Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1982"

A review of goodness of fit statistics for use in the development of logistic regression models

Abstract: Several statistics have recently been proposed for the purpose of assessing the goodness of fit of an estimated logistic regression model. These statistics are reviewed and compared to other, less formal, procedures in the context of applications in epidemiologic research. One statistic is recommended for use and its computation is illustrated using data from a recent study of mortality of intensive care unit patients.

An Interactive Activation Model of Context Effects in Letter Perception: Part 2. The Contextual Enhancement Effect and Some Tests and Extensions of the Model

Abstract: The interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception is reviewed, elaborated, and tested. According to the model context aids the perception of target letters as they are processed in the perceptual system. The implication that the duration and timing of the context in which a letter occurs should greatly influence the perceptibility of the target is confirmed by a series of experiments demonstrating that early or enhanced presentations of word and pronounceablepseudoword contexts greatly increase the perceptibility of target letters. Also according to the model, letters in strings that share several letters with words should be equally perceptible whether they are orthographically regular and pronounceable (SLET) or irregular (SLNT) and should be much more perceptible than letters in contexts that share few letters with any word (XLQJ). This prediction is tested and confirmed. The basic results of all the experiments are accounted for, with some modification of parameters, although there are some discrepancies in detail. Several recent findings that seem to challenge the model are considered and a number of extensions are proposed.

The Instructional Management Role of the Principal

Abstract: This review of related literature and research prompted the development of a framework for understanding the role of the principal as an instructional manager. A number of links between school-level variables and student learning are proposed. The discussion includes consideration of instrictional organization, school climate, influence behavior, and the context of principal management.

Context-independent and context-dependent information in concepts

Abstract: It is proposed that concepts contain two types of properties. Context-independent properties are activated by the word for a concept on all occasions. The activation of these properties is unaffected by contextual relevance. Context-dependent properties are not activated by the respective word independent of context. Rather, these properties are activated only by relevant contexts in which the word appears. Context-independent properties form the core meanings of words, whereas context-dependent properties are a source of semantic encoding variability. This proposal lies between two opposing theories of meaning, one that argues all properties of a concept are active on all occasions and another that argues the active properties are completely determined by context. The existence of context-independent and context-dependent properties is demonstrated in two experimental settings: the property-verification task and judgments of similarity. The relevance of these property types to cross-classification, problem solving, metaphor and sentence comprehension, and the semantic-episodic distinction is discussed.

The Concept of External Validity

Abstract: Many researchers feel that external validity must be emphasized even in theoretical research. The argument for both a sophisticated and a common sense version of this contention is refuted in this paper. It is concluded that the very nature of progress in theoretical research argues against attempting to maximize external validity in the context of any single study.

Archaeology as human ecology : method and theory for a contextual approach

Abstract: Part I. Perspectives: 1. Context in archaeology 2. Environmental systems: spatial and temporal variability Part II. Foundations: 3. Geo-archaeology I: basic principles 4. Geo-archaeology II: landscape context 5. Geo-archaeology III: stratigraphic context 6. Geo-archaeology IV: site formation 7. Geo-archaeology V: site modification and destruction 8. Geo-archaeology VI: human impact on the landscape 9. Archaeometry: prospecting, provenance, dating 10. Archaeobotany: vegetation and plant utilization 11. Zoo-archaeology: faunas and animal procurement Part III. Synthesis: 12. Spatial integration I: quantitative models for pattern analysis 13. Spatial integration II: socioecological models for settlement analysis 14. Spatial integration III: reconstruction of settlement systems 15. Diachronic systems I: cultural adaptation 16. Diachronic systems II: continuity and change References Index.

The Scourge of Monetarism

Abstract: Now thoroughly revised and updated, this edition also includes a new introduction which places Britain's experience of monetarism into a world context.

Factors Affecting the Context for Motivation in Public Organizations

Abstract: A comparative framework is used to assess the present understanding of the motivational context in public organizations. Comparative public-private research on individual, job, work environment, and external variables affecting motivation is reviewed. In light of this research, the efficacy of four motivational techniques—monetary incentives, goal setting, job design, and participation—is discussed. An agenda is offered for future research, focusing on topics such as the measurability of performance, goal clarity, and job security.

Mountain Weather and Climate

Abstract: As Barry says in his preface, this is the first book dealing with mountain weather and climate worldwide and represents a review of all publications on the subject. As a matter of fact, this approach is not the best because information is not always extensively presented. It looks like a colorful stone mosaic, where a lot of stones are missing. Barry says in his introduction that the studies were ‘often viewed only in the context of a particular local problem.’

Employment and Unemployment

Abstract: This book was first published in 1982. Unemployment is perhaps one of the most serious social problems. In economic terms the cost of unemployment, both to the individual and to the collective, is extremely high. But unemployment has other effects too. In this book Marie Jahoda looks beyond the obvious economic consequences, to explore the psychological meaning of employment and unemployment. The book is an accessible and nontechnical account of the contribution which social psychology can make to understanding unemployment and clearly reveals the limitations of an exclusive concentration on its economic aspects. Professor Jahoda shows that the psychological impact is hugely destructive, throwing doubt on the popular diagnosis that the work ethic is disappearing. She also analyses the experience of unemployment in the context of the experience of employment and argues that one of the socially destructive consequences of large-scale unemployment is that it detracts from the need to humanise employment.

Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy

Abstract: Section I: Cultural Conceptions of the Person and Health.- 1. Introduction: Cultural Conceptions in Mental Health Research and Practice.- 2. Culture and Psychiatric Illness: Biomedical and Ethnomedical Aspects.- 3. The Ethnographic Study of Cultural Knowledge of "Mental Disorder".- 4. Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally?.- Section II: Cultural Conceptions of Mental Disorder.- 5. Toward a Meaning-Centered Analysis of Popular Illness Categories: "Fright- Illness" and "Heart Distress" in Iran.- 6. Cultural Definitions, Behavior and the Person in American Psychiatry.- 7. Samoan Folk Knowledge of Mental Disorders.- 8. Popular Conceptions of Mental Health in Japan.- 9. Science and Psychological Medicine in the Ayurvedic Tradition.- Section III: Cultural Conceptions of Therapy.- 10. The Unbounded Self: Balinese Therapy in Theory and Practice.- 11. Self-Reconstruction in Japanese Religious Psychotherapy.- 12. Psychotherapy and Emotion in Traditional Chinese Medicine.- 13. Shaman-Client Interchange in Okinawa: Performative Stages in Shamanic Therapy.- 14. Sunao: A Central Value in Japanese Psychotherapy.- Section IV: Issues and Directions.- 15. The Intercultural Context of Counseling and Therapy.- 16. Culture and Mental Health: An Overview.- List of Contributors.- Author Index.

Employment and Unemployment

Abstract: This book was first published in 1982. Unemployment is perhaps one of the most serious social problems. In economic terms the cost of unemployment, both to the individual and to the collective, is extremely high. But unemployment has other effects too. In this book Marie Jahoda looks beyond the obvious economic consequences, to explore the psychological meaning of employment and unemployment. The book is an accessible and nontechnical account of the contribution which social psychology can make to understanding unemployment and clearly reveals the limitations of an exclusive concentration on its economic aspects. Professor Jahoda shows that the psychological impact is hugely destructive, throwing doubt on the popular diagnosis that the work ethic is disappearing. She also analyses the experience of unemployment in the context of the experience of employment and argues that one of the socially destructive consequences of large-scale unemployment is that it detracts from the need to humanise employment.

Chapter 12 Duality approaches to microeconomic theory

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter develops the duality between cost and production functions. The chapter derives the regularity conditions that a cost function C must have and shows how a production function is constructed from a given cost function. The chapter considers the duality between a (direct) production function F and the corresponding indirect production function G. Under certain regularity conditions, G can also completely describe the technology, and thus there is a duality between direct and indirect production functions. The duality theorems have two interpretations: one in the producer context and the other in the consumer context. The chapter discusses a variety of other duality theorems—that is, other methods for equivalently describing tastes or technology, either locally or globally, in the one-output, N-inputs context. The mathematical theorems presented in the chapter appear to be only theoretical results devoid of practical applications. However, this is not the case. The chapter also surveys some of the applications of the duality theorems developed earlier. These applications fall in two main categories: (1) the measurement of technology or preferences and (2) the derivation of comparative statics results.

Support for the death penalty: Instrumental response to crime, or symbolic attitude?

Abstract: In this study the instrumental and symbolic perspectives on public support for the death penalty were directly compared within the context of a single survey of citizen attitudes. The results suggest that both instrumental and symbolic concerns influenced death penalty support. When the relative influence of the two factors was directly assessed, the symbolic perspective was found to exercise the major influence upon support for capital punishment, while the influence of instrumental crime-related concerns was small. These results suggest that death penalty support is one aspect of general political-social ideology, rather than a response to crime-related concerns or experiences. Over the past several decades, periodic surveys have questioned the American public on its support for policies involving the sentencing of criminal offenders. The results of these surveys consistently reveal widespread differences of opinion among adult Americans in their support for the death

Women in Muslim family law

Abstract: An exploration of family law as it pertains to women with regard to marriage, divorce and inheritance in the Middle East. This second edition is revised to expand and update coverage of family law reforms that have taken place throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. It focuses on the historical and legal context for reform, and the methodology and extent of contemporary legal trends, particularly in Egypt and Pakistan.

The Real-Bills Doctrine versus the Quantity Theory: A Reconsideration

Abstract: Two competing monetary policy prescriptions are analyzed within the context of overlapping generations models. The real-bills prescription is for unfettered private intermediation or central bank operations designed to produce the effects of such intermediation. The quantity-theory prescription, in contrast, is for restrictions on private intermediation designed to separate "money" from credit. Although our models are consistent with quantity-theory predictions about money supply and price-level behavior under these two policy prescriptions, the models imply that the quantity-theory prescription is not Pareto optimal and the real-bills prescription is.

Documents on the laws of war

Abstract: This book contains the texts of twenty-five formal international agreements, from the 1856 Paris Declaration to the 1981 UN Weapons Convention. It also contains other important documents, such as the 1978 Red Cross Fundamental Rules of International Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts. Each document is preceded by prefatory notes by the editors, explaining its legal and historical context. In addition, each binding international agreement is followed by a complete and authoritative list of all the states which are parties to it, along with the dates of adherence and details of any reservations or declarations which states have made.

Behavioural theories of dispersion and the mis-specification of travel demand models☆

Abstract: Conventional of first generation transport models have for some time been heavily criticised for their lack of behavioural content and inefficient use of data; more recently second generation or disaggregate travel demand models based on a theory of choice between discrete alternatives have also been viewed critically. First, it has been argued that implemented structures—and particularly the Multinomial Logit model—have not been sufficiently general to accommodate the “interaction” between alternatives; and second, and perhaps more importantly, that the underpinning theory, involving a perfectly discriminating rational man (homo economicus), endowed with complete information is an unacceptable starting point for the analysis of behaviour. In this paper the potential errors in forecasting travel response arising from theoretical misrepresentation are investigated; more generally, the problems of inference and hypothesis testing in conjuction with cross-sectional models are noted. A framework is developed to examine the consequences of the divergence between the behaviour of individuals in a system, the observed, and that description of their behaviour (which is embedded in a forecasting model) imputed by an observer, the modeller. The extent of this divergence in the context of response to particular policy stimuli is examined using Monte Carlo simulation for the following examples: (i) alternative assumptions relating to the structure of models reflecting substitution between similar alternatives; (ii) alternative decision-making processes; (iii) limited information and “satisficing” behaviour; and (iv) existence of habit in choice modelling. The method has allowed particular conclusions to be nade about the importance of theoretical misrepresentation in the four examples. More generally, it highlights the problems of forecasting response with cross-sectional models and draws attention to the problem of validation which is all too often associated solely with the goodness of statistical fit of analytic functions to data patterns.

Polydisperse systems: Statistical thermodynamics, with applications to several models including hard and permeable spheres

Abstract: The statistical thermodynamics of polydisperse systems of particles is investigated. A Gibbs–Duhem relation is obtained and the equilibrium conditions relevant to a two‐phase system are derived. Systems of hard spheres, and hard spheres with Kac tails, are treated as illustrative examples with analytic results given in the context of scaled‐particle (Percus–Yevick) theory as well as the polydisperse generalization of the thermodynamic approximation of Mansoori et al. An exact treatment of the analogous one‐dimensional systems is also given. Quantitative results using a Schultz distribution of diameters are presented. A model of interpenetrable particles introduced previously by one of us—the permeable‐sphere model—is also considered. Its thermodynamics and pair distribution functions are shown to be exactly obtainable in the context of the Percus–Yevick approximation. For this model, polydispersivity in both particle size and particle impenetrability is considered analytically. The pair potential for this...

The Psychological Context of Residential Mobility and Weil-Being

Abstract: This article examines earlier research on residential mobility and health, and offers a theoretical framework that addresses certain issues neglected in that research. In general, previous analyses have characterized relocation as an acute and short-term life event that imposes considerable strains on the individual at the time of moving. This perspective minimizes the dynamic quality of mobility and ignores the longer-term health consequences of relocation which unfold gradually as the individual adjusts to the diverse life changes associated with moving. Alternatively, the proposed analysis assumes that the health effects of relocation depend not only on the immediate circumstances surrounding a move, but also on the broader context of the individual's residential history, current life situation, and aspirations for the future. Hypotheses concerning several psychological mediators of mobility and health are derived. These hypotheses are assessed in light of the findings from a longitudinal survey of residential experience and health.

Attitudes toward suicide: a factor analytic approach.

Abstract: Suicide occurs in a cultural context, but that context, especially in terms of community attitudes, has not been explored fully. This study presents a 100-item questionnaire (the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire; SOQ) and a factor analysis of 285 respondents. The results, 15 factors that accounted for 76.6% of the total variance, underscore the complexities of such attitudes.

Occupational stress, Type A behavior, and physical well being.

Abstract: In the context of a person-environment fit framework, organizational level and the Type A behavior pattern of managers were found to moderate the stressor, satisfaction, and physiology associations. For nurses, Type A behavior pattern was a much more significant moderator of the person-environment fit than were the nurses' specialty work activities.

Improved Heuristics for Multi-Stage Requirements Planning Systems

Abstract: Most of the recent studies of heuristic lot-sizing techniques for multi-stage material requirements planning systems have investigated the problem in the context of a single stage. In this paper, t...

Using Lagrangean Techniques to Solve Hierarchical Production Planning Problems

Abstract: This paper proposes and tests a procedure for decomposing a large scale production planning problem modeled as a mixed-integer linear program. We interpret this decomposition in the context of Hax ...