Showing papers on "Corrosion published in 2013"
TL;DR: In this article, the three major materials challenges for the current and next generation of water-cooled fission reactors are centered on two structural materials aging degradation issues (corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of structural materials and neutron-induced embrittlement of reactor pressure vessels), along with improved fuel system reliability and accident tolerance issues.
1,633 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a metal-insulator-semiconductor photo-anode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation in both aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH, pH = 14) and aaqueous borate buffer (pH = 9.5) solutions is presented.
Abstract: Silicon’s sensitivity to corrosion has hindered its use in photoanode applications. We found that deposition of a ~2-nanometer nickel film on n-type silicon (n-Si) with its native oxide affords a high-performance metal-insulator-semiconductor photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation in both aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH, pH = 14) and aqueous borate buffer (pH = 9.5) solutions. The Ni film acted as a surface protection layer against corrosion and as a nonprecious metal electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution. In 1 M aqueous KOH, the Ni/n-Si photoanodes exhibited high PEC activity with a low onset potential (~1.07 volts versus reversible hydrogen electrode), high photocurrent density, and durability. The electrode showed no sign of decay after ~80 hours of continuous PEC water oxidation in a mixed lithium borate–potassium borate electrolyte. The high photovoltage was attributed to a high built-in potential in a metal-insulator-semiconductor–like device with an ultrathin, incomplete screening Ni/NiO x layer from the electrolyte.
601 citations
Book•
08 Jun 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the effect of surface barrier effects on the performance of anode-oxide films on the surface charge of a metal and the role of the metal in Inhibition.
Abstract: 1 Techniques for the Measurement of Electrode Processes at Temperatures Above 100 C.- Experimental Techniques.- Pressure Vessels and Liners.- Insulation and Sealing of Electrode Leads.- Metallized Ceramic Seals.- Compression Seals.- Line Seals.- Reference Electrodes.- High-Temperature Reference Electrodes.- External Reference Electrodes.- Application of High-Temperature Electrochemical Techniques.- Corrosion Studies.- Nonferrous Alloys.- Ferrous Materials.- Measurement of emf.- Measurement of pH.- Conductance Measurements.- Electrodeposition and Electrolysis.- Polarography.- Fuel Cells.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2 Surface- and Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior.- The Nature of Crystal Surfaces.- Clean Surfaces.- Surface Structure.- Chemical Segregation at Free Surfaces.- Space-Charge Effects.- Summary.- Environmental Effects on Crystalline Solids with Clean Surfaces.- Metals.- Clean Metals in Electrolytes.- Adsorption of Surface-Active Species.- Gaseous Environments and Vacuum Effects.- Nonmetals.- Solvent Environments (Joffe Effect).- Effects of Surface-Active Species.- Effects of Solid Surface Films.- Nonmetals.- Metals.- Mechanism of Surface Barrier Effects.- Elastic Theory.- Atomistic Nature of the Film-Substrate Interface.- Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3 Mechanism and Phenomenology of Organic Inhibitors.- Mechanisms of the Action of Organic Inhibitors.- Adsorption.- Influence of Structural Parameters on Adsorption and Inhibition.- Action of Reduction, Polymerization, or Reaction Products.- Steric Effects.- Action of the Organic Cations.- The Role of the Metal in Inhibition.- Surface Charge of the Metal.- Cold Working.- Surface State.- Surface Treatments.- Purity of the Metal.- Hydrogen Penetration.- Methods of Studying Inhibitors.- Corrosion Rate Measurements.- Electrochemical Methods.- Radiochemical Methods.- IR and UV Spectroscopic Methods.- Mass Spectrometry and NMR Methods.- Other Methods.- Determination of Inhibitor Behavior vs Hydrogen Penetration.- Organic Inhibitors in Various Aggressive Environments.- Atmospheric Corrosion Inhibitors.- Inhibitors in the Steam Zone of Industrial Installations.- Inhibitors in Aqueous Solutions.- Inhibitors in Acid Solutions.- Inhibitors in Alkaline Solutions.- Inhibitors in a Nonaqueous Environment.- Summary.- References.- 4 Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum.- Short History.- Anodizing Processes of Current Importance and Interest.- Outline of Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum.- Scope of Anodizing Electrolytes and Their Characteristics.- Sulfuric Acid.- Oxalic Acid.- Chromic Acid.- Sulfamic Acid.- Phosphoric Acid.- Bright Anodizing.- Hard Anodizing.- Integral Color Anodizing.- Coloring by Dyestuffs and Pigments.- Special Anodizing Processes.- Anodizing in Molten Salts.- Anodizing in a Nonaqueous Solvent System.- Continuous and High-Current Anodizing.- Sealing.- Mechanism of Anodic Oxidation.- Stability and Corrosion of Aluminum (Pourbaix Diagram).- Classification of Anodic Films on Metal.- Chemical Composition of Anodic Oxide Films.- Barrier Film.- Duplex Film.- Theory of Dyeing Anodic Films.- Sealing Mechanism.- Properties of Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum.- Corrosion Problems in Anodized Aluminum.- Acknowledgment.- References.
591 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of corrosion problems during oil and gas production and its mitigation is given, where the chemistry of corrosion mechanism had been examined with various types of corrosion and associated corroding agents in the oil and natural gas industry.
Abstract: In order to ensure smooth and uninterrupted flow of oil and gas to the end users, it is imperative for the field operators, pipeline engineers, and designers to be corrosion conscious as the lines and their component fittings would undergo material degradations due to corrosion. This paper gives a comprehensive review of corrosion problems during oil and gas production and its mitigation. The chemistry of corrosion mechanism had been examined with the various types of corrosion and associated corroding agents in the oil and gas industry. Factors affecting each of the various forms of corrosion were also presented. Ways of mitigating this menace with current technology of low costs had been discussed. It was noticed that the principles of corrosion must be understood in order to effectively select materials and to design, fabricate, and utilize metal structures for the optimum economic life of facilities and safety in oil and gas operations. Also, oil and gas materials last longer when both inhibitors and protective coatings are used together than when only batch inhibition was used. However, it is recommended that consultations with process, operations, materials, and corrosion engineers are necessary in the fitness of things to save billions of dollars wasted on corrosion in the oil and gas industries.
449 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the role of hydrogen dissolved in the Mg metal during corrosion and during anodic polarisation, and the size film-free area where corrosion occurs, and how to measure this area.
374 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of a range of commercial and model alloys, conventional austenitic steels do not have sufficient oxidation resistance with only ∼18Cr-10Ni, and higher alloyed type 310 stainless steel is protective but Ni is not a desirable alloy addition for this application.
356 citations
349 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of 3,5-bis(2-thienylmethyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (2-TMAT) was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization techniques.
326 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that a graphene coating can, on the contrary, accelerate long-term oxidation of an underlying copper substrate in ambient atmosphere at room temperature.
Abstract: This paper reports the enhancement of long-term oxidation of copper at room temperature by a graphene coating. Previous studies showed that graphene is an effective anticorrosion barrier against short-term thermal and electrochemical oxidation of metals. Here, we show that a graphene coating can, on the contrary, accelerate long-term oxidation of an underlying copper substrate in ambient atmosphere at room temperature. After 6 months of exposure in air, both Raman spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that graphene-coated copper foil had a higher degree of oxidation than uncoated foil, although X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the surface concentration of Cu(2+) was higher for the uncoated sample. In addition, we observed that the oxidation of graphene-coated copper foil was not homogeneous and occurred within micrometer-sized domains. The corrosion enhancement effect of graphene was attributed to its ability to promote electrochemical corrosion of copper.
312 citations
TL;DR: Corrosion was evaluated for ultra-high-purity magnesium (Mg) immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2 in this article.
246 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between corrosion rate and concrete resistivity is investigated and the influence of factors including the experimental setup, the concrete mix design and the cause of corrosion is evaluated.
Abstract: The process of reinforcement corrosion in concrete is partially controlled by the transport of ions through the concrete microstructure. Ions are charged and the ability of a material to withstand transfer of charge is dependent upon the electrical resistivity. Thus, a connection could be expected between the corrosion process of steel embedded in concrete and the electrical resistivity of concrete. This paper reviews research concerning the relationship between corrosion rate and concrete resistivity. Overall, there exists an inverse proportional correlation between the parameters. However, the dependency varies between studies and one single relationship cannot be established between corrosion rate and resistivity. To address the variation, the article reviews and evaluates the influence of factors including the experimental setup, the concrete mix design and the cause of corrosion.
TL;DR: In this paper, the inhibition effect of Neolamarckia cadamba crude extract (bark, leaves) and pure alkaloid (3β-isodihydrocadambine) were investigated for mild steel corrosion in 1-M HCl medium.
TL;DR: In this paper, a robust graphene reinforced composite coating with excellent corrosion resistance by aqueous cathodic electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is reported, at optimum EPD conditions, a coating thickness of around 40nm is obtained at 10V and deposition time of 30 s.
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the chloride and carbonation induced corrosion of steel in concrete and present transport mechanisms and electrochemical concepts for preventative measures, condition assessment and repair techniques.
Abstract: Reinforced concrete has been developed and applied extensively in the 20th century. It combines the good compressive strength of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel and has proven to be successful in terms of structural performance and durability. However, there are instances of premature failure of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete components due to corrosion of the reinforcing steel with very high economic implications of such damage. This book focuses on the chloride and carbonation induced corrosion of steel in concrete, presenting transport mechanisms and electrochemical concepts. Other types of corrosion of steel and degradation of concrete are also treated. The main emphasis lies on design and execution aspects related to durability of new and existing structures. New methods and materials for preventative measures, condition assessment and repair techniques are discussed. This makes this book an invaluable reference for any engineer and materials scientist involved in research and practice of corrosion protection, rehabilitation and maintenance of reinforced concrete structures and components. Owners, designers and contractors will profit by this updated state of the art. © 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
TL;DR: In this article, a novel cationic surfactant, N-(2-(mercaptoacetoxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl dodecan-1-aminium bromide, has been synthesized to study its corrosion inhibiting effect against carbon steel in 1.0 m HCl solution.
TL;DR: In this paper, the microstructure and corrosion resistance property of AlCrFeCuCo high-entropy alloy were researched by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical workstation.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of chloride-induced corrosion, in terms of mechanical properties and pit depths, are evaluated on B500c steel bars embedded in concrete (embedded samples) and directly exposed (bare samples), immersed in a salt spray chamber.
TL;DR: In this paper, a composite coating of Ni-graphene on mild steel specimens was obtained by the electrodeposition technique, and it was subjected to various electrochemical tests to know its corrosion behavior and compared with pure Ni coating.
TL;DR: In this article, an oxide and corrosion resistant hydrophobic graphene oxide-polymer composite (GOPC) coating was fabricated on the copper by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), and the GOPC coatings were characterized by scanning, and transmission electron microscope (SEM, TEM), thermogravimetric (TGA and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
Abstract: Oxidation and corrosion resistant hydrophobic graphene oxide-polymer composite (GOPC) coating was fabricated on the copper by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The GOPC coatings were characterized by scanning, and transmission electron microscope (SEM, TEM), thermogravimetric (TGA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). At optimal EPD conditions of operating voltage 10 V and deposition time 30s, uniform crack free deposit with thickness 45 nm was achieved. Potentiodynamic polarization and EIS investigation demonstrated the efficacy of GOPC coating in shielding copper from corrosion under stringent environment condition. The electrochemical degradation of GOPC coating is more than three orders of magnitude lower than the bare copper substrate. This was due to the impermeability of GOPC coatings to ion diffusion of oxidizing gas and corrosive liquid solution. The procedure employed is fairly facile, inexpensive and less time consuming.
TL;DR: In this paper, the negative difference effect, a special electrochemical phenomenon for magnesium and its alloys, is introduced into corrosion rate measurements when using traditional electrochemical techniques, and moreover errors may easily be introduced into the final result during the removal of corrosion products and in the calculation of the corrosion rate.
Abstract: Due to the negative difference effect, a special electrochemical phenomenon for magnesium and its alloys, significant errors can be introduced into corrosion rate measurements when using traditional electrochemical techniques. Also, the classical weight-loss method only provides final corrosion information (or an integrated corrosion rate), and moreover errors may easily be introduced into the final result during the removal of corrosion products and in the calculation of the corrosion rate.
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of four thiosemicarbazones (1A,D) and two semicarbazone (2A,B) towards carbon steel corrosion in 1.0 M HCl was evaluated by molecular modeling, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at different inhibitor concentrations.
TL;DR: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic analysis were used to propose a mechanism for the increased corrosion resistance of h-BN coatings and indicated that the stainless steel with coatings exhibited improved corrosion resistance.
Abstract: Recently, two-dimensional, layered materials such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have been identified as interesting materials for a range of applications. Here, we demonstrate the corrosion prevention applications of h-BN in marine coatings. The performance of h-BN/polymer hybrid coatings, applied on stainless steel, were evaluated using electrochemical techniques in simulated seawater media [marine media]. h-BN/polymer coating shows an efficient corrosion protection with a low corrosion current density of 5.14 × 10–8 A/cm2 and corrosion rate of 1.19 × 10–3 mm/year and it is attributed to the hydrofobic, inert and dielectric nature of boron nitride. The results indicated that the stainless steel with coatings exhibited improved corrosion resistance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic analysis were used to propose a mechanism for the increased corrosion resistance of h-BN coatings.
TL;DR: The newly developed nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel is a reliable substitute for the conventionally used medical stainless steels.
TL;DR: Corrosion of binary Mg-X alloys was characterised by immersion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2, and by salt spray.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel was studied in the temperature range 293 −333 K. The activation and free energies for the inhibition reactions support the mechanism of physical adsorption.
TL;DR: Corrosion was studied in vitro in Nor's solution (CO 2 -bicarbonate buffered Hank's solution) at 37 C, andin vivo implanted in the lower back muscle of rats.
TL;DR: In this article, the Al2CrFeCoCuTiNix high-entropy alloys were prepared by laser cladding and the results showed that the surface microhardness of Al2crFeCoCcuTiNiNix was increased by 4 times as the substrate hardness with increasing Ni content.
TL;DR: In this paper, three benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and investigated as inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in 15% HCl solution using the weight loss, electrochemical polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques.
Abstract: In the present investigation, three benzimidazole derivatives, namely, 4-(phenyl)-5-[(2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)methyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (Inh I), 4-(4-methylphenyl)-5-[(2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)methyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (Inh II), and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-[(2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)methyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (Inh III), were synthesized and investigated as inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in 15% HCl solution using the weight loss, electrochemical polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. It was found that the inhibition efficiency of these inhibitors increased with increasing concentration. The effect of temperature on the corrosion rate was investigated, and some thermodynamic parameters were calculated. Polarization studies showed that all three studied inhibitors were of mixed type in nature. The adsorption of the inhibitors on the mild steel surface in acid solution was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Scanning ele...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of API 5L X80 linepipe steel by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).
TL;DR: Experimental results indicated that HT-SHS was much more stable and effective in corrosion protection as compared with CE-S HS, and this enhancement was most likely due to the hydrothermally generated oxide layer.
Abstract: After hydrothermally treated in H2O (for Mg alloy and Al alloy) or H2O2 (for Ti alloy), microstructured oxide or hydroxide layers were formed on light alloy substrates, which further served as the ...