Showing papers on "Credibility published in 1974"
TL;DR: The authors investigated the relationship between interaction behavior in a small group setting and the resulting perceptions group members have of one another, finding that the same interaction behavior may simultaneously result in both positive and negative perceptions on the part of other group members, suggesting that different interaction strategies are appropriate for varying desired personal outcomes.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between interaction behavior in a small group setting and the resulting perceptions group members have of one another. Trained raters coded the interaction behavior of subjects, who discussed a task-oriented topic in small groups. Results indicate that interaction behavior can account for a substantial percentage of the variance in group members’ perceptions of one another. Apparently, the same interaction behavior may simultaneously result in both more positive and more negative perceptions on the part of other group members, suggesting that different interaction strategies are appropriate for varying desired personal outcomes.
205 citations
TL;DR: In this article, consumer confidence in advertising claims and their expectancy of product value were experimentally measured under two conditions for five product ads under the assumption that attribution theory was applied to attribute theory.
Abstract: Consumer confidence in advertising claims and their expectancy of product value were experimentally measured under two conditions for five product ads. As suggested by attribution theory, when supe...
202 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a measure of teacher credibility was developed and tested on the assumption that a teacher's credibility with his students is related to student learning, and data obtained from 1,80 students in basic speech communication courses from two universities indicated five dimensions of teacher credible: "Character,", "Sociability,” “Composure,“ “Extroversion, and “Competence.
Abstract: On the assumption that a teacher's credibility with his students is related to student learning, a measure of teacher credibility was developed and tested. Data obtained from 1,80 students in basic speech communication courses from two universities indicated five dimensions of teacher credibility: “Character,” “Sociability,” “Composure,” “Extroversion,” and “Competence.” These dimensions were found useful for predicting some aspects of student learning. A 14‐item instrument for the measurement of teacher credibility is recommended.
148 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of variable credibility of treatment procedures on avoidance behavior was assessed in three studies, where snake-fearful Ss were pretested and then presented with descriptions of, and rationales for, various therapy and placebo conditions.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of eye contact on speaker credibility in a live public-speaking situation and found that an increase in the amount of eye-contact generated by a speaker significantly increased the speaker's credibility in terms of qualification and honesty factors.
Abstract: Because it is hypothesized that eye contact contributes to a speaker's perceived credibility, and because there is a dearth of studies examining the effects of eye contact in a live public‐speaking situation, this study examined the effects of eye contact on speaker credibility in a live public‐speaking situation. Results indicated that an increase in the amount of eye contact generated by a speaker significantly increased the speaker's credibility in terms of qualification and honesty factors. Thus, this study provided documentation for the importance of eye contact in a public‐speaking situation.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a standard persuasive communication was presented to 248 subjects in an attitude-change experiment containing a 2 × 2 after-only design, and the credibility of the communication's source was varied along with the sequence in which the credibility information was presented (before the persuasive communication versus after).
Abstract: Summary A standard persuasive communication was presented to 248 subjects in an attitude-change experiment containing a 2 × 2 after-only design. The credibility of the communication's source was varied (low versus high) along with the sequence in which the credibility information was presented (before the persuasive communication versus after). Early mention of the noncredible source was found to inhibit attitude change relative to late mention and to no mention. Neither source, when mentioned late, resulted in attitude change different from the no-mention control. The implications of these results for understanding the effects of source credibility were discussed.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that subordinate satisfaction is a function of their participation in decision-making, and, more importantly, that subordination satisfaction is correlated with perceived supervisory credibility.
Abstract: Data came from respondents in four interrelated departments of a large industrial organization. The findings suggest that subordinate satisfaction is a function of their participation in decision-making, and, more importantly, that subordinate satisfaction is a function of perceived supervisory credibility.
42 citations
33 citations
32 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report an investigation designed to determine the generalizability of source credibility scales for immediate superiors across organizational contexts, finding that four meaningful and statistically significant metrics were used.
Abstract: This study reports an investigation designed to determine the generalizability of source credibility scales for immediate superiors across organizational contexts. Four meaningful and statistically...
30 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the reputational consequences of making threats and promises and how they affect subsequent credibility, concluding that the fit between existing impressions and proclaimed future activity, not a person's record for past reliability, is often the critical determinant of whether or not she is judged to be credible.
TL;DR: An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that the perceived vested interest of a speaker, the position the speaker advocated, and the social similarity between audience and speaker would influence attributions of credibility and affect the speaker’s persuasiveness.
Abstract: Prior research has usually found a positive relationship between a communicator’s perceived credibility and his persuasiveness. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that the perceived vested interest of a speaker, the position the speaker advocated, and the social similarity between audience and speaker would influence attributions of credibility and affect the speaker’s persuasiveness. Three variables were manipulated in a 2 by 2 by 2 factorial design. Ss read a speech that either favored (pro) or opposed (con) student voting rights; the speech was attributed to a speaker who was either similar (student) or dissimilar (townie) to the stndent audience and who either had a vested interest (running for elective office) or had no vested interest (merely giving his opinion) :in the position he advocated. As predicted, the similarity of the speaker to the audience, the vested interest of the speaker, and the position advocated in the speech strongly influenced attributions of credibility. However, in contrast to much previous research, persuasion was found to be relatively independent of the variation in the speaker’s perceived credibility. It was suggested that the failure of attributions of credibility to relate to persuasion may have been due to the high degree of ego involvement for the Ss in the topic of student voting rights.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the effects of figurative language on perceived source credibility, and found that the use by a message source of an extended metaphor, an extended simile, or a brief simile enhanced the perceived authoritativeness of the source.
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of figurative language on perceived source credibility. Subjects read one of five messages: literal, brief metaphor, extended metaphor, brief simile, or extended simile, and then responded to credibility and attitude scales. Results indicated that the use by a message source of an extended metaphor, an extended simile, or a brief simile enhanced the perceived authoritativeness of the source.
TL;DR: The relationship of attitude and credibility to comprehension and selective exposure is discussed in this article, where the authors focus on the relationship between attitude, credibility, and comprehension, and discuss selective exposure.
Abstract: (1974). The relationship of attitude and credibility to comprehension and selective exposure. Western Speech: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 88-97.
TL;DR: The detection of powder-particle residues on the hand as evidence of firing was first attempted by Iturrioz as far back as 1914 and improved upon by Gonzales, Castellanos, and numerous other research workers all over the world.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION THE detection of powder-particle residues on the hand as evidence of firing was first attempted by Iturrioz as far back as 1914. The original method was later improved upon by Gonzales, Castellanos, and numerous other research workers all over the world (Castellanos, 1941, 1943, 1948). Old-fashioned black gunpowder consisted of an intimate mixture of potassium nitrate, carbon, and sulphur. Nowadays, smokeless propellant powders introduced since 1886, are composed of cellulose nitrate and glycerol trinitrate. In both cases the method of detection aimed at revealing the presence of oxides of nitrogen on the surface of the hand, and resulted in the ' paraffin test'. As a matter of fact, this is a misnomer as the paraffin is only employed for removal pur poses and for subsequent testing with a reagent. Another name is the ' dermal nitrate test ' indicating the substance to be detected, or the ' diphenylamine test ' refer ring to the reagent employed. In 1955, however, criticism was levelled by
TL;DR: There has always been plenty of evidence of executive scepticism of staff advice, now more and more managers are able to back up their intuitive doubts with more reasoned consideration of the technical underpinnings of information they receive from experts.
Abstract: Staff specialists are increasingly concerned about their credibility with executive groups. Events and trends of the past few years have meant more pressures on the staff man. This is partly a consequence of better technical training for line managers. While there has always been plenty of evidence of executive scepticism of staff advice, now more and more managers are able to back up their intuitive doubts with more reasoned consideration of the technical underpinnings of information they receive from experts. Not only can many executives question the conclusions of the staff man but they may also be able to delve into the technical process through which those conclusions evolved.
TL;DR: The results of this analysis may be reduced to four inter-related findings as discussed by the authors : the similarity of activists at all three schools, cross-national similarities consistently predominate over differences and the same patterns of relationships are found everywhere.
Abstract: The results of this analysis may be reduced to four inter-related findings. First, evident throughout the paper is the similarity of activists at all three schools. Cross-national similarities consistently predominate over differences. The same patterns of relationships are found everywhere. This fact, among other things, enhances the credibility of our findings.
TL;DR: Evaluated subjects’ evaluations of the message and the speaker revealed that high speaker credibility set resulted in more positive evaluations of speaker and message credibility than did low speakers credibility set, that concrete documentation resulted in less positive evaluations than did vague documentation, and that field dependence is only peripherally related to evaluations of speech credibility.
Abstract: To determine the influence of field dependence, speaker credibility set, and message documentation on evaluations of speaker and message credibility, 60 field dependent and 60 field independent subjects were assigned to one of four experimental conditions in which speaker credibility set and message documentation were manipulated factorially. Subjects’ evaluations of the message and the speaker revealed that high speaker credibility set resulted in more positive evaluations of speaker and message credibility than did low speaker credibility set, that concrete documentation resulted in more positive evaluations of speaker and message credibility than did vague documentation, and that field dependence is only peripherally related to evaluations of speaker and message credibility.
TL;DR: An analytic model of the conflict situation is detailed which defines such communication terms as threats, promises, credibility, and messages with action alternatives, value and perception functions, and termination expressions.
Abstract: One of the major criticisms of conflict models has been that they fail to include such communication terms as threats, promises, credibility, and messages. This paper details an analytic model of the conflict situation which defines these terms with action alternatives, value and perception functions, and termination expressions. The utility of the model is demonstrated by the inclusion of new concepts, the description of a fictional conflict, and the deduction of new relationships among a set of axioms.
TL;DR: Witt as discussed by the authors examined credibility standards in automobile liability insurance and suggested that these deficiencies may be a partial cause of some pricing problems in the standard voluntary market for car accident and medical liability insurance.
Abstract: Credibility standards in automobile liability insurance are critically examined. Accordingly, it is shown that such standards are theoretically and empirically deficient. These deficiencies may be a partial cause of some pricing problems in the standard voluntary market because they lead to an improper allocation of loss costs among risk classes. Some suggestions for improving the theoretical foundations of credibility standards are made in order to alleviate these deficiencies and problems. Credibility standards and procedures are examined in this study in order to determine their reasonableness from a statistical viewpoint and to assess their impact on the pricing process in automobile liability insurance. Moreover, some suggestions for improving credibility standards are made after some statistical models have been developed and analyzed. In essence, it is shown that current credibility standards are theoretically and empirically deficient. Thus, it is suggested that these deficiencies may be a partial cause of some pricing problems in the standard voluntary market for automobile liability insurance. Credibility and Ratemaking Current ratemaking procedures in automobile liability insurance tend to emphasize mean value concepts and ignore Robert Charles Witt, Ph.D., C.L.U., is Associate Professor of Insurance and Actuarial Science in the College of Business Administration of The University of Texas at Austin. This paper was submitted in February, 1973 and is based on a paper presented at the 1973 Risk Theory Seminar. variance concepts to a large extent. Rates are revised by reviewing average loss ratios, average claim frequencies, average claim costs, and average pure premiums; all of which are mean value concepts. There seems to be little emphasis given to the fact that these mean concepts are merely samples of what might have been during a given period of time. In this respect, these sample values are randomf variables which have sampling variances. In practice, the existence of variance in these sample estimates appears to be indirectly recognized through the use of credibility procedures in the ratemaking process. However, to the extent that these credibility procedures are not based on "sound" statistical foundations, they may tend to distort the allocation of loss costs among insured risks. In this respect, the resulting rate structure of an insurer may be somewhat inequitable, if rates are not proportional to underlying loss costs or pure premiums of insured risks. The concept of credibility in insurance ratemaking is briefly explored below in order to establish the appropriate background for the following analysis.
TL;DR: This paper showed that at level 2 assumptions (Jewell's terminology) one can obtain explicit formulae for forecasting total losses in the future based upon total losses and number of claims observed in the past.
Abstract: Stimulated by the paper of W. S. Jewell) on multidimensional credibility I should like to show that at level 2 assumptions (Jewell's terminology) one can obtain explicit formulae for forecasting total losses in the future based upon total losses and number of claims observed in the past.
TL;DR: In this paper, an experience rating procedure is developed in which there are two stages: (i) revision of the prior expected manual premium in accordance with the observed average claim amount per risk unit; (ii) experience rating of the individual risk classes by the usual methods but using the manual premium obtained in stage (i).
Abstract: A common procedure for experience rating is to use Whitney's credibility formula with the manual premium per risk unit estimated by the observed average claim amount per risk unit. As pointed out by Whitney himself, this observed average also needs to be subjected to credibility adjustment. This suggestion is pursued in the paper and an experience rating procedure developed in which there are two stages:(i) revision of the prior expected manual premium in accordance with the observed average claim amount per risk unit;(ii) experience rating of the individual risk classes by the usual methods but using the manual premium obtained in stage (i).Both stages of this procedure involve credibility indices, for which formulae are developed.Conditions under which the “common procedure” referred to above is fairly reliable are found and it is seen, somewhat surprisingly, that the procedure is often more valid than one expects on intuitive grounds. Care is necessary, however, when there are wide differences in size between different risk classes.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of information from observed data on prescribed confidence coefficients is examined in terms of positive events and credibility using the classical approach, a search procedure of Eichhorn in medical research is shown to be feasible but not credibly feasible.
Abstract: The effect of information from observed data on prescribed confidence coefficients is examined in terms of positive events and credibility. Using the classical approach, a search procedure of Eichhorn in medical research is shown to be feasible but not credibly feasible.
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