Showing papers on "Coturnix published in 1975"
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that the whole lymphoid population of the thymus is derived from immigrant blood-borne stem cells which are chemically attracted by the endoderm of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch.
Abstract: Differences in the structure of the interphase nucleus between two species of birds, the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the chick (Gallus gallus) has been used to distinguish cells from different origins in interspecies combinations. This biological cell marking technique was applied to thymus histogenesis. Using various combinations between components of quail and chick thymic rudiments, the respective contribution of endodermal epithelium, mesenchyme, and blood-borne extrinsic elements to the histogenesis of thymus was analyzed. It was demonstrated that the whole lymphoid population of the thymus is derived from immigrant blood-borne stem cells which are chemically attracted by the endoderm of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch. The latter is determined to differentiate into thymic epithelial reticulum as soon as the 15-somite stage, and is able to attract blood stem cells even when transplanted in an heterotopic position such as the ventral body wall of the embryo. It was shown that the thymic mesenchyme originates from the neural crest mesectoderm which colonizes early the 3rd and 4th branchial arches. It participates in the formation of perivascular mesenchyme, but does not give rise to lymphocytes. From heterospecific transplantations of quail thymuses into chick embryo (and inversely) at various stages of development is appeared that the thymic rudiment becomes attractive for lymphoid stem cells at a precise stage of its evolution for each species. The attractivity period lasts about 24 h for the quail and 36 h for the chick. Then, the inflow of stem cells becomes very low until the end of the incubation period. At this time, a second wave of lymphocytoblasts invades the thymus and the primitive embryonic lymphoid population is completely renewed around the hatching time. Competent thymic stem cells are present in the blood before and after the period of physiological thymic attractivity. The identity of basophilic cells appearing in the thymus during its histogenesis and lymphoid stem cells has been demonstrated from the analysis of quail-chick chimeric thymuses.
391 citations
TL;DR: The histogenesis of the bursa of Fabricius and of bone marrow was studied by a biological cell marking technique based on differences in the nuclear structure of two species of birds, Japanese quail and chick, and it was demonstrated that the whole hemopoietic population is derived from bloodborne extrinsic stem cells.
Abstract: The histogenesis of the bursa of Fabricius and of bone marrow was studied by a biological cell marking technique based on differences in the nuclear structure of two species of birds, Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and chick (Gallus gallus). In quail cells the nucleus contains a large amount of heterochromatin associated with the nucleolus. That makes it possible to distinguish them from chick cells after Feulgen-Rossenbeck staining and by electron microscopy. By grafting bursal rudiments and limb buds of quail into chick and inversely it was possible to demonstrate that the whole hemopoietic population of the bursa of Fabricius and of bone marrow is derived from bloodborne extrinsic stem cells. Neither endoderm nor mesoderm of the bursal rudiments is capable of differentiating into lymphoid cells. Combinations of quail bursal endoderm with chick homologous mesenchyme showed that the reticular cells of the follicles are the only endodermal derivatives of the bursa. The mesenchymal bursal component gives rise to the interfollicular connective cells. The contribution to bone marrow histogenesis of cells of vascular and blood origin, on one hand, and of the elements of the cartilaginous model, on the other hand, was analyzed. It appeared that osteoblasts, osteocytes, and stromal cells of marrow are derived from the perichondrium. In contrast, the endothelium of the vascular buds and the hemopoietic cells which invade the diaphysal cartilage during the endochondral ossification process do not belong to the mesenchymal bone primordium but have a fully extrinsic origin.
155 citations
TL;DR: The normal rise in LH that follows the castration of quail on long days was blocked by complete tuberal deafferentation, and the LH level fell rapidly to reach a basal concentration within two days.
Abstract: Reproduction in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), as in many other bird species, is controlled by the daily photoperiod. The present experiments have investigated the role of the posterior or tuberal hypothalamus in the neuroendocrine regulation of this photoperiodic response. By using various types of small knives the tuberal hypothalamus was isolated surgically in male quail maintained on short daylengths. The birds were then transferred to long daily photoperiods and after fourteen days the effects on gonadotrophin secretion assessed by measuring testicular growth and the circulating level of luteinizing hormone (LH). Complete deafferentation of the tuberal hypothalamus blocked testicular growth and the plasma level of LH remained low. Partial cuts that severed the afferents entering from anterior and antero-lateral directions also blocked gonadotrophin secretion but cuts severing posterior connections were without effect. Following deafferentation of sexually mature males the LH level fell rapidly to reach a basal concentration within two days. The normal rise in LH that follows the castration of quail on long days was blocked by complete tuberal deafferentation. Electrolytic lesions were placed medially in the tuberal hypothalamus. Those in the postero-dorsal part of the infundibular nuclear complex (p.d.-i.n.c.) completely blocked testicular growth, while those in the ventral portion of the nucleus (v.-i.n.c.) only partially disrupted gonadotrophin secretion.
89 citations
TL;DR: The toxicity of dietary lead in Japanese quail was investigated and it was suggested that lead interfered with normal sexual development in the males and prevented normal primary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes.
61 citations
TL;DR: It was found that mercury potentiated the toxicity and biochemical effects of parathion and was directly related to the inhibition of brain cholinesterase in birds fed clean feed and those fed morsodren-treated feed.
Abstract: We found that mercury potentiated the toxicity and biochemical effects of parathion. Male Coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed a sublethal concentration of morsodren (4 ppm as methyl mercury) for 18 weeks. This resulted in an accumulation of 21.0 ppm of mercury in the liver and 8.4 ppm in the carcass. Birds fed clean feed and those fed morsodren-treated feed were orally dosed with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg/kg parathion, and their 48-h survival times compared. The computed LD50 was 5.86 mg/kg in birds not fed morsodren and 4.24 in those fed the heavy metal. When challenged with a sublethal, oral dose of parathion (1.0 mg/kg), morsodren-fed birds exhibited significantly greater inhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterase activity than controls dosed with parathion. Brain cholinesterase activity was inhibited 41% in morsodren-fed birds and 26% in clean-fed birds dosed with parathion, which suggested that the increase in parathion toxicity in the presence of morsodren was directly related to the inhibition of brain cholinesterase.
60 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that central NE plays a role in transformation of the photoperiodic information affecting gonadal development in Coturnix quail.
Abstract: The involvement of central biogenic amines in the mechanisms controlling photoperiodically-induced testicular development in Coturnix quail were studied employing pharmacological approaches. Daily administration of alpha-methyltyrosine (MT), which blocks catecholamine (CA) biosynthesis, to 6-week-old quail exposed to long daily photoperiods markedly depleted brain dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E). This was associated with a partial suppression of testicular growth 7 days after light stimulation. Combined treatment with MT and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a precursor of DA, NE and E, elevated the monoamine levels in the brain and prevented the blocking effect of MT on testicular growth. Selective blockade of NE and E biosynthesis with diethyl-dithiocarbamate (DDC) depleted both NE and E, while it elevated DA level. Furthermore, such treatment reduced testicular weight. In DDC-treated birds, D,L-dihydroxyphenylserine (DL-DOPS) administration, which bypasses the DDC block, restored only brain NE level and reversed the blocking action of DDC on testicular weight. It is concluded that central NE plays a role in transformation of the photoperiodic information affecting gonadal development in Coturnix quail.
38 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Japanese quail are susceptible to JM strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV), and females were more susceptible than males.
21 citations
TL;DR: Although very few birds died from the toxicity of the Aroclors and BP-6, mortality was greatly increased during anesthesia when the pentobarbital was administered two hr after single oral dosing, with greater reductions in male than female quail.
Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262, and 1268), polychlorinated terphenyls (Aroclor 5460), a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls (Aroclor 4465) and polybrominated biphenyls (BP-6) were administered in a single dose, 100 mg/kg body weight injected orally, to mature male and female Japanese quail. Two hr after Aroclor treatment, pentobarbital sleeping times were prolonged (2 to 3 times control) in both male and female quail. Twenty-four hr after treatment, sleeping times were similar to those of controls. However, 48 hr after treatment with Aroclor 1248 through Arolcor 5460 and with BP-6, sleeping times of males were only 1/2 those of controls, whereas after treatment with Aroclor 1221, 1232 and 1242, sleeping times were similar to those of controls. The reduction in sleeping times of male quail 48 hr after administration of PCBs was correlated with the percentage of chlorine in the PCB with greater reductions in male than female quail. The response after three days ad libitum feeding of 300 ppm of each substance was the same as the response 48 hr after a single oral injection. Although very few birds died from the toxicity of the Aroclors and BP-6, mortality was greatly increased during anesthesia when the pentobarbital was administered two hr after single oral dosing.
20 citations
TL;DR: Prolactin seems to act at the thyroid level to inhibit thyroxine secretion, resulting in hypertrophy of the gland presumably through negative feedback, and induced fat deposition in Japanese quail.
15 citations
01 Sep 1975
TL;DR: The morphologic growth of 290 Japanese quail embryos was analyzed to enable an assessment of the developmental status of an organism and permit the evaluation of experimental effects on development.
Abstract: The morphologic growth of 290 Japanese quail embryos was analyzed to enable an assessment of the developmental status of an organism and permit the evaluation of experimental effects on development. The growth of 36- to 228-hr embryos was analyzed according to Hamburger and Hamilton's (1951) stages of development for the chick; the growth of 240-hr and older embryos was analyzed by correlating age with the length of 5 morphologic structures, toe, leg, beak, wing, and total. A correlation of +.99 was obtained for age-stage relations and a correlation of +.97 was found for age-structure length relations.
15 citations
TL;DR: Plots of oviposition times for an unselected group of 84 female Coturnix using the circular mean time for each bird on a central index time indicated a regularity in the data for individual birds, and showed agreement with the temporal occurrence of the photoresponsive interval reported in the literature for gonadal development.
Abstract: Plots of oviposition times for an unselected group of 84 female Coturnix using the circular mean time for each bird on a central index time indicated a regularity in the data for individual birds. An analysis of pooled data using a moving average showed agreement with the temporal occurrence of the photoresponsive interval reported in the literature for gonadal development. These data were used to support a modification of existing hypothesis on the control of oviposition and ovulation.
TL;DR: Results suggest that melatonin exerts a feedback inhibition upon its synthesizing enzymes which may be of particular importance during the rapid sexual maturation of this species.
Abstract: The activities of the melatonin-forming enzymes hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) and N-acetyl transferase (NAT) were determined in pineals of mature female Coturnix quail
TL;DR: The SEA Japanese quail is a new animal model for atherosclerosis research and a means to make quail uniformly atherosclerotic is found.
Abstract: Japanese quail were investigated for their utility as a model for the discovery and evaluation of anti-atherosclerosis compounds. Although they possessed suitable characteristics for a screening animal, their development of atherosclerosis was too variable to make them a practical model. A search was conducted to find a means to make quail uniformly atherosclerotic. To this end a line of quail susceptible to experimental atherosclerosis (SEA) were selectively bred. Thus, the SEA Japanese quail is a new animal model for atherosclerosis research.
TL;DR: There was an increase in the length of the small intestine, caeca and colon when Japanese quail were fed on a diet diluted with fibre, and the birds fed on the normal diet appeared to have more mucous goblet cells and lymph nodes in the caeca.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the activity of pineal NAT is regulated primarily byPhotoperiodicity, while HIOMT activity is a consequence of photoperiodic and gonadal steroid regulation.
TL;DR: A wild population of Coturnix pectoralis in Australia was found to have genetically interpretable polymorphism at seven out of thirty-six loci, less polymorphism than occurs in laboratory and commercial populations of the migratory quail C. coturnix, which is variable at over half its protein loci.
Abstract: 1. 1. A wild population of Coturnix pectoralis in Australia was found to have genetically interpretable polymorphism at seven out of thirty-six loci, less polymorphism than occurs in laboratory and commercial populations of the migratory quail C. coturnix , which is variable at over half its protein loci. 2. 2. The genetically variable proteins in stubble quail include an erythrocyte esterase, an erythrocyte peptidase, liver α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose-phosphate isomerase and serum albumin. 3. 3. The treatment of non-breeding female quail with a combination of progesterone and 17β-oestradiol results in synthesis of several egg white proteins in the oviduct, allowing the study of individual variation in a character normally expressed only in the breeding season.
TL;DR: F1 progeny from quail fed 31.6, 100, and 316 ppm 4AP and randomly mated at maturity showed no reproductive effects from their parents' exposure, and no birds fed 1,000 ppm produced live chicks after treatment began and all died within 3 weeks.
Abstract: When male and female coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) were given a single subacute oral dose (5.62 mg/kg) of the avian frightening agent 4-aminopyridine (4AP) and paired with untreated mates, there was no effect on the reproductive performance of males; egg production of females was reduced the third week after treatment but recovered during the fourth week. Chronic exposure to 31.6, 100, and 316 ppm of 4AP in the diet of mated pairs did not affect reproductive performance during or after the 4- or 6-week period the chemical was fed, but no birds fed 1,000 ppm produced live chicks after treatment began and all died within 3 weeks. The 28-day LC50 of 4AP was determined to be 447 ppm for male coturnix and 562 ppm for females. F1 progeny from quail fed 31.6, 100, and 316 ppm 4AP and randomly mated at maturity showed no reproductive effects from their parents' exposure.
TL;DR: Methiocarb appeared to be noncumulative when measured by an index of chronicity: birds consumed several LD50 doses during a day's feeding, and when deaths occurred, they seemed to be due to acute intoxication.
Abstract: Methiocarb (4-methylthio-3,5-xylylN-methyl carbamate, Mesurol, Bay 37344), a bird repellent, was fed in concentrations of 100 to 1,000 ppm to common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), and breeding pairs of coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) to investigate the possibility of cumulative intoxication Although aversion to treated diets was readily apparent in most of the tests, the 28-to 30-day median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined to be >100 ppm for grackles, 630 ppm (95% confidence limits, 480–830 ppm) for doves, and >1,000 ppm for coturnix quail Methiocarb appeared to be noncumulative when measured by an index of chronicity: birds consumed several LD50 doses during a day's feeding, and when deaths occurred, they appeared to be due to acute intoxication Egg production and live chick production were not affected in coturnix fed 100 ppm but were reduced at 316 and 1,000 ppm
TL;DR: The data indicate that linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid for growth in this species and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (A/E) was demonstrated for the first time in an avian species to vary in relation to acclimation temperature.
Abstract: 1. 1. Japanese quail were fed 0, 2 or 4% linoleic acid diets from time of hatching and were acclimated to 10, 23 or 42°C. 2. 2. Myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic and arachidonic constituted more than 95 per cent of fatty acids identified in the carcasses. 3. 3. The ratio of saturated (anoic) to unsaturated (enoic) fatty acids (A/E) was demonstrated for the first time in an avian species to vary in relation to acclimation temperature. 4. 4. The level of unsaturation varied inversely with acclimation temperature. 5. 5. The data indicate that linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid for growth in this species.
TL;DR: An experiment was conducted to determine if DL-carnitine could partially or completely substitute for choline for maintaining normal reproduction in Japanese quail, and adding a similar level of carnitine failed to improve any of the parameters measured.
TL;DR: A comparative study of the peroneus longus muscle in two birds of the order Gallinac and the starling is dealt with.
Abstract: Following a previous comparison of the peroneus longus muscle of the quail and the starling, the present paper deals with a comparative study of this muscle in two birds of the order Gallinac
TL;DR: Different estrogen concentrations do not induce a change in oviductal 3′, 5′-cyclic AMP of Coturnix coturnix japonica.
Abstract: Different estrogen concentrations do not induce a change in oviductal 3′, 5′-cyclic AMP ofCoturnix coturnix japonica.