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Cost effectiveness
About: Cost effectiveness is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 69775 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1531477 citations.
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TL;DR: Vaccination of girls against high-risk HPV is relatively cost effective even when vaccine efficacy is low, and gains in life expectancy may be modest at the individual level, but population benefits are substantial.
Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, usually a sexually transmitted disease, is a risk factor for cervical cancer. Given the substantial disease and death associated with HPV and cervical cancer, development of a prophylactic HPV vaccine is a public health priority. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating adolescent girls for high-risk HPV infections relative to current practice. A vaccine with a 75% probability of immunity against high-risk HPV infection resulted in a life-expectancy gain of 2.8 days or 4.0 quality-adjusted life days at a cost of $246 relative to current practice (incremental cost effectiveness of $22,755/quality-adjusted life year [QALY]). If all 12-year-old girls currently living in the United States were vaccinated, >1,300 deaths from cervical cancer would be averted during their lifetimes. Vaccination of girls against high-risk HPV is relatively cost effective even when vaccine efficacy is low. If the vaccine efficacy rate is 35%, the cost effectiveness increases to $52,398/QALY. Although gains in life expectancy may be modest at the individual level, population benefits are substantial.
341 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a first appraisal of the salient features of the TLEP physics potential, to serve as a baseline for a more extensive design study, and present a combination of TLEp and the VHE-LHC offers, for a great cost effectiveness, the best precision and the best search reach of all options presently on the market.
Abstract: The discovery by the ATLAS and CMS experiments of a new boson with mass around 125 GeV and with measured properties compatible with those of a Standard-Model Higgs boson, coupled with the absence of discoveries of phenomena beyond the Standard Model at the TeV scale, has triggered interest in ideas for future Higgs factories. A new circular e+e- collider hosted in a 80 to 100 km tunnel, TLEP, is among the most attractive solutions proposed so far. It has a clean experimental environment, produces high luminosity for top-quark, Higgs boson, W and Z studies, accommodates multiple detectors, and can reach energies up to the t-tbar threshold and beyond. It will enable measurements of the Higgs boson properties and of Electroweak Symmetry-Breaking (EWSB) parameters with unequalled precision, offering exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model in the multi-TeV range. Moreover, being the natural precursor of the VHE-LHC, a 100 TeV hadron machine in the same tunnel, it builds up a long-term vision for particle physics. Altogether, the combination of TLEP and the VHE-LHC offers, for a great cost effectiveness, the best precision and the best search reach of all options presently on the market. This paper presents a first appraisal of the salient features of the TLEP physics potential, to serve as a baseline for a more extensive design study.
341 citations
TL;DR: A harmonization of methodological requirements and recommendations exists both within and between the guideline groups, and a number of policy implications for various parties, mainly the pharmaceutical industry, were identified.
340 citations
TL;DR: The larvae of molluscs, echinoderms andcrustaceans as well as the live prey of some fishlarvae feed on microalgae, and several studies have confirmed that a live, multi-specific, low-bacteria microalgal biomass remains essential for shellfish hatcheries.
Abstract: Algae are utilized diversely in aquaculture, but theirmain applications are related to nutrition They areused in toto, as a sole component or as a foodadditive to supply basic nutrients, color the flesh ofsalmonids or for other biological activities The needfor nutritional sources safer than traditional animalproducts has renewed interest in plants in general andalgae in particular This report deals principallywith the nutritional role of microalgae inaquacultureThe larvae of molluscs, echinoderms andcrustaceans as well as the live prey of some fishlarvae feed on microalgae Though attempts have beenmade to substitute inert particles for thesemicro-organisms which are difficult to produce,concentrate and store, only shrimp and live prey forfish will accept inert food, and only shrimp accept itfully Several studies have confirmed that a live,multi-specific, low-bacteria microalgal biomassremains essential for shellfish hatcheries Majoradvances are expected from new production systemdesigns and operations, from batch-run open tanks tomore sophisticated continuously run and closed loopreactors Studies are underway to simplify hatcheryoperations by replacing biomass produced on-site withrun-times by that produced and preserved elsewhereAlthough still promising, they have not given rise, sofar, to any application for molluscs Otherapplications of microalgae in aquaculture, from greenwater to making salmon flesh pinker, are examinedWhether produced on or off-site, there remains thequestion of cost effectiveness of microalgalproduction systems This can only be achieved bysubstantial upscaling and improved quality control
340 citations
TL;DR: A simulation-based educational intervention in CVC insertion was highly cost-effective and suggest that investment in simulation training can produce significant medical care cost savings.
Abstract: Interventions to reduce preventable complications such as catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) can also decrease hospital costs. However, little is known about the cost-effectiveness of simulation-based education. The aim of this study was to estimate hospital cost savings related to a reduction in CRBSI after simulation training for residents.
This was an intervention evaluation study estimating cost savings related to a simulation-based intervention in central venous catheter (CVC) insertion in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) at an urban teaching hospital. After residents completed a simulation-based mastery learning program in CVC insertion, CRBSI rates declined sharply. Case-control and regression analysis methods were used to estimate savings by comparing CRBSI rates in the year before and after the intervention. Annual savings from reduced CRBSIs were compared with the annual cost of simulation training.
Approximately 9.95 CRBSIs were prevented among MICU patients with CVCs in the year after the intervention. Incremental costs attributed to each CRBSI were approximately $82,000 in 2008 dollars and 14 additional hospital days (including 12 MICU days). The annual cost of the simulation-based education was approximately $112,000. Net annual savings were thus greater than $700,000, a 7 to 1 rate of return on the simulation training intervention.
A simulation-based educational intervention in CVC insertion was highly cost-effective. These results suggest that investment in simulation training can produce significant medical care cost savings.
339 citations