Showing papers on "Cost effectiveness published in 1970"

A model of physician pricing

Abstract: : Knowledge about the economics of medical care is scanty, and it is not clear whether the market for physician services can be better characterized as monopolistic or competitive. This paper attempts to shed some light upon that question.

Average cost semi-markov decision processes

Abstract: : The Semi-Markov Decision model is considered under the criterion of long-run average cost. A new criterion, which for any policy considers the limit of the expected cost incurred during the first n transitions divided by the expected length of the first n transitions, is considered. Conditions guaranteeing that an optimal stationary (non-randomized) policy exist are then presented. It is also shown that the above criterion is equivalent to the usual one under certain conditions.

A generalized cost-effectiveness model for the evaluation of health programs

Abstract: xiv leaves, 315 p. : ; Bibliography: p. 304-315. ; A research project funded by the Ontario Department of Health: Grant No. P. R. 118.; The project also served as the basis for the author's doctoral dissertation [with the same title, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1971]--leaf v.

A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Teacher Selection.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to report some results of applying costeffectiveness analytic techniques to decisions on teacher recruitment and retention. The data are derived from the U.S. Office of Education's Survey of Equal Opportunity for the school year 1965-66. Evidence relating teacher characteristics to student achievement is combined with data on the costs of obtaining teachers with different characteristics. This evaluation suggests that recruiting and retaining teachers with higher verbal scores is five to ten times as effective per dollar of teacher expenditure in raising achievement scores of students as the strategy of obtaining teachers with more experience. Separate estimates are made for black and for white sixth graders in schools of the metropolitan North.

Device-Task Fidelity and Transfer of Training: Aircraft Cockpit Procedures Training.

Abstract: : The objective of the research was to evaluate the training effectiveness of two cockpit procedures training devices, differing greatly in their physical fidelity (and, consequently, cost), in the teaching of ground cockpit procedures for a twin-engine, turboprop, fixed wing aircraft. One group of students received training in cockpit procedures in a relatively expensive, sophisticated, high-fidelity, computerized cockpit procedures trainer, while another group were trained in an inexpensive, low-fidelity mockup of the aircraft cockpit. Their subsequent performance in the actual aircraft was compared with that of a control group who received all of their procedures training in the aircraft. Results indicated that both training devices produced significant transfer of training, in terms of error and time reduction, in performance in the actual aircraft. There were no significant differences in training effectiveness of the two devices, in spite of their great differences in physical fidelity and cost. Implications for the design of procedures training devices and associated training programs are discussed. (Author)

Value of Streamflow Data for Project Design—A Pilot Study

Abstract: The value of streamflow data for project design is related to benefits forgone because of insufficient streamflow data. Stochastic simulation of a long-term hypothetical record for a sample station is used to determine a reservoir design based on full (hypothetical) information. Shorter segments of the long-term trace are then used for design under the same criteria in order to compute benefits forgone as a result of lack of full information. For the station used in this study, a low mean flow, high variability station, the marginal value of streamflow data approaches the marginal cost at some time beyond the length of 100 years. The manner in which the value of streamflow data for project design can be evaluated is illustrated.

An application of network analysis to the determination of minimum cost aircraft pipeline factors

Abstract: : The purpose of the paper is to present a practical example of how operations research helped solve a logistic support problem. The emphasis is an application rather than on theory. An important budgeting problem in the U.S. naval aviation program is to determine the number of aircraft to procure so that a desired level of operating inventory of aircraft is maintained, given that some aircraft will not be operational as a result of certain maintenance procedures. The term 'pipeline' refers to aircraft unavailable to operating commands. Pipeline is defined to mean those aircraft tied up in Progressive Aircraft Rework (PAR), en route to and from PAR, and in Special Rework. PAR is a regularly scheduled maintenance action; Special Rework is depot maintenance involving unscheduled repairs and sometimes modifications. The operating inventory, then, is the number of aircraft not in the pipeline, and the pipeline planning factor is the ratio of pipeline aircraft (aircraft unavailable) to the desired operating inventory (aircraft available). (Author)

An aircraft rework cost-benefit model,

Abstract: : The paper describes the main objectives of the work in Phase II of the Aircraft Pipeline Study, which were: Develop a model for determining the minimal-cost combination of aircraft and repair resources (spares, equipment, and labor) to achieve a given operational level of aircraft. Compare the solution obtained in applying the model with the then existing allocation of resources at North Island for the F-4 aircraft. Determine how to move from the then existing allocation of resources to the optimal allocation. (Author)

The Role of Operations Research in Population Planning

Abstract: Two features of population planning are of special interest to operations researchers: the important interaction among family planning, health, and economic development, and the substantial but varying impact of social, cultural, political, and economic factors—features that require a multi-disciplinary, flexible approach for which operations research is well suited. In spite of the vast differences among various international settings, three overriding principles should be borne in mind. First, programs of population planning are designed to serve national goals, whereas the ultimate actions concerning family limitation are usually recognized to be private family decisions. Second, one usually faces a rather ill-defined interplay among a great variety of factors. Third, the universal importance of the population problem in developing countries is always coupled with severe limitations of resources to cope with the problem. This paper deals initially with the family decision process and then with the orga...

A generalized network model for training and recruiting decisions in manpower planning

Abstract: : Models for manpower planning previously devised for the U. S. Navy's Office of Civilian Manpower Management have all utilized goal programming constructs with embedded Markoff processes. These models--referred to as 'OCMM Models'--are here extended to include training elements along with related constraints.

PHOTOCOPIES v. PERIODICALS: COST‐EFFECTIVENESS IN THE SPECIAL LIBRARY

Abstract: Evidence provided by the Dainton Report indicates that special libraries in the UK are far from fully exploiting the photocopying services provided by the national libraries. As these photocopying services are legally obliged to operate at cost, they offer significant economies to any special library which exploits them systematically. This paper describes a simple graphical method of estimating the savings that can be made, or the extended subject coverage that can be obtained at no additional cost, by substituting photocopies for relevant papers in the peripheral periodicals relating to any well‐defined scientific or technical subject. Though photocopying charges must be realistic, the confident exploitation of the national photocopying services depends on the avoidance of arbitrary jumps in photocopying charges.

A methodology for cost factor comparison and prediction

Abstract: : An improved technique is reported for analyzing the cost experience of weapon system procurements. Unlike earlier analyses, this one accounts for performance requirements, program duration, degree of technological advance, level of effort, earliness of estimates, and subsequent program changes, as well as the more usual ratio of estimated to actual costs (cost factors). Fifteen weapons for which enough information was available were analyzed and the results were compared with 1950s aircraft and missile experience. Based on an assessment of the technological advance and length of time for development of a future system, the actual cost and range of uncertainty can be predicted using this mode.

How much is good health worth

Abstract: A consumer-demand or subjective-value approach to valuing government health activities is recommended. The human-capital valuations generally used in cost-benefit analysis are unrelated to peoples' preferences and, therefore, irrelevant to political decisions. A number of important policy conclusions emerge from applying the suggested principle that government activities be valued on the basis of what people would be willing to pay for them: Beyond programs to aid the poor, government health efforts should be restricted to overcoming deficiencies in the operations of the private marketplace; that is, to regulatory actions, control of infectious disease and environmental pollution, and aid to biomedical research. Free services provided to the poor should be justified by the willingness of the nonpoor to pay for them. Thus, the preferences of the nonpoor are important in designing optimal poverty programs. Under present circumstances, direct money transfers to the poor seem preferable to further increases in poverty medical programs. The value of existing programs could be increased by giving more weight to what the poor want instead of what medical experts say is most important for their health.

The Use of PPBS in a Public System of Higher Education: Is It "Cost Effective?".

Abstract: This paper presents a qualitative discussion of the potential “costs” and “benefits” associated with the use of PPBS in a public system of higher education. The “costs,” both monetary and nonmoneta...

Determination of Selected Costs of Flight and Synthetic Flight Training.

Abstract: : As part of an analysis of the value of synthetic training at the U.S. Army Aviation School, costs associated with the conduct of flight and synthetic training in the instrument phase of the Army's Officer/Warrant Officer Rotary Wing Aviator Course were identified and computed separately for each type of training. It was found that, for the factors considered, the hourly cost of flight training at the time of this study (September 1966) was approximately six times as great as the corresponding cost of synthetic flight training. The report describes the sources for and the treatment of data, and the major assumptions made in allocating the costs.

Measuring the impact of manpower programs : a primer

Abstract: Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd measuring the impact of manpower programs a primer to read.

A Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Neighborhood Youth Corps: The Out-of-School Program in Indiana.

Abstract: Earnings of 604 participants in Neighborhood Youth Corps programs in five urban areas of Indiana and of 166 eligible nonparticipants (the control group) were examined in this study. On the basis of cost data and regression analyses of 1967 earnings, the following conclusions were reached: (1) The earnings gain as a result of NYC participation is substantial for males and high benefit-cost ratios are obtained by society. Thus the NYC program is much more than an "aging vat" for male participants. (2) Female participants, however, increase their post-program earnings very little and their benefit-cost ratios for society are almost always below one. (3) High school dropouts benefit more from the program than do graduates from high school. Therefore the program should continue to serve dropouts primarily. (4) The longer the participants remain in the NYC, the greater are the increases in post-program earnings. It appears, therefore, that if society wishes to increase the earnings of individual participants, the optimum strategy is to encourage early dropouts to remain in the program as long as possible.

More ado about eoq.

Abstract: : The paper is concerned with the determination of explicit expressions for economic order quantities and reorder levels such that the cost of ordering and holding inventory is minimized for specific backorder constraints. Holding costs are applied either to inventory position or on-hand inventory, and the backorder constraint is considered in terms of the total number of backorders per year or the average number of backorders at any point in time. Through the substitution of a new probability density function in place of the normal p.d.f., explicit expressions are determined for the economic order quantities and the reorder points. The resulting economic order quantities are independent of all backorder constraints. It is also concluded that under certain conditions, the minimization of ordering costs and inventory holding costs (applied to inventory position), subject to a backorder constraint, is equivalent in terms of reorder levels to minimization of the safety level dollar investment subject to the same backorder constraint. (Author)

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Educational Planning.

Abstract: : Educational planning is ultimately concerned with achieving a more effective use of educational resources in improving pupil performance There are several intermediate steps in the realization of this goal Cost-effectiveness analysis is a tool that can assist the planner in relating the resources required by an educational program to its effectiveness, often measured by pupil achievement (Author)