Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1978"

Family Therapy in Clinical Practice

Abstract: When Bowen was a student and practitioner of classical psychoanalysis at the Menninger Clinic, he became engrossed in understanding the process of schizophrenia and its relationship to mother-child symbiosis. Between the years 1950 and 1959, at Menninger and later at the National Institute of Mental Health (as first chief of family studies), he worked clinically with over 500 schizophrenic families. This extensive experience was a time of fruition for his thinking as he began to conceptualize human behavior as emerging from within the context of a family system. Later, at Georgetown University Medical School, Bowen worked to extend the application of his ideas to the neurotic family system. Initially he saw his work as an amplification and modification of Freudian theory, but later viewed it as an evolutionary step toward understanding human beings as functioning within their primary networkDtheir family. One of the most renowned theorist and therapist in the field of family work, this book encompasses the breadth and depth of Bowen's contributions. It presents the evolution of Bowen's Family Theory from his earliest essays on schizophrenic families and their treatment, through the development of his concepts of triangulation, intergenerational conflict and societal regression, and culminating in his brilliant exploration of the differentiation of one's self in one's family of origin.

Language As Social Semiotic

Abstract: Buku ini terdiri dari esei, ditulis antara tahun 1972 - 1976, yang dirangkai berdasarkan kesamaan tema Sedangkan judul buku ini merupakan sebuah upaya dalam merangkul kesemua temanBahasa sebagai sebuah fakta sosial adalah esei pembuka yang menjelaskan disiplin sosiolinguistik Kemudian, interpretasi sosiosemiotik bahasa juga mendapatkan perhatian di samping persoalan semanti dari teks

Dynamics of the quiescent solar corona.

Abstract: An analytical model for the quiescent inhomogeneous solar corona is developed on the basis of the hypothesis that looplike structures are the basic coronal building blocks. By assuming that quiescent loop structures observed in X-rays are in hydrostatic equilibrium, it is demonstrated that such loops must have their temperature maximum located near their apex and that substantial nonradiative energy deposition must occur along most of their length. The calculations yield a unique relation among loop temperature, pressure, and size, which fits the X-ray observations of quiescent structures well and is consistent with the initial assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. The results suggest that the coronal loops visible in X-rays represent a relatively steady-state equilibrium of the confined plasmas and that fluctuations in such quantities as the local heating rate can lead to dynamically unstable states in which the loop plasma does not attain a temperature sufficient for X-ray emission. A parameterization of various proposed coronal heating theories is also developed within the context of the analytical model.

Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context

Abstract: Presents case studies and applies the techniques of family therapy to the treatment of self-starvation, anorexia nervosa, as well as other psychosomatic diseases.

Image and pilgrimage in Christian culture

Abstract: First published in 1978, Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture is a classic work examining the theological doctrines, popular notions, and corresponding symbols and images promoting and sustaining Christian pilgrimage. The book examines two major aspects of pilgrimage practice: the significance of context, or the theological conditions giving rise to pilgrimage and the folk traditions enabling worshippers to absorb the meaning of the event; and the images and symbols embodying the experience of pilgrimage and transmitting its visions in varying ways. Retelling its own tales of "mere mortals" confronted by potent visions, such as the man Juan Diego who found redemption with the Lady of Guadalupe and the poor French shepherdess Bernadette whose encounter with the Lady at Lourdes inspired Christians across the globe, this text treats religious visions as both paradox and empowering phenomena, tying them explicitly to the times in which they occurred. Offering vivid vignettes of social history, it extends their importance beyond the realm of the religious to our own conceptions of reality. Extensively revised throughout, this edition includes a new introduction by the theologian Deborah Ross situating the book within the work of Victor and Edith Turner and among the movements of contemporary culture. She addresses the study's legacy within the discipline, especially its hermeneutical framework, which introduced a novel method of describing and interpreting pilgrimage. She also credits the Turners with cementing the link between mysticism, popular devotion, and Christian culture, as well as their recognition of the relationship between pilgrimage and the deep spiritual needs of human beings. She concludes with various critiques of the Turners' work and suggests future directions for research.

Plant Productivity in the Arid and Semiarid Zones

Abstract: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT . PLANT LIFE FORMS AND PRODUCTIVITY MODELS . . TRANSPIRATION . Runoff . Soil Evaporation . Change in Soil Water . Transpiration Modulation . Plant Water Potential and Survival ..

Environmental context and human memory

Abstract: Five experiments examined the effects of environmental context on recall and recognition. In Experiment 1, variability of input environments produced higher free recall performance than unchanged input environments. Experiment 2 showed improvements in cued recall when storage and test contexts matched, using a paradigm that unconfounded the variables of context mismatching and context change. In Experiment 3, recall of categories and recall of words within a category were better for same-context than different-context recall. In Experiment 4, subjects given identical input conditions showed strong effects of environmental context when given a free recall test, yet showed no main effects of context on a recognition test. The absence of an environmental context effect on recognition was replicated in Experiment 5, using a cued recognition task to control the semantic encodings of test words. In the discussion of these experiments, environmental context is compared with other types of context, and an attempt is made to identify the memory processes influenced by environmental context.

The Thomas and Cross Models of Psychological Nigrescence A Review

Abstract: Adult Black identity change that took place within the context of the recent Black sociopolitical movement is the focus of a literature review. The review summarizes two models that depict the various stages that might be associated with the psychological metamorphosis of Black Americans and examines the empirical studies that have been conducted to test the models. Although the models seem to predict major changes in both the self- concept and reference group orientation of converts, the empirical evidence suggests that only the reference group orientation of converts was subject to permanent modification.

Solitons as Particles, Oscillators, and in Slowly Changing Media: A Singular Perturbation Theory

Abstract: In this article, we develop a singular perturbation theory for describing the long time cumulative effects of weak perturbations on solitons. In all cases, the solitons behave in a similar fashion to either relativistic or Newtonian particles or nonlinear oscillators under the influence of external forces. We show how the ubiquitous nonlinear Schrodinger soliton can become synchronized to a periodic external field and how it moves in gradual field gradients. We examine how the kink of the sine-Gordon equation acts both as a relativistic particle and a Newtonian particle in the presence of a general impurity and demonstrate the relaxation of a kink-antikink pair to a breather under the influence of damping. Finally, we discuss the motion of a soliton of the Korteweg de Vries equation under various perturbations and discover that while the soliton remains dominant, the continuous spectrum is excited and plays a crucial role in balancing the ‘mass’ and ‘energy’ depletion rates. In each case, we briefly discuss the result in the context of a physical situation.

Body Shape, Reproductive Effort, and Relative Clutch Mass in Lizards: Resolution of a Paradox

Abstract: Lizard body shapes, selected for in the context of predator escape and foraging, serve well to predict the ratios of clutch to body (termed "relative clutch mass") whether in weights or calories. Species cryptic in behavior that employ the sit-and-wait foraging strategy exhibit high relative clutch mass (RCM) whereas species using flight for escape and the wide-foraging strategy exhibit low RCM. The RCM values for other species with more complex predator escape strategies are predictable once unique aspects of their ecologies are considered. It is concluded that RCM in lizards need not be correlated to reproductive effort, and, if it is, then reproductive effort coevolved with predator escape and foraging strategies and ecologically analogous species should not only exhibit similar RCM values, but also similar reproductive efforts.

Body shape, reproductive effort, and relative clutch mass in lizards: resolution of a paradox

Abstract: Lizard body shapes, selected for in the context of predator escape and foraging, serve well to predict the ratios of clutch to body (termed "relative clutch mass") whether in weights or calories. Species cryptic in behavior that employ the sit-and-wait foraging strategy exhibit high relative clutch mass (RCM) whereas species using flight for escape and the wide-foraging strategy exhibit low RCM. The RCM values for other species with more complex predator escape strategies are predictable once unique aspects of their ecologies are considered. It is concluded that RCM in lizards need not be correlated to reproductive effort, and, if it is, then reproductive effort coevolved with predator escape and foraging strategies and ecologically analogous species should not only exhibit similar RCM values, but also similar reproductive efforts.

Interpreting Metaphors and Idioms: Some Effects of Context on Comprehension. Technical Report No. 93.

Abstract: Two experiments are described in which reaction times for understanding target sentences or phrases in terms of a preceding context were measured. In Experiment 1, the target sentences followed either short or long contexts which induced either literal interpretations or metaphorical ones. Results indicated that only in the short context condition did subjects take significantly longer to understand metaphorical than literal targets. This interaction is explained in terms of the availability of appropriate schemata for interpreting the target. In Experiment 2, targets were phrases that could be given either an idiomatic or a literal interpretation. It was found that the comprehension of phrases receiving an idiomatic interpretation took no longer than the comprehension of those same phrases when given a literal interpretation, and there was some evidence that idiomatic interpretations were consistently faster. It is argued that both experiments can be accounted for in terms of contextually generated expectations. The processes required for the comprehension of figurative and literal uses of language seem to be essentially similar.

Foundation of a Communicator Style Construct.

Abstract: The foundation of a communicator style construct is presented in this paper. The construct is stipulated to include communication variables which reflect the “way one verbally and paraverbally interacts to signal how literal meaning should be taken, interpreted, filtered, or understood.” Nine independent variables (dominant, dramatic, animated, open, contentious, relaxed, friendly, attentive, and impression leaving) and one dependent variable (communicator image) operationally define the construct. Two independent samples, the first with 80 subjects and 102 items and the second with 1,086 subjects and 51 items, are analyzed in terms of (1) how the variables cluster, (2) what dimensionality is embedded in the structure of intercorrelations, and (3) which variables best predict communicator image. Potentially, the construct provides a context for other communication variables, relates to perceptual processes, and explains interpersonal consequents.

Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920

Abstract: Part One. The Jacksonian Era 1. The Urban Threat Emerges: A Strategy Takes Shape 2. The Tract Societies: Transmitting a Traditional Morality by Untraditional Means 3. The Sunday School in the City: Patterned Order in a Disorderly Setting 4. Urban Moral Reform in the Early Republic: Some Concluding Reflections Part Two. The Mid-Century Decades: Years of Frustration and Innovation 5. Heightened Concern, Varied Responses 6. Narrowing the Problem: Slum Dwellers and Street Urchins 7. Young Men and the City: The Emergence of the YMCA Part Three. The Gilded Age: Urban Moral Control in a Turbulent Time 8. "The Ragged Edge of Anarchy": The Emotional Context of Urban Social Control in the Gilded Age 9. American Protestantism and the Moral Challenge of the Industrial City 10. Building Character among the Urban Poor: The Charity Organization Movement 11. The Urban Moral Awakening of the 1890s 12. The Two Faces of Urban Moral Reform in the 1890s Part Four. The Progressives and the City: Common Concerns, Divergent Strategies 13. Battling the Saloon and the Brothel: The Great Coercive Crusades 14. One Last, Decisive Struggle: The Symbolic Component of the Great Coercive Crusades 15. Positive Environmentalism: The Ideological Underpinnings 16. Housing, Parks, and Playgrounds: Positive Environmentalism in Action 17. The Civic Ideal and the Urban Moral Order 18. The Civic Ideal Made Real: The Moral Vision of the Progressive City Planners 19. Positive Environmentalism and the Urban Moral-Control Tradition: Contrasts and Continuities 20. Getting Right with Gesellschaft: The Decay of the Urban Moral-Control Impulse in the 1920s and After Notes Index

The North Atlantic general circulation west of 50°W determined by inverse methods

Abstract: We review linear inverse theory in the context of its application to determining the general circulation of the ocean. Inverse methods are intimately related to least squares and rank deficient regression problems. Results are dependent upon the model assumed; in this paper all models are linear, geostrophic, and mass conserving, and they differ only in the initial reference pressure for the dynamic computations. We show how to compute the resolution of both the observations and the solutions, the degree of data independence, and the solution variance. To handle the underdetermined nature of the problem, we impose a conventional requirement of maximum simplicity relative to the initial model. More generally, the methodology provides a powerful technique for handling imperfect and noisy chemical and dynamical tracers and for assimilating a great variety of different information into dynamically consistent circulation schemes. In the latter part of the paper the methods are applied to the western North Atlantic west of the 50/sup 0/W meridian. An attempt to use a full data set failed owing to the nonsynoptic nature of the observations. Two initial models were then applied to a reduced data set defined by seven boxes in which conservation of total mass and ofmore » four additional layers was required. Model I, which initially has a reference level at the bottom, leads to a large Gulf Stream transport (124 Sv) with an active recirculation zone to the south. Model II begins with a reference level at 2000 dbar and leads to a weaker Gulf Stream with recirculation zones on both sides. The southern recirculation breaks up into smaller scales. Both models yield a strong large-scale gyre to the south of the Mediterranean salt tongue. The residual error is 2-3 Sv rms in both models, but it appears that systematic errors due to the seasonal variability probably exceed this value.« less

Biochemical Criteria for Activated Macrophages

Abstract: The designation “activated macrophage” was originally introduced to describe the state of macrophages that have an enhanced ability to phagocytize microorganisms and exert antimicrobial activity. This effect was found to be dependent upon particular infections and involves the participation of lymphocytes (1, 2). “Activation” has a specific immunologic basis, but its expression is nonspecific. Mackaness has written lucidly about activated macrophages and has referred readers back to the concepts of Lurie in tuberculosis, and further to the fons et origo of thinking in this context, i.e., to concepts of Metchnikoff (3). The latter9s oft quoted phrase regarding a “perfecting of the phagocytic and digestive powers of the leukocytes” might well be, broadly speaking, synonymous with “activation.” Once it was determined that macrophages taken from animals at some appropriate time after infection, for example, with Listerria or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin 2 (BCG), were superior to control cells with respect to their antimicrobial powers, it was natural for inquiry to be made into the differences between such cells and normal (control) cells, in terms of their morphology, cellular chemistry, and biochemical attributes.

A field study on Sumatran orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii Lesson 1827). Ecology, behaviour and conservation.

Abstract: The results of a three year research project on the ecology, behaviour and conservation of the Sumatran orang utan are discussed. The 150 hectares Ketambe study area lie within the boundaries of the Gunung Leuser. reserve in Aceh Tenggara, and consists of mixed rainforest typical of hilly regions. The orang utan's food is irregularly distributed in quantity, space and time within this area. Although the orang utan is frugivorous he also eats leaves, insects, 'bark' and several other less important foods, such as bird's eggs. By far the largest part of the 114 food plants collected is typical primary rainforest growth. Figs make up an important part of the diet, particularly those known as the 'strangling' Ficus spp. As the fruiting seasons of the various strangling fig species are staggered over the whole year, and such trees are often enormous in size, they form particularly suitable food sources. Orang utans appear to have a good topographical knowledge of their 'home range'. There are indications that fig trees bearing ripe fruits are sometimes found by using the flight paths of flocks of hornbills, which also feed on figs. With respect to figs in particular, the orang utan must compete for its food with many other species, notably primates. The study area was regularly used by 22 individually recognized orang utans. Both males and females live in homeranges which overlap considerably and are 2-10 km sq. in extent. The population density of the Ketambe area is considerably higher than that reported for other areas in Indonesia, being approximately 5 individuals per square kilometre. Orang utans live a 'limited gregarious' lifestyle, that is, adult males spend the largest part of their time alone, and avoid encounters with other adult males. The adult females and their offspring stay together for the first 4-5 years of life (the birth interval is at least 3 years.). Adolescent social groups form after the mother-offspring bond becomes weaker. This social phase continues for each individual until either (a) the sexual dimorphistic characteristics of males are clearly distinguishable (at approximately 15 years of age), or (b) the female's first young is born (approximately 10 years of age). Adults also have social moments in their lives. Several individuals in an area can come together to form a 'temporary association' in certain fruit trees. It may be seen from their behaviour that they know each other well and that a network of relationships exist which is partly based on competitive dominance. A peaceful co-existence between adult males however, has not been observed; meetings between adult males had invariably an agonistic character. The sexual behaviour of the orang utan is roughly divisable into: (a) 'raping' of some females by sub-adult males; and (b) cooperative matings, where females often take the intitiative by presenting themselves to, usually, adult males. It appears that only the latter makes an essential contribution to reproduction. The social behaviour of the orang utan is considered and described in detail. Comparison of the behavioural repertoire of this species with that of the (gregarious) chimpanzee shows that the two species are closely related. There are clear differences in social organisation, however, which appear to be mainly of degree, rather than of quality. The social organisation of an animal must be a factor that fits its situational (i.e. environmental) context, but is based on phylogenetic characteristics. Comparison of the habitats of these two apes reveals that they both live in a similar ecological condition with respect to food. The reasons for the exceptional life-style on the part of the orang utan are possibly to be found in the predation pressure the species is exposed to, particularly by man. Man has been present in regions of South-EastAsia since the Pleistocene. It is plausible that the orang utan has been persecuted by man continuously from this time. A comparable influence on the chimpanzee is much more recent. The orang utan is the heaviest arboreal creature and has an exceptional social organisation for a primate. If it may be assumed that high intelligence is a biological outcome of complex group life then, on grounds of intelligence, and from the distinct social organisation and current arboreal life-style it maybe postulated that the orang utan has evolved from a groundliving social ape. This original form was supplanted from its niche by a better adapted ground-living social ape, that is, man. It is possible that a stricly arboreal life style for an animal as heavy as an adult orang utan is not compatible with a social life-style. Moreover, it is likely that refraining from a high degree of sociability and inconspicuousness are the best strategies against human predation. Since one possibility is that the hunting pressure in ancient (and current) times had a great influence on the biology of the orang utan, I have paid particular attention to hunting behaviour in hominids. At present, this form of threat is overshadowed by excessive habitat destruction. Cultivation in connection with the explosive population growth in Indonesia, together with the commercial timber concerns, affect the tropical rainforest ecosystem in such proportions that even reserves are threatened. Despite being protected since 1932, the orang utan is a severely endangered species. Rehabilitation of orang utans is a conservation action directed at reducing the still ongoing hunting pressure. This is despite the fact that there are clear risks in this to the wild population. These risks can be negated by confining rehabilitation projects to areas lacking a wild orang utan population. The orang utan is a component of an intact ecosystem and it is of utmost importance that the emphasis of nature conservation schemes is placed on the totality and balance of the tropical rainforest ecosystem. Every form of commercial exploitation within this ecosystem is incompatible with the proposed goal of preserving the system. The removal of components (e.g. 'selective logging' or 'selective hunting') does real damage to the balance of the system. An orang utan who lives in an exploited forest is in principle of equally small biological value as an orang utan in a zoo; it is a, debatably essential, biological solution that does not correspond to the set of conditions originally operating in its natural selection.

Psychology at Work

Abstract: Skilled performance and mental workload, Robert Hockey (Department of Psychology, University of Hull) body rhythms and shiftwork, Simon Folkard (Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea) training and acquisition of knowledge and skill, Rob Stammers (Applied Psychology Department, University of Aston) human-computer interaction, Andrew Monk (Department of Psychology, University of York) personnel selection and assessment, Ivan Robertson (Manchester School of Management, UMIST) careers in a new context, Nigel Nicholson (Centre for Organizational Research, London Business School) sources and management of excessive job stress and burnout, Michael P. O'Driscoll (Department of Psychology, University of Waikato, New Zealand) and Gary L. Cooper (Manchester School of Management, UNIST) employee well-being, Peter Warr (Institute of Work Psychology, University of Sheffield) leadership and management, David Guest (Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London) women and employment, Marilyn J. Davidson (Manchester School of Management, UMIST) younger and older workers, Peter Warr job design and modern manufacturing, Sharon K. Parker and Toby D. Wall (Institute of Work Psychology, University of Sheffield) the characteristics of organizations, Roy Payne (School of Management, University of Sheffield) organizational change, Jean Hartley (Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London).

The Hidden costs of reward : new perspectives on the psychology of human motivation

Abstract: Originally published in 1978, this volume provided a broad survey of the latest research and theory, at the time, concerning the potential detrimental effects of inappropriate uses of tangible rewards to modify behaviour. Overall, this research questions the dominant paradigm within which reinforcers, by definition, have positive effects on performance and subsequent behaviour, and suggests new directions for the study of human motivation. In a series of five original integrative essays, the contributors summarize their own and related research programmes. These theoretical essays are complemented by two introductory chapters, that provide a historical context for this research, and four discussion chapters, that speak to broader issues, including both the implications and limitations of the research presented. At the time, this was the latest information on a most provocative area.

Course characteristics and college students' ratings of their teachers: What we know and what we don't

Abstract: From showing in a general way that there is “room” for course context to influence class (average) ratings of instruction, this review proceeds to a search for specific course characteristics that are associated with these ratings. Extant research has centered around five such characteristics: class size, course level, the “electivity” of the course, the particular subject matter of the course, and the time of day that the course is held. Although statistically significant zero-order relationships do not appear in every piece of research located for review, such relationships are more likely to be found than not for the first four of these characteristics. The associations may not be particularly strong, but rather clear-cut patterns do emerge. Of the studies reporting an association between size of class and class ratings, most find it to be inverse, although several studies show a curvilinear (U-shaped) relationship. Teacher (and course) ratings tend to be somewhat higher for upper division courses and elective courses. Compared to other instructors, those teaching humanities, fine arts, and languages tend to receive somewhat higher ratings. The possible reasons for these relationships are many and complex. A precise understanding of the contribution of course characteristics to the ratings of teachers (and the courses themselves) is hampered by two circumstances. Studies in which relevant variables are controlled are far fewer in number than are the studies in which only the zero-order relationships between course characteristics and ratings are considered. More importantly, existing multivariate studies tend to underplay or ignore the exact place of course characteristics in a causal network of variables.

Microeconomic Theory : Basic Principles and Extensions. --2nd. ed

Abstract: In addition to providing a concise treatment of fundamentals, the book covers related topics like: Uncertainty, dynamics, time use, allocation over time, general equilibrium, public goods and property rights. Calculus is used throughout this text. The Lagranigan technique is introduced and applied to many different context for solving constrained minimum or maximum problems

Measuring the Inertia and Resilience of Ecosystems

Abstract: The resilience of natural ecosystems is a property of keen interest to both theoretical and applied ecologists. Resilience, in this context, refers to the degree, manner, and pace of restoration of initial structure and function in an ecosystem after disturbance. It is an important ecological characteristic, reflecting ultimately the nature and complexity of homeostatic processes in an ecosystem. Discussions of the concept of ecosystem resilience are relatively recent, and a variety of terms has been proposed for properties of resilience. The ability of a natural ecosystem to restore its structure following acute or chronic disturbance (natural or human-induced) is here termed resilience, consistent with the use of Clapham (1971). This same set of properties is subsumed under the term stability by May (1973), Holling (1973), and Orians (1975) and termed elasticity by Cairs and Dickson (1977). Given the definition of resilience above, it would seem useful to limit "stability" to the pattern of fluctuations in a relatively unimpacted ecosystem over time, a usage consistent with the first eight properties of stability discussed by Whittaker (1975a). Traditionally, fluctuations in ecosystem structure have referred to variations in population densities of component species, but in theory other measures of ecosystem structure or function (e.g., biomass, net primary production, nutrient stocks, species richness) could be used. Since different properties of ecosystem structure and function will not necessarily vary at parallel rates, however, the ecosystem parameters chosen for study will have a

The defect correction principle and discretization methods

Abstract: Recently, a number of closely related techniques for error estimation and iterative improvement in discretization algorithms have been proposed. In this article, we expose the common structural principle of all these techniques and exhibit the principal modes of its implementation in a discretization context.

Automatic Contextual Facilitation in Readers of Three Ages.

Abstract: WEST, RICHARD F., and STANOVICH, KEITH E. Automatic Contextual Facilitation in Readers of Three Ages. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 717-727. Fourth graders, sixth graders, and adults read words preceded by either a congruous, incongruous, or no-sentence context. Congruous contexts facilitated the reading times of all 3 groups. Incongruous contexts slowed the responses of the fourth and sixth graders, but not those of the adults. The same subjects completed another task, using similar materials, in which they had to name the color of the target word. The results of this and another control task indicated that context effects are mediated, at least in part, by automatic processes. However, the relative importance of these automatic contextual processes appears to decrease with age and reading ability as automatic word-recognition processes become more dominant.