Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this article, a review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude-behavior relations can be obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities.
Abstract: Research on the relation between attitude and behavior is examined in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude-behavior relations dre obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature.
6,756 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define family ties relevant to migration decisions and explain their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of family members, as well as on family integrity itself.
Abstract: This paper joins a few very recent attempts to analyze migration in the awareness of the family context. In contrast to most of them, my focus is exclusively on the family context. The paper defines family ties relevant to migration decisions and explains their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of family members, as well as on family integrity itself. Hopefully, the paper provides material for a missing chapter on family economics as well as an addition to the economics of labor supply arid of human capital formation.
1,465 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that many sounds in species' repertoires are evolved from motivation-structural rules derived from selection pressures favoring the use of communication instead of, or in conjunction with, fighting to attain resources.
Abstract: The convergent use of harsh, low-frequency sounds by hostile animals and more pure tonelike, high frequency sounds by fearful or appeasing animals is discussed in an evolutionary context. It is proposed that many sounds in species' repertoires are evolved from motivation-structural rules derived from selection pressures favoring the use of communication instead of, or in conjunction with, fighting to attain resources. The use of this concept should further the appreciation of the relationship between sound structure and function.
1,114 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the formation of travel demand models and economic evaluation measures which are mutually consistent within a theory of rational choice, and a consideration of the structure of models which are representations of the trip decision process over several dimensions: location, mode, and route.
Abstract: This paper examines a variety of issues within the context of two main themes: the formation of travel demand models and economic evaluation measures which are mutually consistent within a theory of rational choice; and a consideration of the structure of models which are representations of the trip decision process over several dimensions: location, mode, and route. Random utility theory is invoked to explore both the role and properties of composite costs or index prices in the ‘recursive’ approach to the structuring of travel choice models, and their significance in the economic evaluation problem. It is shown that the specification of these costs must be made very precisely, with respect to the demand model form chosen, in order to retain the underlying assumption that the traveller is an optimal decisionmaker. It is argued that the structure of ‘simultaneous’ models currently in use is inconsistent with the form of utility function assumed to generate those models. Furthermore, it is shown that the ‘...
1,019 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, Geneva Smitherman makes a substantial contribution to an understanding of Black English by setting it in the larger context of Black culture and life style, arguing that the Black dialect is set apart from traditional English by a rhetorical style which reflects its African origins.
Abstract: In her book, Geneva Smitherman makes a substantial contribution to an understanding of Black English by setting it in the larger context of Black culture and life style. In addition to defining Black English, by its distinctive structure and special lexicon, Smitherman argues that the Black dialect is set apart from traditional English by a rhetorical style which reflects its African origins. Smitherman also tackles the issue of Black and White attitudes toward Black English, particularly as they affect educational policy. Documenting her insights with quotes from notable Black historical, literary and popular figures, Smitherman makes clear that Black English is as legitimate a form of speech as British, American, or Australian English.
872 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the initiation, adoption and implementation of new ideas or activity in an organizational setting is reviewed in terms of organization context, structure, and member attitudes, and a series of propositions and three predictive models are derived and presented as directions for future research and theory construction.
Abstract: Innovation (the initiation, adoption and implementation of new ideas or activity in an organizational setting) is reviewed in terms of organization context, structure, and member attitudes. A series of propositions and three predictive models are derived and presented as directions for future research and theory construction.
819 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a rule-based system for computer-aided circuit analysis, called EL, is presented, which is written in a rule language called ARS, and implemented by ARS as pattern-directed invocation demons monitoring an associative data base.
805 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of content, affect, and context differences as well as from sequential analyses of the data was carried out, and it was found that this coding system made it possible to account for most of the variance in the classification of couples as distressed or nondistressed.
Abstract: from a study of content, affect, and context differences as well as from sequential analyses of the data. Findings show that this coding system made it possible to account for most of the variance in the classification of couples as distressed or nondistressed. Specific findings provided tests of many currently untested hypotheses about good communication in marriages that have been the basis of clinical interventions. The hypotheses which were studied in the present investigation involve the function of metacommunication, the expression of feelings, summarizing self versus other, feeling probes, nonverbal behavior during message delivery, context differences, and positive and negative reciprocity. Functions of messages were assessed by sequential analysis procedures.
574 citations
Book•
07 Jul 1977
TL;DR: Elements as mentioned in this paper is a discussion of categorising the ideational context and emotional experience that may occur in a psychoanalytic interview, aiming to expand the reader's understanding of cognition and its clinical ramifications.
Abstract: Elements is a discussion of categorising the ideational context and emotional experience that may occur in a psychoanalytic interview. The text aims to expand the reader's understanding of cognition and its clinical ramifications.
356 citations
01 Jan 1977
344 citations
TL;DR: A dynamic method for modeling construction processes is presented and illustrated in the context of the construction of the Peachtree Center Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Ga.
Abstract: A dynamic method for modeling construction processes is presented and illustrated in the context of the construction of the Peachtree Center Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. The method develops the concept of flow units which pass through network representations of the system being modeled. The networks consist of elements corresponding to activities or functions inherent in the concrete forming and placement process. These network models provide a medium for documenting and communicating information regarding construction processes. A computer simulation solution of the network using discrete simulation techniques is also presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the asymptotic consistency of cross-validatory assessment and the efficiency of crossvalidatory choice is investigated both in some generality and also in the context of particular applications.
Abstract: SUMMARY The asymptotic consistency of cross-validatory assessment and the asymptotic efficiency of cross-validatory choice is investigated both in some generality and also in the context of particular applications.
TL;DR: A continuous‐time binary‐matrix‐valued Markov chain is used to model the process by which social structure effects individual behavior, and empirical estimates of the parameters can be interpreted as measures of structural tendencies.
Abstract: A continuous‐time binary‐matrix‐valued Markov chain is used to model the process by which social structure effects individual behavior. The model is developed in the context of sociometric networks of interpersonal affect. By viewing the network as a time‐dependent stochastic process it is possible to construct transition intensity equations for the probability that choices between group members will change. These equations can contain parameters for structural effects. Empirical estimates of the parameters can be interpreted as measures of structural tendencies. Some elementary processes are described and the application of the model to cross‐sectional data is explained in terms of the steady state solution to the process.
TL;DR: In this paper, the primary purpose of this rejoinder is to highlight the fact that conceptual-definitional and empirical issues previously have been raised with regard to information overload in the consumer context.
Abstract: Important conceptual-definitional and empirical issues previously have been raised with regard to information overload in the consumer context. The primary purpose of this rejoinder is to highlight...
01 May 1977
TL;DR: In this article, Franklin A. Graybill integrates the linear statistical model within the context of analysis of variance, correlation and regression, and design of experiments, and provides a time tested, authoritative resource for experimenters, statistical consultants, and students.
Abstract: In this book, Franklin A. Graybill integrates the linear statistical model within the context of analysis of variance, correlation and regression, and design of experiments. With topics motivated by real situations, it is a time tested, authoritative resource for experimenters, statistical consultants, and students.
TL;DR: In the great tit, non-territorial birds use the song of residents as a cue in assessing density, and it is suggested that repertoires are used by resident birds to increase the apparent density of singing residents, and hence decrease the apparent suitability of the area to new birds.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that zoning-system effects on parameter values and model performance are nontrivial, and that their magnitude is far larger than was previously thought likely.
Abstract: The design of zoning systems for spatial interaction models is a major problem which affects both the interpretation and acceptability of these models. This paper demonstrates that zoning-system effects on parameter values and model performance are nontrivial, and that their magnitude is far larger than was previously thought likely. An approach which is most appropriate in an applied context, where there is also the problem of poor model performance, is to identify a zoning system which will approximately optimise model performance. The paper gives details of how this may be achieved. This method is demonstrated by a series of empirical studies. Finally, there is a brief discussion of the general implications for spatial model building.
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: Translating Literature discusses the process and the product of literary translation, incorporating both practical advice for translators and theoretical discussion on the role translations play in the evolution and interpretation of literatures.
Abstract: Designed for courses on literary translation, Translating Literature discusses the process and the product of literary translation, incorporating both practical advice for translators and theoretical discussion on the role translations play in the evolution and interpretation of literatures. Exercises and examples highlight problems in translation.
TL;DR: The validation problems inherent in small-sample discriminant analysis are examined and two recently developed alternatives to the more traditional methods are explained and illustrated in the context of a salesman-selection problem.
Abstract: The validation problems inherent in small-sample discriminant analysis are examined. Two recently developed alternatives to the more traditional methods are explained and illustrated in the context...
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the family context and define family ties relevant to migration decisions and explain their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of family members, as well as on family integrity itself.
Abstract: This paper joins a few very recent attempts to analyze migration in the awareness of the family context In contrast to most of them, my focus is exclusively on the family context The paper defines family ties relevant to migration decisions and explains their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of family members, as well as on family integrity itself Hopefully, the paper provides material for a missing chapter on family economics as well as an addition to the economics of labor supply arid of human capital formation
TL;DR: In this paper, the cognitive foundations of pragmatic theories are discussed, and some results from cognitive analysis of discourse processing are applied in a brief account of the comprehension of speech act sequences and macro-speech acts.
Book•
07 Jul 1977
TL;DR: The foundations of object relations family therapy are found in adolescent development in the family context shared unconscious fantasy and projective identification the analytic group-interpretive approach integration of individual and family therapy an object relations appraoch to sexuality in family life.
Abstract: Foundations of object relations family therapy adolescent development in the family context shared unconscious fantasy and projective identification the analytic group-interpretive approach integration of individual and family therapy an object relations appraoch to sexuality in family life object relations family therapy.
TL;DR: It is indicated that intravenous pyelography is dangerous in patients with juvenile onset diabetes who have a creatinine level of more than 5 mg/100 ml, and particularly at risk seem to be patients with early onset diabetes and those patients with severe renal failure.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of messages designed to change belief and evaluation components of cognitive structure were investigated within the context of the Extended Fishbein Model using a general linear model, causal patterns among cognitive and affective response variables were found to support the flow of effects generally hypothesized to operate in such situations.
Abstract: The effects of messages designed to change belief and evaluation components of cognitive structure are investigated within the context of the Extended Fishbein Model. Using a general linear model, causal patterns among cognitive and affective response variables are found to support the flow of effects generally hypothesized to operate in such situations.
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: A tutorial survey of techniques for using contextual information in pattern recognition is presented in this article, where the text is in the form of machine and hand printed characters, cursive script, and speech.
Abstract: Abstract The importance of contextual information, at various different levels, for the satisfactory solution of pattern recognition problems is illustrated by examples. A tutorial survey of techniques for using contextual information in pattern recognition is presented. Emphasis is placed on the problems of image classification and text recognition, where the text is in the form of machine and handprinted characters, cursive script, and speech. The related problems of scene analysis, natural language understanding, and error-correcting compilers are only lightly touched upon.
TL;DR: The authors found that the presence of both types of context words reduced recall relative to free recall, but list-word context had a greater inhibiting effect than extralist word context, and only the listword context produced a lower rate of approaching the asymptote of the cumulative recall function, while the inhibition of recall attributable to the context words was diminished but not eliminated when the restriction to recall only target items was removed.
Abstract: Subjects recalled words from studied lists for 10 min. in a free-recall situation or in the presence of other list or extralist words. The presence of both types of context words reduced recall relative to free recall, but list-word context had a greater inhibiting effect than extralist word context, and only the list-word context produced a lower rate of approaching the asymptote of the cumulative recall function. The inhibition of recall attributable to the context words was diminished but not eliminated when the restriction to recall only target items was removed. The results of two experiments were generally in substantial agreement with the idea that part-list cues or context words exert their damaging effect by competing with target words at retrieval.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the maximal covering model is used to address specific problems of emergency medical services (EMS) systems, and the potential applications of this model are discussed regarding EMS problems involving multiple time standards and service objectives, location of special equipment, and siting of fixed facilities.
Abstract: EMS location models are those formulated to address specific problems of emergency medical services systems; context-free location models are those developed without reference to particular applications. The literature on these two types of public facility location models is reviewed, and the development of the maximal covering model from several earlier context-free models is described, with emphasis on problem statements and articulation of service objectives. An application of the maximal covering model to fire truck location points up the ability of this model to handle multiple objectives; its ability to compare alternative solutions gives it great utility for planning and evaluating EMS systems of a wide range of complexity. Potential applications of the maximal covering model are discussed regarding EMS problems involving multiple time standards and service objectives, location of special equipment, and siting of fixed facilities.
TL;DR: An extensive evaluation of why adaptive designs are rarely used in clinical trials is presented, and suggestions are offered for reorienting this area of research into directions that are potentially more useful for clinical trials.
Abstract: Summary This paper provides a general review of adaptive experimental designs which utilize accumulating information for assigning the best treatment to the most patients in clinical trials. The historical development of such methods is traced. Though the statistical literature on adaptive designs has developed rapidly and continues to grow, the methods are almost totally unused in practice. An extensive evaluation of why adaptive designs are rarely used in clinical trials is presented. It is asserted that most published methods have important deficiencies that render them unsuitable for application. Suggestions are offeredfor reorienting this area of research into directions that are potentially more useful for clinical trials. The term adaptive treatment assignment as used in this paper in the context of clinical trials refers to methods which utilize accumulating information for assigning the best treatment to the most patients. The literature on such methods has developed rapidly in recent years, but the methods are almost totally unused in practice. A recent paper in a prominent medical journal (Weinstein 1974) concluded that for both statistical and ethical reasons, adaptive designs should be used more often. Why are these adaptive methods not used? This paper is an attempt to answer the question. The methods are briefly reviewed and their historical development traced. A more detailed review of the numerous published
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: The authors presented an analysis of repetition in child language from a pragmatic perspective and found that repeated utterances are not longer nor transformationally more complex than spontaneous utterances, with the exception of the child's repetition of adult expansions.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analysis of repetition in child language from a pragmatic perspective. Pragmatic perspective means simply one that relates an utterance to its context of use. Context is an infinitely extendable notion, but can include such things as the speaker's communicative intention, the speaker–hearer relationship, the extralinguistic setting of the utterance, the linguistic setting of the utterance, and other areas of background knowledge, such as knowledge of conversational norms and conventions. One of the most commonplace observations in the psycholinguistic literature is that many young children often repeat utterances addressed to them. Just as commonplace are generalizations concerning the importance of this behavior to the development of language in the child. With the exception of the child's repetition of adult expansions, repeated utterances are not longer nor transformationally more complex than spontaneous utterances.