Backwardness Under Semi-Feudalism

Abstract: THIS paper attempts to analyse the influence exerted by production relations on the introduction of improved technology into agriculture. Since the argument is set in the specific context of some east Indian villages, it is hoped that such an analysis will help to provide at least part of the explanation for the prevailing backwardness of agriculture in this region. Nevertheless, as the argument is conducted in terms of a highly schematised and hence quite unrealistic model, it deserves to be emphasised that many of the central assumptions of the model are based on data and impressions collected by the present author from 26 villages in West Bengal during 1970. Consequently, the particular assumptions of this model may or may not hold for other regions of India or elsewhere. But the relationship between technology and production relations is of general relevance, notwithstanding the particular context of West Bengal villages. Indeed, this interaction between technology and production relations-in Marxian terminology the interaction between " the forces and the relations of production "-is central to the theory of historical materialism. And, from this point of view, the present study is an attempt to illustrate in a precise form and in a specific context this general idea of Marx. Needless to say, the precision is obtained only at the cost of considerable simplification of Marx's original idea as well as a stark schematisation of the prevailing production relations in agriculture in those east Indian villages.

The notion of vertical integration in economic analysis (

Abstract: Very few notions in economic analysis are so seldom explicitly mentioned as the notion of vertical integration and are at the same time so widely used, implicitly or without full awareness.2 I came to this conviction during the discussions on a multi-sector model of economic growth which I presented a few years ago (Pasinetti, 1965). The synthetic notion of a `vertically integrated sector’ is used explicitly in that model, but within the simplified context of an economic system in which capital goods are made by labour alone; and I have always been faced with questions.3

Émile Durkheim, his life and work : a historical and critical study

Abstract: This study of Durkheim seeks to help the reader to achieve a historical understanding of his ideas and to form critical judgments about their value. To some extent these tow aims are contradictory. On the one hand, one seeks to understand: what did Durkheim really mean, how did he see the world, how did his ideas related to one another and how did they develop, how did they related to their biographical and historical context, how were they received, what influence did they have and to what criticism were they subjected, what was it like not to make certain distinctions, not to see certain errors, of fact or of logic, not to know what has subsequently become known? On the other hand, one seeks to assess: how valuable and how valid are the ideas, to what fruitful insights and explanations do they lead, how do they stand up to analysis and to the evidence, what is their present value? Yet it seems that it is only by inducing oneself not to see and only by seeing them that one can make a critical assessment. The only solution is to pursue both aimsseeing and not seeingsimultaneously. More particularly, this book has the primary object of achieving that sympathetic understanding without which no adequate critical assessment is possible. It is a study in intellectual history which is also intended as a contribution to sociological theory. "

The coherence theory of truth

Abstract: The third well-known theory of truth is the coherence theory which is absolutely irreconcileable with ours, since it holds that the truth of a belief that A is B depends not on whether A is B, but on how far the belief that it is forms part of a coherent system. The absurdities which result from this view have been most amusingly set out by Mr Russell in his essay “On the Monistic Theory of Truth” in Philosophical Essays,1 but although this reductio ad absurdum is a conclusive refutation of the theory, it is still, I think, instructive to consider some of the arguments used by its adherents both in defending their own and in attacking rival positions. According to Mr Russell the fallacy in all these arguments lies in their assuming the axiom of internal relations [and are therefore invalid], but it seems to me that part of what his opponents say does not depend for its plausibility on this axiom and may be worth a fresh investigation. Without going into any great detail it will, I think, be possible to show that the Coherence Theory is largely based on a serious confusion the unfortunate consequences of which extend far beyond the present context. Since, unlike the Correspondence Theory and Pragmatism, the Coherence Theory is almost entirely concerned with Question I and hardly at all with Question II, I propose to say all I have to say about it in the present chapter.

Structure and Properties of Laser Dyes

Abstract: An essential constituent of any laser is the amplifying medium which, in the context of this book, is a solution of an organic dye. Since the beginning, the development of the dye laser has been closely tied in with the discovery of new and better laser dyes. The phthalocyanine solution employed for the original dye laser (Sorokin and Lankard, 1966) is hardly used today, but the compound rhodamine 6G, found soon afterwards (Sorokin et al., 1967), is probably the most widely employed laser dye at the present time. In the years following the discovery of the dye laser various other compounds were reported for this purpose. Almost all were found by screening commercially available chemicals, but this source of new laser dyes soon became exhausted. It was reported in 1969 that a survey of approximately one thousand commercial dyes showed only four to be useful (Gregg and Thomas, 1969), and three of these belonged to classes of laser dyes that were already well known. Considering the large number of available chemicals, it is perhaps surprising that so few good laser dyes have been found so far. The reason for this is that some very special requirements must be met by such dyes and this excludes the majority of organic compounds. This chapter is intended to give the reader some insight into the relations between molecular structure and the lasing properties of organic dyes, relations which have recently been applied in the planned synthesis of new laser dyes. In addition, the physicochemical properties of the most important laser dyes are discussed here in some detail.

The Great Bengal Famine

Abstract: Bengal, which prior to partition of India covered the state of West Bengal in India and Bangladesh, suffered from a calamitous famine in 1943, when it was estimated that two miIIion people died of starvation. The author was ap­ pOinted as Mycologist in Bengal in October 1943 when the famine was at its height. When he travelled to join his new assignment on 18th of October 1943, he could see dead bodies and starving and dying persons all along the way from Bahudurabad Ghat on the Brahmaputra to Dacca. This horrendous situation of several thousands of men, women, and children dying of starva­ tion continued throughout October, November, and December in and around all the important cities in Bengal, especially Calcutta and Dacca. There was a war raging in many theaters in the world. The British empire was visibly crumbling. The victorious Japanese army, in collaboration with Indian National Army, was knocking at the eastern gates of India. It is in this context that a serious shortage in rice production occurred in 1942. As there was very little marketable surplus from 1942 harvest, the price of rice started rising from the beginning of 1943 in all parts of Bengal. The civil administra­ tion could not and did not cope with the situation created by the shortage. Soon the cost of rice was beyond the reach of ordinary people. Most of the rural population migrated to the cities in the hope of finding employment and rice. Finding neither, they slowly died of starvation. Though administrative failures were immediately responsible for this hu­ man suffering, the principal cause of the short crop production in 1942 was the epidemic of helminthosporium disease which attacked the rice crop in that year. This was caused by Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan[=Co­ chliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kuribayashi) Drechsler ex Dastur. Nothing as devastating as the Bengal epiphytotic of 1942 has been recorded in plant pathological literature. The only other instance that bears comparison in loss sustained by a food crop and the human calamity that followed in its wake is the Irish potato famine of 1845. The loss sustained by the rice crop in 1942 might be judged from Table 1, which gives the yield of the principal rice varieties widely grown in Bengal as recorded at the rice research stations of Chinsura and Bankura for the years 1941 and 1942. It may be seen that the loss sustained by the early maturing

The European Community: A Superpower in the Making

Abstract: This book, first published in 1973, analyses the European Community in a global perspective. It asks and answers two main questions: what does the European Community mean to the masses of the world, and what does it mean to the world community in general? Most critical studies of the EC were made from an internal point of view, and this book is rare in having an external perspective. The author discussed the EC with diverse audiences in 16 countries, and his analyses are invaluable in putting the European project in an international context.

The devil rides again: Correlation as an index of fit.

Abstract: Correlations between theoretical predictions and data can be higher for incorrect than for correct models, as illustrated by analyses of two sets of hypothetical data. This fact raises questions about the conclusions of recent studies that use correlation as an index of fit. Functional measurement provides a sounder basis for model evaluation by placing scaling in the context of model fitting and by testing deviations from prediction rather than concent rating an overall goodness of fit. Although widely recognized as an "instrument of the devil" when used to infer causation from confounded data, the correlation coefficient is still employed as an index of the fit of theoretical models. There are two serious criticisms of this usage. First, incorrect models can correlate highly with data (Anderson, 1971; Yntema & Torgerson, 1961). Second, based upon the assumption that the better model will correlate higher, investigators have recently used the correlation coefficient to compare the fit of rival models.3

The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America

Abstract: ALTHOUGH the lordship of Ireland had long been in English /4 hands, effective control over the country had been lost during j tthe late medieval period, with the result that independent and autonomous Irish jurisdictions covered much of the island until the end of the sixteenth century. Attempts to reassert English authority over Ireland produced under Elizabeth I a pattern of conquest, bolstered by attempts at colonization, which was contemporaneous with and parallel to the first effective contacts of Englishmen with North America, to plans for conquest and settlement there, and to the earliest encounters with its Indian inhabitants. The Elizabethan conquest of Ireland should therefore be viewed in the wider context of European expansion. David B. Quinn has stressed the connection between English colonization in Ireland and the New World, and he has established the guidelines for a full investigation.' No historian, however, has dealt with the legal and ethical considerations raised by colonization in Ireland or with

In Vitro Studies of Immunologically Induced Secretion of Mediators from Cells and Related Phenomena

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the noncytotoxic release of mediators from cells induced in vitro by immunological stimuli. It discusses the release of mediators from these same cells by nonimmunological means. It focuses on demonstrating the overall resemblance of the release of mediators by immunologically induced noncytotoxic reactions to secretory processes, in general. The chapter describes the chemotaxis and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes; release of lysosomal enzymes from the latter cells by staphylococcal toxin; leukocidin; aggregation of platelets; and the specifically and nonspecifically induced transformation of lymphocytes. In the context of this chapter, the term “mediators” is restricted to substances whose release is directly or indirectly initiated by an immunological reaction and are responsible for one or more of the manifestations of the subsequent allergic response.

Popular recreations in English society, 1700-1850

Abstract: This thesis is concerned with the character of popular recreations in late pre-industrial England, their place in society, and the changes they experienced during the period 1700-1850. The first chapter presents a descriptive survey of popular recreations in the eighteenth century. It focuses on two main themes: first, the principal events of the holiday calendar - parish feasts, pleasure fairs, hiring fairs, November the 5th, Christmas, Plough Monday, Shrove Tuesday, Easter, May Day, and Whitsuntide;and second, the most significant sports and pastimes of the common people - bull-baiting, cock-fighting, throwing at cocks, football, cricket, boxing, wrestling, cudgelling, and several other diversions. The second chapter examines the relationship between popular recreation and the larger society. It looks first at the social contexts of recreation and, in particular, draws attention to (a) the independent plebeian basis of some festivities, (b) the support which was often provided by genteel patronage and assistance, and (c) the recreational role of the public house. The second section of this chapter discusses some of the functional attributes of sports and festive occasions for the common people: the emphasis here is on recreations as outlets for tensions and hostile sentiments. The last two chapters are concerned with problems of change. Chapter III discusses the various attempts to suppress traditional recreations during the century before 1850. Special attention is paid to the attacks on animal sports, feasts, fairs, and football, and consideration is given to the motives and class biases underlying these attacks. Chapter IV is concerned more generally with the decline of popular recreations between the mid seventeenth and the mid nineteenth centuries. It concentrates in particular on some of the major trends which militated against the traditional practices: Evangelicalism, the increasingly rigorous attitudes concerning labour discipline, the enclosure movement, the decline of customary rights, and the breakdown of paternalistic habits. An effort is made here to relate the decline of recreations to some of the larger processes of social Change. Throughout the thesis, and especially in chapters II to IV, persistent emphasis is placed on the social relations which entered into, and gave shape to, the conduct of recreational affairs, most notably the relations between gentlemen and the common people. Recreations are seen, not in isolation, but in the context of the culture as a whole.

The Self Focus Sentence Completion: a study of egocentricity.

Abstract: Summary A 30-item sentence completion blank (SFSC), in which most of the stems contain a self-reference (I, my, me, etc.) is described. Normative data are provided for 2,592 non-psychiatric subjects representing five different kinds of populations, and 273 psychiatric patients from nine different diagnostic groups. Reliability data are presented and the results of six validation studies are discussed. It is suggested that the SFSC, which yields six scores, may provide a useful index of egocentricity as a response orientation or style. The data are discussed in the context of “egocentric balance,” a postulate seemingly compatible with several theoretical positions.

Colonialism and underdevelopment in east Africa;: The politics of economic change, 1919-1939

Abstract: Part 1 The ideological and institutional context: the social theory of colonialism the political structures the economic structures. Part 2 The international context - Britain's economic crises and colonial development: British unemployment and colonial aid budgets and markets. Part 3 Peasants against settlers - restructuring the agricultural economy: Kenya - settlers predominant Uganda and Tanganyika - peasants predominant. Part 4 Secondary economic structures: processing and marketing - oligopoly in Uganda colonial non-industrialization.

Bond men made free: medieval peasant movements and the English rising of 1381

Abstract: Rodney Hilton's account of the Peasant's Revolt of 1381 remains the classic authoritative text on the 'English Rising'. Hilton views the revolt in the context of a genral European pattern of class conflict. He demonstrates that the peasant movements that disturbed the Middle Ages were not mere unrelated outbreaks of violence but had their roots in common economic and political conditions and in a recurring conflict of interest between peasants and landowners. Now with a new introduction by Christopher Dyer, this survey is still a leading source for students of medieval English peasantry.

The chemical basis of food detection in the lobster Homarus gammarus

Abstract: A synthetic mixture of chemicals, based on the composition of an extract of squid muscle, has been developed, which is highly attractive for the lobster Homarus gammarus (L.). None of the components of this mixture was as attractive as the complete mixture, and substitution of D-amino acids for the natural L-forms also greatly reduced the attractiveness. This would indicate that several different types of chemosensory cell must be simultaneously stimulated to initiate exploratory feeding behaviour, and that a high degree of stereospecificity is involved. The results are discussed in the context of the wide range of food materials known to attract lobsters.

Quadrupedalism in primates

Abstract: Although many primates can be classified as quadrupeds, quadrupedalism in primates has not in the past received as much detailed attention as some other locomotor modes. In the present study quadrupedalism in primates is analysed in terms of positional behavior (locomotor and postural activities in an environmental context) and a number of categories are defined. For arboreal primates different adaptations are evident in animals of different body sizes. However, all adaptations are related to the exploitation of the small branch setting.

Fuzzy Sets and Social Choice

Abstract: Choosing between alternative courses of action presupposes preference. Individual preference appears as a primitive notion with little need for elaboration. Mathematically, it is simply expressed by a complete (or, sometimes, only partial) reflexive antisymmetric and transitive ordering over a set (A) of ‘objects’ which are available for choice. If we wish, we can even consider the derived linear ordering over the quotient set formed by partitioning (A) into a set of ‘indifference classes.’ Even though individuals do seem to contradict some of their own previous choices at times, we do not wish to examine such refinements here. In a static context, it is not an oversimplification to say that individual choices are of the {Yes.No} (0,1) type. Can we, safely, assume that group choices are also that clear-cut? Clearly not. A cursory examination of the history of collective decisions should suffice to convince us of the fuzziness of group preferences.

A Partial Grammar of Eskimo Folktales1

Abstract: This is a partial generative grammar of covert but empirically discoverable narrative elements. The grammar is a theory which seeks to account for base narrative sequences in well-formed North Alaskan Eskimo folktales. The narrative elements are hierarchically organized into a categorial component with both context free and context sensitive rules. The theory claims some replicability and predictive power. FOLK NARRATIVE has resisted the dis

Review of research in education

Abstract: Introduction: Rethinking Learning: What Counts as Learning and What Learning Counts - Judith Green and Allan Luke Chapter 1: Redefining Disciplinary Learning in Classroom Contexts - Michael J Ford and Ellice A Forman Chapter 2: Cross-National Explorations of Sociocultural Research on Learning - Olga A Vasquez Chapter 3: Learning in Inclusive Education Research: Re-mediating Theory and Methods With a Transformative Agenda - Alfredo J Artiles, Elizabeth B Kozleski, Sherman Dorn, and Carol Christensen Chapter 4: Validity in Educational Assessment - Pamela A Moss, Brian J Girard, and Laura C Haniford Chapter 5: Social, Methodological, and Theoretical Issues Regarding Assessment: Lessons From a Secondary Analysis of PISA 2000 Literacy Tests - Jean-Yves Rochex Chapter 6: Culture and Learning in the Context of Globalization: Research Directions - Wan Shun Eva Lam Chapter 7: Engaging Young People: Learning in Informal Contexts - Jennifer A Vadeboncoeur Chapter 8: Youth, Technology, and Media Cultures - Julian Sefton-Green

Creativity and Cognitive Style: A Life-Span Perspective

Abstract: Theory and research on creativity and cognitive styles are surveyed with particular emphasis upon their implications for life-span developmental psychology. Within the creativity domain, particular emphasis is given to the developmental aspects of the creativity-intelligence distinction. Problems of cross-age generality, the influence of the testing context as a function of age, the long-term stability of indexes of creative ability, and age and cohort-relevant aspects of creativity in “real-world” settings are considered. Attention is given to the issue of the usefulness of testing for creativity in adulthood when extrinsic behavioral criteria are generally available. The need for alternative predictive models for creative performance is discussed . The similarities and differences between cognitive styles, on the one hand, and creativity and intelligence, on the other, are described. A threefold classification of cognitive styles is offered on the basis of distance from traditional ability indexes and inclusion of value judgments in defining alternative poles of the style dimension. Several cognitive styles are reviewed with particular attention to the methodological difficulties in drawing developmental inferences from cross-sectional data. Consideration is given to the developmental relevance of the style-capacity distinction. Finally, the developmental problems associated with the construction of real-world criteria for cognitive styles are discussed .

A reparameterization of the prisoner's dilemma game

Abstract: A parameterization of the prisoner's dilemma paradigm is constructed based on recent research on the theory of risk and risk preference. The conflict is cast as intrapersonal and in terms of a risk parameter and an inducement to accept the risk, sometimes interpretable as fear and greed respectively, both acting in the context of a level for the game relative to the status quo. These correspond to the independent variables directly under the control of the experimenter. The dependent variable is the strength of the tendency to defect. These variables are acting in the context of an experimental environment which includes the benevolence or hostility of another player which is assumed to contribute to the risk variable only. Some suggestions are made for the controlled study of conjoining a hostile environment.