Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1994"

Context-Aware Computing Applications

Abstract: This paper describes systems that examine and react to an individual's changing context. Such systems can promote and mediate people's interactions with devices, computers, and other people, and they can help navigate unfamiliar places. We believe that a limited amount of information covering a person's proximate environment is most important for this form of computing since the interesting part of the world around us is what we can see, hear, and touch. In this paper we define context-aware computing, and describe four catagories of context-aware applications: proximate selection, automatic contextual reconfiguration, contextual information and commands, and contex-triggered actions. Instances of these application types have been prototyped on the PARCTAB, a wireless, palm-sized computer.

Estimating attributes: analysis and extensions of RELIEF

Abstract: In the context of machine learning from examples this paper deals with the problem of estimating the quality of attributes with and without dependencies among them. Kira and Rendell (1992a,b) developed an algorithm called RELIEF, which was shown to be very efficient in estimating attributes. Original RELIEF can deal with discrete and continuous attributes and is limited to only two-class problems. In this paper RELIEF is analysed and extended to deal with noisy, incomplete, and multi-class data sets. The extensions are verified on various artificial and one well known real-world problem.

Dyadic Business Relationships within a Business Network Context

Abstract: In business-to-business settings, dyadic relationships between firms are of paramount interest. Recent developments in business practice strongly suggest that to understand these business relationships, greater attention must be directed to the embedded context within which dyadic business relationships take place. The authors provide a means for understanding the connectedness of these relationships. They then conduct a substantive validity assessment to furnish some empirical support that the constructs they propose are sufficiently well delineated and to generate some suggested measures for them. They conclude with a prospectus for research on business relationships within business networks.

Facilitating internalization: the self-determination theory perspective.

Abstract: Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) posits that (a) people are inherently motivated to internalize the regulation of uninteresting though important activities; (b) there are two different processes through which such internalization can occur, resulting in qualitatively different styles of self-regulation; and (c) the social context influences which internalization process and regulatory style occur. The two types of internalization are introjection, which entails taking in a value or regulatory process but not accepting it as one's own, and integration, through which the regulation is assimilated with one's core sense of self. Introjection results in internally controlling regulation, whereas integration results in self-determination. An experiment supported our hypothesis that three facilitating contextual factors--namely, providing a meaningful rationale, acknowledging the behaver's feelings, and conveying choice--promote internalization, as evidenced by the subsequent self-regulation of behavior. This experiment also supported our expectation that when the social context supports self-determination, integration tends to occur, whereas when the context does not support self-determination, introjection tends to occur.

Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research.

Abstract: The understanding of how to reduce risk factors for mental disorders has expanded remarkably as a result of recent scientific advances This study, mandated by Congress, reviews those advances in the context of current research and provides a targeted definition of prevention and a conceptual framework that emphasizes risk reduction Highlighting opportunities for and barriers to interventions, the book draws on successful models for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, injuries, and smoking In addition, it reviews the risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse and dependence, depressive disorders, and conduct disorders and evaluates current illustrative prevention programs The models and examination provide a framework for the design, application, and evaluation of interventions intended to prevent mental disorders and the transfer of knowledge about prevention from research to clinical practice The book presents a focused research agenda, with recommendations on how to develop effective intervention programs, create a cadre of prevention researchers, and improve coordination among federal agencies

Marketing Strategy-Performance Relationship: An Investigation of the Empirical Link in Export Market Ventures:

Abstract: The relationship between marketing strategy and performance has been well documented in the domestic marketing context. However, empirical work in the context of export marketing has been fragmente...

Guilt: An interpersonal approach.

Abstract: Multiple sets of empirical research findings on guilt are reviewed to evaluate the view that guilt should be understood as an essentially social phenomenon that happens between people as much as it happens inside them. Guilt appears to arise from interpersonal transactions (including transgressions and positive inequities) and to vary significantly with the interpersonal context. In particular, guilt patterns appear to be strongest, most common, and most consistent in the context of communal relationships, which are characterized by expectations of mutual concern. Guilt serves various relationship-enhancing functions, including motivating people to treat partners well and avoid transgressions, minimizing inequities and enabling less powerful partners to get their way, and redistributing emotional distress.

Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment

Abstract: The first part of this book provides an introduction to the principles of EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment), and an overview of its development and agency and legislative context. Part two gives a step by step discussion and critique of the EIA process. Part three examines current practice, in the UK and in several other countries, and includes selected UK case studies. Part four considers possible future developments.

The table lens: merging graphical and symbolic representations in an interactive focus + context visualization for tabular information

Abstract: We present a new visualization, called the Table Lens, for visualizing and making sense of large tables. The visualization uses a focus+context (fisheye) technique that works effectively on tabular information because it allows display of crucial label information and multiple distal focal areas. In addition, a graphical mapping scheme for depicting table contents has been developed for the most widespread kind of tables, the cases-by-variables table. The Table Lens fuses symbolic and graphical representations into a single coherent view that can be fluidly adjusted by the user. This fusion and interactivity enables an extremely rich and natural style of direct manipulation exploratory data analysis.

Effect of Clinical Guidelines on Medical Practice: A Systematic Review of Rigorous Evaluations

Abstract: Although interest in clinical guidelines has never been greater, uncertainty persists about whether they are effective. The debate has been hampered by the lack of a rigorous overview. We have identified 59 published evaluations of clinical guidelines that met defined criteria for scientific rigour; 24 investigated guidelines for specific clinical conditions, 27 studied preventive care, and 8 looked at guidelines for prescribing or for support services. All but 4 of these studies detected significant improvements in the process of care after the introduction of guidelines and all but 2 of the 11 studies that assessed the outcome of care reported significant improvements. We conclude that explicit guidelines do improve clinical practice, when introduced in the context of rigorous evaluations. However, the size of the improvements in performance varied considerably.

Estimation, Inference and Specification Analysis

Abstract: This book examines the consequences of misspecifications ranging from the fundamental to the nonexistent for the interpretation of likelihood-based methods of statistical estimation and interference. Professor White first explores the underlying motivation for maximum-likelihood estimation, treats the interpretation of the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) for misspecified probability models, and gives the conditions under which parameters of interest can be consistently estimated despite misspecification, and the consequences of misspecification, for hypothesis testing in estimating the asymptotic covariance matrix of the parameters. Although the theory presented in the book is motivated by econometric problems, its applicability is by no means restricted to economics. Subject to defined limitations, the theory applies to any scientific context in which statistical analysis is conducted using approximate models.

Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound

Abstract: For a variety of reasons, social perceivers may often attempt to actively inhibit stereotypic thoughts before their effects impinge on judgment and behavior. However, research on the psychology of mental control raises doubts about the efficacy of this strategy. Indeed, this work suggests that when people attempt to suppress unwanted thoughts, these thoughts are likely to subsequently reappear with even greater insistence than if they had never been suppressed (i.e., a ''rebound'' effect). The present research comprised an investigation of the extent to which this kind of rebound effect extends to unwanted stereotypic thoughs about others. The results provided strong support for the existence of this effect. Relative to control subjects (i.e., stereotype users), stereotype suppressors responded more pejoratively to a stereotyped target on a range of dependent measures. We discuss our findings in the wider context of models of mind, thought suppression, and social stereotyping.

International-Business Political Behavior: New Theoretical Directions

Abstract: Alternative assumptions are advanced regarding the political nature of international business and the role of government as a factor of production, which firms must manage in their international value-added chains. Based on a model of business political behavior, various propositions are developed regarding the interactions among firm, industry, and nonmarket factors as well as the impact they have on various forms and intensities of political behavior, as affected by strategic objectives. Finally, the strategic-theorizing implications of such behavior are discussed in the context of the recent emphasis on resource-based models of strategy management.

How Women Legislate

Abstract: INTRODUCTION 1. Expectations and Natures 2. The Procedural Question: Reform or Adapt? 3. Legislative Products: The Influence of Women 4. The Nature of Support 5. The Context of Institutional Change 6. The Impact of Women 7. Predictions for the Future

Human Reliability Analysis: Context and Control

Abstract: Performance, Reliability, And Unwanted Consequences. The Need for Models of the Reliability of Cognition. The Nature of Human Reliability Assessment. Reliability. Scientific Issues. The Fundamentals of the Model. The Dependent Differentiation Method. Chapter Summaries. Discussion. References. Index.

Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining identification and responding to threat.

Abstract: The impact of change in context on identity maintenance, the implications of maintenance efforts for group identification, and the effects of perceived threats to identity on self-esteem associated with group membership are examined in a longitudinal study of Hispanic students during their 1st year at predominately Anglo universities. Whereas ethnic identity is initially linked to the strength of the students'cultural background, maintenance of ethnic identity is acoomplished by weakening that link and remooring the identity to the current college context. Results suggest 2 distinct paths by which students negotiate their ethnic identity in a new context. Students with initially strong ethnic identity become involved in cultural activities, increasing the strength of their identification

Stated preference analysis of travel choices: the state of practice

Abstract: Stated preference (SP) methods are widely used in travel behaviour research and practice to identify behavioural responses to choice situations which are not revealed in the market, and where the attribute levels offered by existing choices are modified to such an extent that the reliability of revealed preference models as predictors of response is brought into question. This paper reviews recent developments in the application of SP models which add to their growing relevance in demand modelling and prediction. The main themes addressed include a comparative assessment of choice models and preference models, the importance of scaling when pooling different types of data, especially the appeal of SP data as an enriching strategy in the context of revealed preference models, hierarchical designs when the number of attributes make single experiments too complex for the respondent, and ways of accommodating dynamics (i.e. serial correlation and state dependence) in SP modelling.

Educational Risk and Resilience in African-American Youth: Context, Self, Action, and Outcomes in School

Abstract: This study examined the empirical validity of a model of human motivation as it applies to school success and failure in 3 independent samples of 10- to 16-year-old African-American youth. Specifically, we assessed how indicators of context, self, and action relate to measures of risk and resilient outcomes in school in 3 different samples, using 3 different measurement strategies. Correlational and path analyses on the 3 data sets supported the empirical validity of the model. African-American youth's experience of their parents' school involvement predicted a composite of self-system processes, which in turn predicted the subjects' reports of their engagement in school. Engagement then predicted school performance and adjustment. The data supported a reciprocal path from action to context, suggesting that youth who show more disaffected patterns of behavior and emotion in school experience less support from their families than those reporting more engaged patterns of action. Implications for program and policy decisions are discussed.

The social roles and functions of emotions

Abstract: (from the chapter) discuss the ways in which the sociocultural environment can be expected to influence the emotional processes, the roles and functions of these processes in social interaction, and the influences of the sociocultural environment upon those roles and functions / discuss the modes of influence on emotions of the immediate context of social interaction in which emotions arise and of the values, norms, and cognitive customs prevalent in a given culture / briefly outline the conception of emotions that guides our analysis

Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach

Abstract: Intro -- Intercultural Communication -- Contents -- Figures -- Series Editor's Preface -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- 1: What Is a Discourse Approach? -- The Problem with Culture -- Culture is a verb -- Discourse -- Discourse systems -- What Is Communication? -- Language is ambiguous by nature -- We must draw inferences about meaning -- Our inferences tend to be f ixed, not tentative -- Our inferences are drawn very quickly -- Interdiscourse communication and English as a global language -- What This Book Is Not -- Researching Interdiscourse Communication -- Four processes of ethnography -- Four types of data in ethnographic research -- Choosing a site of investigation -- Discussion Questions -- References for Further Study -- 2: How, When, and Where to Do Things with Language -- Sentence Meaning and Speaker's Meaning -- Speech Acts, Speech Events, and Speech Situations -- Grammar of Context -- Seven main components for a grammar of context -- Scene -- Key -- Participants -- Message form -- Sequence -- Co-occurrence patterns, marked and unmarked -- Manifestation -- Variation in context grammar -- "Culture" and Context -- High context and low context situations -- Researching Interdiscourse Communication -- Using the "grammar of context" as a preliminary ethnographic audit -- Discussion Questions -- References for Further Study -- 3: Interpersonal Politeness and Power -- Communicative Style or Register -- Face -- The "self" as a communicative identity -- The Paradox of Face: Involvement and Independence -- Politeness strategies of involvement and independence -- Linguistic strategies of involvement: some examples -- Linguistic strategies of independence: some examples -- Face Systems -- Three Face Systems: Deference, Solidarity, and Hierarchy -- Deference face system (−P, +D).

The Theoretical Roots of Service-Learning in John Dewey: Toward a Theory of Service Learning

Abstract: thought in the context of social life. Perhaps this reflects an application of the principles of continuity and interaction that were

Consumer Psychology for Marketing

Abstract: 1. Consumer-Oriented Marketing. 2. Consumer Choice. 3. Perceptual Processes. 4. Cognitive and Behavioural Learning. 5. Attitudes, Intentions and Behaviour. 6. Motivation and Lifestyle. 7. Personality and Cognitive Style. 8. Consumers in Context. 9. Consumers in Society.

Minds in Play: Computer Game Design As A Context for Children's Learning

Abstract: Video games more than any other media have brought technology into children's homes and hearts Educators, psychologists, and parents are struck by the quality of engagement that stands in stark contrast to children's usual interest in school homework and other activities Whereas most research efforts have concentrated on discussing the effects of game playing, this book takes a different stance It takes a close look at games as a context for learning by placing children in the roles of producers rather than consumers of games Kafai presents a constructionist vision of computer-based learning activities in schools She follows a class of sixteen fourth-grade students from an inner-city public elementary school as they were programming games in Logo to teach fractions to third graders The children transformed their classroom into a game design studio for six months, learning programming, writing stories and dialogues, constructing representations of fractions, creating package designs and advertisements, considering interface design issues, and devising teaching strategies In this context, programming became a medium for children's personal and creative expression; in the design of their games children engaged their fantasies and built relationships with other pockets of reality that went beyond traditional school approaches The ideas and discussions presented in this book address educators, researchers, and software and curriculum designers interested in children's learning and thinking with educational technologies

An application of recurrent nets to phone probability estimation

Abstract: This paper presents an application of recurrent networks for phone probability estimation in large vocabulary speech recognition. The need for efficient exploitation of context information is discussed; a role for which the recurrent net appears suitable. An overview of early developments of recurrent nets for phone recognition is given along with the more recent improvements that include their integration with Markov models. Recognition results are presented for the DARPA TIMIT and Resource Management tasks, and it is concluded that recurrent nets are competitive with traditional means for performing phone probability estimation. >

Non-hierarchical logistic models and case-only designs for assessing susceptibility in population-based case-control studies

Abstract: This article describes how genetic components of disease susceptibility can be evaluated in case-control studies, where cases and controls are sampled independently from the population at large. Subjects are assumed unrelated, in contrast to studies of familial aggregation and linkage. The logistic model can be used to test collapsibility over phenotypes or genotypes, and to estimate interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Such interactions provide an example of a context where non-hierarchical models make sense biologically. Also, if the exposure and genetic categories occur independently and the disease is rare, then analyses based only on cases are valid, and offer better precision for estimating gene-environment interactions than those based on the full data.

Preschoolers can attribute second-order beliefs

Abstract: The ability to attribute 2nd-order mental states was investigated in 87 children drawn from preschool, kindergarten, 1 st-grade, and 2nd-grade classes. Children received 4 stories, 2 standard and 2 new, designed to test their understanding of 2nd-order mental states. The standard stories were modified versions of J. Perner and H. Wimmer's (1985) 2nd-order task. The new stories were made significantly simpler by reducing the number of characters, episodes, and scenes and by including a deception context. The main findings were that performance on the new stories was significantly better than on the standard stories and that nearly half of the preschoolers and almost all of the kindergartners were able to attribute 2nd-order beliefs. These findings contrast with earlier research

Interaction between duration, context, and speaking style in English stressed vowels

Abstract: Acoustic observations are reported for English front vowels embedded in a /w—l/ frame and carrying constant main stress. The vowels were produced by five speakers in clear and citation‐form styles at varying durations but at a constant speaking rate. The acoustic analyses revealed (i) that formant patterns were systematically displaced in the direction of the frequencies of the consonants of the adjacent pseudosymmetrical context; (ii) that those displacements depended in a lawful manner on vowel duration; (iii) that this context and duration dependence was more limited for clear than for citation‐form speech, and that the smaller formant shifts of clear speech tended to be achieved by increases in the rate of formant frequency change. The findings are compatible with a revised, and biomechanically motivated, version of the vowel undershoot model [Lindblom, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1773–1781 (1963)] that derives formant patterns from numerical information on three variables: The ‘‘locus‐target’’ distance, vowel duration, and rate of formant frequency change. The results further indicate that the ‘‘clear’’ samples were not merely louder, but involved a systematic, undershoot‐compensating reorganization of the acoustic patterns.

What clinical teachers in medicine need to know.

Abstract: In order to identify the components of knowledge that effective clinical teachers of medicine need, the author carried out a qualitative study of six distinguished clinical teachers in general internal medicine in 1991. Using data from interviews, a structured task, and observations of each ward team, he identified six domains of knowledge essential to teaching excellence in the context of teaching rounds: clinical knowledge of medicine, patients, and the context of practice, as well as educational knowledge of learners, general principles of teaching and case-based teaching scripts. When combined, these domains of knowledge allow attending physicians to engage in clinical instructional reasoning and to target their teaching to the specific needs of their learners. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to both prior research on teacher knowledge, reasoning, and action and faculty development in medicine.