Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1989"

Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective

Abstract: This study deals with the linguistic study of texts as a way of understanding how language functions in its immensely varied range of social contexts. The authors adopt a functional approach to language, in which the different registers or functional varieties of a language are explained by reference to the different contexts in which they occur. Their analysis reveals how, on the one hand, each text is unique, while on the other, the way a text is organized and the kinds of coherence it displays are closely related to the place and the value that it has in its social and cultural environment.

Bureaucracy : What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It

Abstract: Organizations * Armies, Prisons, Schools * Organization Matters Operators * Circumstances * Beliefs * Interests * Culture Managers * Constraints * People * Compliance Executives * Turf * Strategies * Innovation Context * Congress * Presidents * Courts * National Differences Change * Problems * Rules * Markets * Bureaucracy and the Public Interest

An Empirical Examination of the Structural Antecedents of Attitude toward the Ad in an Advertising Pretesting Context

Abstract: Recent research has identified attitude toward the ad (AAd) as an important construct mediating the effects of advertising on brand attitude and purchase intention. To date, however, little attenti...

Linda in context

Abstract: How can a system that differs sharply from all currently fashionable approaches score any kind of success? Here's how.

Industrialization and the Big Push

Abstract: This paper explores Rosenstein-Rodan's idea that simultaneous industrialization of many sectors of the economy can be profitable for them all even when no sector can break even industrializing alone. We analyze this idea in the context of an imperfectly competitive economy with aggregate demand spillovers and interpret the big push into industrialization as a move from a bad to a good equilibrium. We present three mechanisms for generating a big push and discuss their relevance for less developed countries.

The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes.

Abstract: The early human papillomavirus type 16 genes that directly participate in the in vitro transformation of primary human keratinocytes have been defined. In the context of the full viral genome, mutations in either the E6 or E7 open reading frame completely abrogated transformation of these cells. Mutations in the E1, E2, and E2-E4 open reading frames, on the other hand, had no effect. Thus, both the full-length E6 and E7 genes were required for the induction of keratinocyte immortalization and resistance to terminal differentiation. The E6 and E7 genes expressed together from the human beta-actin promoter were sufficient for this transformation; mutation of either gene in the context of this recombinant plasmid eliminated the ability to induce stable differentiation-resistant transformants.

Rocky Roads to Transfer: Rethinking Mechanism of a Neglected Phenomenon

Abstract: Recent findings of transfer and nontransfer in such areas as planning and problem management skills, computer programming instruction, and literacy-related cognitive skills reveal paradoxes that invite explanation. In this article, we separate the "how" of transfer—the mechanisms that lead to it—from the "what" of transfer—the kind of knowledge and skill that might get transferred. We argue that transfer occurs in two ways. Low-road transfer depends on extensive, varied practice and occurs by the automatic triggering of well-learned behavior in a new context. High-road transfer occurs by intentional mindful abstraction of something from one context and application in a new context. Such transfer can either be of the forward-reaching kind, whereby one mindfully abstracts basic elements in anticipation for later application, or of the backward-reaching kind, where one faces a new situation and deliberately searches for relevant knowledge already acquired. Findings of transfer or nontransfer reflect whether ...

An illusion of memory: false recognition influenced by unconscious perception

Abstract: The results of two experiments showed that an illusion of memory can be produced by unconscious perception. In a first phase of those experiments, a long list of words was presented for study. For the test of recognition memory given in the second phase of each experiment, presentation of a "context" word preceded that of most recognition test words. Ss were to judge whether or not the test words had been presented during the earlier study phase of the experiment. Effects of a context word on this recognition memory decision were opposite when Ss were aware vs. unaware of its presentation. For example, as compared to a condition in which no context word was presented, the probability of false recognition was increased when Ss were unaware but decreased when Ss were aware of the presentation of a context word that matched the recognition test word. Results are discussed in terms of unconscious influences on an attribution process.

Conservation equations and physical models for hypersonic air flows in thermal and chemical nonequilibrium

Abstract: The conservation equations for simulating hypersonic flows in thermal and chemical nonequilibrium and details of the associated physical models are presented These details include the curve fits used for defining thermodynamic properties of the 11 species air model, curve fits for collision cross sections, expressions for transport properties, the chemical kinetics models, and the vibrational and electronic energy relaxation models The expressions are formulated in the context of either a two or three temperature model Greater emphasis is placed on the two temperature model in which it is assumed that the translational and rotational energy models are in equilibrium at the translational temperature, T, and the vibrational, electronic, and electron translational energy modes are in equilibrium at the vibrational temperature, T sub v The eigenvalues and eigenvectors associated with the Jacobian of the flux vector are also presented in order to accommodate the upwind based numerical solutions of the complete equation set

Visionary leadership and strategic management

Abstract: This paper describes the concept of visionary leadership in a new way, more suitable for strategic management. First, drawing on an account of theatre, it presents a model of visionary leadership as drama, an interaction of repetition, representation, and assistance. Second, considering the experiences of a number of visionary leaders, in terms of style, process, content, and context, the paper describes various types of visionary leadership—the creator, the proselytizer, the idealist, the bricoleur, and the diviner.

Factual Writing: Exploring and Challenging Social Reality

Abstract: This book describes the different types of writing that are used as tools of communication in the adult world, and compares the writing tasks that teachers set for their pupils and the ways in which they measure success. By analyzing the different skills required within the school context and the outside world, Martin suggests how the education process could become more appropriate to the needs of the individual.

Self-organizing semantic maps

Abstract: Self-organized formation of topographic maps for abstract data, such as words, is demonstrated in this work The semantic relationships in the data are reflected by their relative distances in the map Two different simulations, both based on a neural network model that implements the algorithm of the selforganizing feature maps, are given For both, an essential, new ingredient is the inclusion of the contexts, in which each symbol appears, into the input data This enables the network to detect the "logical similarity" between words from the statistics of their contexts In the first demonstration, the context simply consists of a set of attribute values that occur in conjunction with the words In the second demonstration, the context is defined by the sequences in which the words occur, without consideration of any associated attributes Simple verbal statements consisting of nouns, verbs, and adverbs have been analyzed in this way Such phrases or clauses involve some of the abstractions that appear in thinking, namely, the most common categories, into which the words are then automatically grouped in both of our simulations We also argue that a similar process may be at work in the brain

Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States.

Abstract: Etude interculturelle de la perception du soi a partir des reponses d'individus a deux questionnaires non contextualise ou contextualise (demandant aux sujets de se decrire dans des contextes varies)

Some Suggestions for Research on Entrepreneurial Traits and Characteristics

Abstract: This article suggests that researchers submitting manuscripts on entrepreneurial traits and characteristics should: ground their studies in the context of previous research, articulate a specific t...

Context effects and inefficient initiation at non-AUG codons in eucaryotic cell-free translation systems.

Abstract: The context requirements for recognition of an initiator codon were evaluated in vitro by monitoring the relative use of two AUG codons that were strategically positioned to produce long (pre-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase [CAT]) and short versions of CAT protein. The yield of pre-CAT initiated from the 5'-proximal AUG codon increased, and synthesis of CAT from the second AUG codon decreased, as sequences flanking the first AUG codon increasingly resembled the eucaryotic consensus sequence. Thus, under prescribed conditions, the fidelity of initiation in extracts from animal as well as plant cells closely mimics what has been observed in vivo. Unexpectedly, recognition of an AUG codon in a suboptimal context was higher when the adjacent downstream sequence was capable of assuming a hairpin structure than when the downstream region was unstructured. This finding adds a new, positive dimension to regulation by mRNA secondary structure, which has been recognized previously as a negative regulator of initiation. Translation of pre-CAT from an AUG codon in a weak context was not preferentially inhibited under conditions of mRNA competition. That result is consistent with the scanning model, which predicts that recognition of the AUG codon is a late event that occurs after the competition-sensitive binding of a 40S ribosome-factor complex to the 5' end of mRNA. Initiation at non-AUG codons was evaluated in vitro and in vivo by introducing appropriate mutations in the CAT and preproinsulin genes. GUG was the most efficient of the six alternative initiator codons tested, but GUG in the optimal context for initiation functioned only 3 to 5% as efficiently as AUG. Initiation at non-AUG codons was artifactually enhanced in vitro at supraoptimal concentrations of magnesium.

Meaning and mental representation

Abstract: In this provocative study, Robert Cummins takes on philosophers, both old and new, who pursue the question of mental representation as an abstraction, apart from the constraints of any particular theory or framework. Cummins asserts that mental representation is, in fact, a problem in the philosophy of science, a theoretical assumption that serves different explanatory roles within the different contexts of commonsense or "folk" psychology, orthodox computation, connectionism, or neuroscience. Cummins looks at existing and traditional accounts by Locke, Fodor, Dretske, Millikan, and others of the nature of mental representation and evaluates these accounts within the context of orthodox computational theories of cognition. He proposes that popular accounts of mental representation are inconsistent with the empirical assumptions of these models, which require an account of representation like that involved in mathematical modeling. In the final chapter he considers how mental representation might look in a connectionist context. A Bradford Book.

Static, dynamic, and relational properties in vowel perception

Abstract: The present work reviews theories and empirical findings, including results from two new experiments, that bear on the perception of English vowels, with an emphasis on the comparison of data analytic "machine recognition" approaches with results from speech perception experiments. Two major sources of variability (viz., speaker differences and consonantal context effects) are addressed from the classical perspective of overlap between vowel categories in F1 x F2 space. Various approaches to the reduction of this overlap are evaluated. Two types of speaker normalization are considered. "Intrinsic" methods based on relationships among the steady-state properties (F0, F1, F2, and F3) within individual vowel tokens are contrasted with "extrinsic" methods, involving the relationships among the formant frequencies of the entire vowel system of a single speaker. Evidence from a new experiment supports Ainsworth's (1975) conclusion [W. Ainsworth, Auditory Analysis and Perception of Speech (Academic, London, 1975)] that both types of information have a role to play in perception. The effects of consonantal context on formant overlap are also considered. A new experiment is presented that extends Lindblom and Studdert-Kennedy's finding [B. Lindblom and M. Studdert-Kennedy, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 43, 840-843 (1967)] of perceptual effects of consonantal context on vowel perception to /dVd/ and /bVb/ contexts. Finally, the role of vowel-inherent dynamic properties, including duration and diphthongization, is briefly reviewed. All of the above factors are shown to have reliable influences on vowel perception, although the relative weight of such effects and the circumstances that alter these weights remain far from clear. It is suggested that the design of more complex perceptual experiments, together with the development of quantitative pattern recognition models of human vowel perception, will be necessary to resolve these issues.

Principles of Manual Medicine

Abstract: The Second Edition of this text presents principles and practice of manual medicine, with discussions of how and where they apply in the context of various disease states. Structured according to organ system, this book offers a guide to the effective methods of diagnosis and therapy.

How culture works

Abstract: An anthropologist might find the question bizarre, one that by the asking reveals a fundamental misunderstanding. Culture is not something that works or fails to work. It is not something imposed on or done to a person; it is constitutive of the person. It is the precondition and the condition of human-ness. The meanings people incorporate in their lives are not separate from their activities; activities are made of meanings. Culture, as Clifford Geertz says, "is not a power, something to which social events, behaviors, institutions, or processes can be causally attributed; it is a context, something within which they can be intelligibly that is, thickly described."' Insofar as this is true, the question of the "impact" of culture is not answerable because culture is not separable from social structure, economics, politics, and other features of human activity.

Instruments of Government: Perceptions and Contexts

Abstract: Government uses a wide variety of instruments to reach its policy goals, ranging from indirect methods, such as moral suasion and cash inducements, to more direct ones involving government provision of services. Although there has been a fair amount of writing on the nature and use of various policy instruments, there is very little work on either the meaning ascribed to these instruments by the decisionmakers who use them (or the experts who design them) or the processes by which some come to be favored over others. Characteristics of the political system, such as national policy style, the organizational setting of the decisionmaker, and the problem situation are all likely to have some influence over the choice of instruments. The relative impact of these variables, however, is likely to be mediated by subjective factors linked to cognition. Perceptions of the proper ‘tool to do the job’ intervenes between context and choice in a complex way. Efforts to account for variation in instrument choice, then, must focus not only on macro level variables but on micro ones as well.

Tropical and Geographical Medicine

Abstract: Placing equal emphasis on the three factors in the infectious agent/host relationship - the parasite, the patient and the population - this text deals with each important disease in the context of affected populations as well as the individual patient.

Postmodernist Culture: An Introduction to Theories of the Contemporary

Abstract: Part 1 Context: postmodernism and the academy. Part 2 Posterities: postmodernities postmodernism in architecture and the visual arts postmodernism and literature postmodern performance postmodern film and TV postmodernism and popular culture renunciation and sublimity - on critical modesty postmodernism and cultural politics.

Intelligent optical navigator dynamic information presentation and navigation system

Abstract: Disclosed is a computerized information presentation system for dynamically organizing information in order to present to a user previously unrecognized relationships among portions of the information. The system comprises information description storage for storing information comprising a plurality of concepts and for each concept knowledge of allowable attributes for the concept and one or more of attributes, attribute values, and relationships among attributes and attribute values. The system further comprises categorization knowledge storage for storing knowledge of criteria for placing the concepts into categories and context determination for determining a current context based on system state. Mapping knowledge storage is included for storing knowledge of mappings between a particular context and the presentation of information. The system also includes dynamic categorization for dynamically placing the concepts into categories for presentation using the categorization criteria, the current context and the knowledge of mappings and for displaying on a user screen selected concepts and categories.

A discrepancy model of end-user computing involvement

Abstract: Within the context of traditional data processing, the MIS literature has devoted considerable attention to the relationship between user involvement and MIS success: unfortunately, this research h...

Symptoms in the first two years of life. A preliminary population study of infantile autism.

Abstract: A population sample of autistic children (n = 26) were compared retrospectively with age-and sex-matched mentally retarded children (n = 20) and age- and sex-matched population-representative children (n = 25) on a 130-item questionnaire to the mother concerning characteristic features of the child's behaviour in the first 2 years of life. Thirteen items discriminated clearly between the groups. The results are discussed in the context of early screening for autism.

The Operation of Entrepreneurial Intentions

Abstract: Entrepreneurial intentions are conceived as a link between the entrepreneur as an individual and the context within which a venture is created. A model of intentional action is presented. Five face...

An introduction to phonology

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction to phonetics 2. The phoneme 3. Distinctive features. 4. Phonological representations 5. Phonological processes 6. Naturalness and strength 7. Interaction between rules 8. The abstractness of underlying representations 9. The syllable 10. Multi-tiered phonology 11. Stress and intonation 12. Phonology in the wider context Bibliography. Suggested answers to exercises. Language index. Subject index.