Showing papers on "Corporate governance published in 1976"
TL;DR: A review of the literature reveals three major philosophies concerning business responsibility as mentioned in this paper : the classical view, the managerial view and the public view, which are called the classical, managerial and public view.
181 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the industrial inheritance and the growth of firms to 1914, and the rise of the corporate economy from the 1930's to the 1950's: continuity or change?
Abstract: 1. Business: history and economics 2. The industrial inheritance the growth of firms to 1914 3. The rationalization movement 4. Government: trustbuster or promoter 5. Capitalist ownership and the stock market 6. Management and the limits to growth 7. The rise of the corporate economy: dimensions 8. The rise of the corporate economy: directions 9. From the 1930's to the 1950's : continuity or change? 10. The modern corporate economy 11. The upshot for welfare
169 citations
TL;DR: Corporate social responsibility is defined as the serious attempt to solve social problems caused wholly or in part by the corporation as mentioned in this paper. The problem concept is operationally defined, and social problems are distinguished from non-social problems.
Abstract: Corporate social responsibility is defined as the serious attempt to solve social problems caused wholly or in part by the corporation. The problem concept is operationally defined, and social problems are distinguished from non-social problems. A method of social problem solution, based on the principles of applied behavior analysis, is demonstrated using an industrial accident reduction example.
164 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: The text in this document (excluding the Royal Arms and departmental logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The text in this document (excluding the Royal Arms and departmental logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the document specified. Contents Foreword 5 Executive summary 6 Introduction 9 1. Limiting the powers of the executive 15 Moving royal prerogative powers to Parliament 16 Deploying the Armed Forces abroad 18 Ratifying treaties 19 Dissolving Parliament 20 Recalling the House of Commons 21 Placing the Civil Service on a statutory footing 21 Wider review and reforms of the prerogative executive powers 23 Role of the Attorney General 24 The Government's role in ecclesiastical, judicial and public appointments 25 Appointments in the Church of England 25 Other non-executive appointments 27 Judicial appointments 27 Streamlining public appointments 28 Improving current processes and strengthening the House of Commons' role 28 Limiting Ministers' involvement in the granting of honours 30 2. Making the executive more accountable 31 National security 32 Intelligence and Security Committee 32 National Security Strategy 33 Parliament's scrutiny of Government 34 Departmental debates in the House of Commons 34 Transparency of Government expenditure 35 Independence of the Office for National Statistics 36 Regions and responsibility 37 Regional Ministers 37 Regional select committees 38 Reforming the Ministerial Code 39 3. Re-invigorating our democracy 40 Renewing the accountability of Parliament 41 House of Lords reform 41 Revitalising the House of Commons 42 Westminster and devolution 43 Making Parliament more representative 44 Election day 45 Voting systems 46 Improving direct democracy 46 Petitions 46 Restrictions on protests around Parliament 48 Right of charities to campaign 48 Local communities 49 4. Britain's future: the citizen and the state 53 Citizenship and national identity 53 Our common British values 57 Developing a British statement of values 58 British Bill of Rights and Duties 60 Constitution 62 4 Foreword Our constitutional arrangements fundamentally underpin how we function as a nation. The nature of the relationship the Government has with citizens, the credibility of our institutions, and the rights and responsibilities of citizens all determine the health of our democracy. Without a shared national purpose, and a strong bond between people and government, we cannot meet the challenges of today's world – whether in guaranteeing security, delivering world class education and health services, building strong communities, or responding to …
131 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: For instance, in this paper, the authors argue that American public school systems support the values of the 'dominant' social class of their constituent communities, based on evidence which supposedly demonstrated the middle class bias of teachers, school administrators, and school board members; and pervasiveness of dominant community values.
Abstract: In twenty years the argument about who controls the American public schools has changed dramatically. In 1953 Charters challenged the then-prevalent view, derived from a quarter century of research,1 that American public school systems support the values of the 'dominant' social class of their constituent communities.\"2 This view was based upon evidence which supposedly demonstrated (1) the middle class bias of teachers, school administrators, and school board members; and (2) the pervasiveness of dominant community values. By way of illustration, the latter part of this view was well expressed by Warner:
110 citations
TL;DR: The number of corporations employing computer based planning models has increased so dramatically that there are now nearly two thousand firms in the United States, Canada, and Mexico using some form of corporate planning model.
Abstract: Based on a survey of 346 corporations in North America and Europe, this article attempts to ascertain who is using corporate planning models, why they are being used, how they are used, and which resources are required. The authors also examine the methodology and political environment associated with the implementation of these models and speculate on the future of corporate planning models.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize the major approaches in the U.S.A. to measurement and reporting of the impact of an organization on society and suggest future research needs in this area.
Abstract: In the past 5 years, accounting researchers, management consultants and corporate executives have been attempting to develop operational frameworks for the implementation and institutionalization of corporate social accounting. This has produced a tremendous diversity in the measurement models and reporting frameworks that have been developed. This paper synthesizes the major approaches in the U.S.A. to measurement and reporting of the impact of an organization on society. It also suggests future research needs in this area.
71 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a major innovation in the institutional analysis of cities and their planning, management and governance using concepts of transaction costs and property rights, showing systematically how urban order evolves as individuals co-operate in cities for mutual gain.
Abstract: This book represents a major innovation in the institutional analysis of cities and their planning, management and governance. Using concepts of transaction costs and property rights, the work shows systematically how urban order evolves as individuals co-operate in cities for mutual gain.
64 citations
51 citations
TL;DR: In the past decade, many of the authors in the field of business policy have increasingly emphasized the need for top-level managers to attend to the formulation of corporate strategy for time horizons extending 5 years and beyond and to the design of management systems to implement that strategy as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the past decade, writers in the field of business policy have increasingly emphasized the need for top-level managers to attend to the formulation of corporate strategy for time horizons extending 5 years and beyond and to the design of management systems to implement that strategy Special attention has been given by these writers to the development of models or approaches that would help managers address the problems of strategy formulation and implementation more analytically Thus, most of the recent writing in the field has been "normative" in character; that is, it defines a problem for top-level managers to attend to, and it tells them how they should go about thinking about that problem The writings of Ansoff, Katz, Learned et al, Guth, and Newman and Logan1 are representative of the mainstream of thought on the subject All agree on the need for managerial attention to the problems of strategy formulation and implementation All agree on the basic intellectual tasks that strategy formulation and implementation involve, that is: (1) the assessment of environmental conditions and trends and the identification of opportunity and threat; (2) the determination of comparative strengths and weaknesses of the organization for competing in particular product-market areas; (3) the identification of the objectives, goals, and values to be served by the organization; (4) the identification of the requirements of a chosen strategy for particular management systems to implement that strategy effectively and efficiently Major differences between the approaches or theories of the authors lie principally in the degree of analytical rigor they prescribe Learned et al, for example, prescribe a broader, less conceptually rigorous approach than does Ansoff To illustrate, in defining corporate strategy, Learned et al state: "For us strateyv is the Dattern of objectives DurDoses or goals and
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation into the practice of corporate planning in 20 major Dutch companies was carried out and the results emphazise some of the problems regarding the corporate planner and his role in the firm.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors integrate elements from the theory of agency, property rights, and finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm, and investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity.
Abstract: This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the 'separation and control' issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears the costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optimality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing the creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem.
TL;DR: In this paper, the system of governance and administration of schools in England is seen as a triangle of tension, the three points being central government, local government and individual schools, and reference is made to patterns of curriculum, examinations, supervision and finance, the English approach being compared with practices elsewhere.
Abstract: Any educational service is provided through a large number of separated institutions and many decisions are necessarily taken by individual schools, and, indeed, by individual teachers. However, these day-to-day decisions are taken within a framework laid down elsewhere. Power and responsibility in an educational system relate chiefly to the extent and nature of the resources provided, the curriculum and teaching methods, the character and purpose of individual institutions and the internal organization of those institutions. Significant decisions may be taken at national, state, local authority and individual school levels. Cutting across such patterns are employer-employee relationships and agreements negotiated with trade unions. The system of governance and administration of schools in England is seen as “a triangle of tension”, the three points being central government, local government and individual schools. Reference is made to patterns of curriculum, examinations, supervision and finance, the English approach being compared with practices elsewhere. It is argued that within the constraints imposed by the controlling authority individual schools shouls possess a great deal of flexibility in making their own decisions, including questions of student-staff ratios, allocation of teachers and expenditure of finance. Power and responsibility should not be divorced, but related; this is the logical development of a system of distributed administration.
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical basis for evaluating and resolving the central issues which confound executive decision making as it relates to corporate social responsibility is proposed, which includes the formulation of a theoretical framework for evaluating, resolving, and evaluating the problems that arise when the pursuit of social responsibility becomes inimical to the quest for profits.
TL;DR: In this paper, the purposes and problems of disclosure of corporate information to employees for both general and collective bargaining purposes are examined, and the type of information under consideration includes that relating to labour, financial statistics and matters affecting future plans and prospects.
Abstract: This paper examines the purposes and problems of disclosure of corporate information to employees for both general and collective bargaining purposes. The type of information under consideration includes that relating to labour, financial statistics and matters affecting future plans and prospects.
TL;DR: In this article, two parallel studies of campus governance in Pennsylvania institutions were conducted for the purpose of exploring effects of decision issue, institution, and type of institution upon each pattern as well as upon ways in which governance patterns and perceived legitimacy covary.
Abstract: This report relates the findings of two parallel studies of campus governance in Pennsylvania institutions. Patterns of decision making were described at six institutions in one study and perceived legitimacy of governance on the part of faculty was assessed on the same campuses. The findings of the studies are related for the purpose of exploring effects of decision issue, institution, and type of institution upon each pattern as well as upon ways in which governance patterns and perceived legitimacy covary. The conclusions suggest modifications in theory and research strategies for future work on the dynamics of campus governance.
TL;DR: A review of the current thinking and practice on corporate development can be found in this article, where the authors argue that organizations evolve in a sporadic way through the drive of an entrepreneur, in response to opportunities presented by new products and expanding markets, and to defend themselves against the threat of competition or government action.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the OEA and TSPC have been used as a source of information for the World Wide Web, and the Web has been used for a wide range of purposes.
Abstract: o u s ly , i n l i g h t o f t h e p r e v io u s d i s c u s s i o n , th e OEA and t h e TSPC d e m o n s tra te d c o n s id e r a b l e a c c e s s to l e g i s l a t o r s who were i n t e r e s t e d and w i l l i n g t o c a r r y t h e demands o f th e s e g roups t o th e l e g i s l a t u r e . R e p re s e n t a t i v e s B r a n c h f i e ld and C h e rry gave th e s e g ro u p s a c c e s s t o th e s e r v i c e s o f th e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n se l , a s w e l l . W ith o u t such a c c e s s th e a u to n o m y /re v o c a t io n i s s u e s co u ld n o t have b een c o n s id e re d even by th e I n t e r i m Committee on E d u c a t io n i n 1964 o r 1972. A ls o b o th th e OEA and th e TSPC have b e n e f i t e d from th e lo n g te rm incum bency o f one s t a f f member o f
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: The Law and Business Administration in Canada, 14/e as mentioned in this paper responds to the needs of today's business students by streamlining the traditional study of contractual principles, emphasizing current legal topics involving government regulation of business, corporate governance, e-commerce, privacy, and globalization, and adding continuity to the discussion of strategies to manage business risks by asking students to consider the legal issues facing a single businesses as it evolves through each chapter.
Abstract: The Law and Business Administration in Canada, 14/e responds to the needs of today’s business students by streamlining the traditional study of contractual principles, emphasizing current legal topics involving government regulation of business, corporate governance, e-commerce, privacy, and globalization, and adding continuity to the discussion of strategies to manage business’s legal risks by asking students to consider the legal issues facing a single businesses as it evolves through each chapter.
01 Jul 1976
TL;DR: It is generally agreed that higher education performs essential services for American business and is seen as decisive for the growth and profitability of industry (Gordon and Howell, 1959; Patrick and Eells, 1969) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: It is generally agreed that higher education performs essential services for American business. Scientific research and a properly educated labor force are seen as decisive for the growth and profitability of industry (Gordon and Howell, 1959; Patrick and Eells, 1969). Analysts divide on whether the interests of institutions other than business have been equally well served by the college system. Structural-functionalists and kindred analysts lean toward the conclusion that higher education contributes to the collective interests of the entire society (Parsons and Platt, 1973), while Marxists generally conclude that business is disproportionately benefitted (Miliband, 1969; Bowles and Gintis, 1976). Nonetheless, both theoretical traditions emphasize the role of higher education in meeting the knowledge and training demands of modern industry. While education may be a &dquo;vital working tool of business&dquo; (Patrick and Eells, 1969: 22), business has also been vital to the support of higher education. Business has played an important role in shaping public opinion and legislation favorable to the college system, and it has been a major source of private contributions. It would appear that a central feature of the relationship between business and higher education is an exchange of essential re-
Book•
01 Jun 1976
Journal Article•