Showing papers on "Credibility published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this paper, a low credibility source induced a more positive attitude toward his advocacy than did a highly credible source when message recipients' own behavior served as a cue for determining their attitudes.
Abstract: A low credibility source induced a more positive attitude toward his advocacy than did a highly credible source when message recipients' own behavior served as a cue for determining their attitudes. In contrast, when the behavioral cue was absent, a highly credible source did not have an adverse effect on individuals' attitudes or behavior. These findings are interpreted in terms of self-perception theory and cognitive response analysis.
367 citations
TL;DR: The study indicated that subordinate satisfaction with immediate supervision is closely associated with perceptions of supervisor communication behavior, credibility, attractiveness, and attitude as discussed by the authors, and that supervisor communication behaviour was associated with perceived trustworthiness and credibility.
Abstract: The study indicated that subordinate satisfaction with immediate supervision is closely associated with perceptions of supervisor communication behavior, credibility, attractiveness, and attitude h...
107 citations
94 citations
TL;DR: A theory is formulated that underscores the proposition that the counterfactual statements in the hypnotist's induction are cues to the subject that a dramatistic plot is in the making, and emphasizes the need for analyzing the implied social communications contained in any interaction.
Abstract: We set out to formulate a theory that makes counterexpectational conduct expectational. Our contextualist position has led us to the dramaturgical perspective. This perspective guided our examination of the hypnotic performance, and we noted that both the hypnotist and the subject are actors, both enmeshed in a dramatic plot, both striving to enhance their credibility. The dramatistic concepts of actor and spectator helped us make sense of the contradictory self-reports in Hilgard's analgesia studies. We underscore the proposition (long overlooked) that the counterfactual statements in the hypnotist's induction are cues to the subject that a dramatistic plot is in the making. The subject may respond to the cues as an invitation to join in the miniature drama. If he accepts the invitation, he will employ whatever skills he possesses in order to enhance his credibility in enacting the role of hypnotized person. This proposition emphasizes the need for analyzing the implied social communications contained in any interaction.
73 citations
TL;DR: The Daily World won reader acceptance not only for its aggressive news coverage but also for its lavish use of pictures as mentioned in this paper, which won the Daily World a lot of attention in the early 1940s.
Abstract: marked to desired size and sent to the camera where halftone negatives were made. The brochure explained that the proofs, illustrations, headlines and advertisements were then pasted to pagesize boards which were then photographed. Contact prints of the negatives were then made on zinc plates which were coated with an albumin potassium dichromate solution. The plates were then wrapped around press cylinders, from which the paper was printed. \"Theory is that water and ink repel each other,\" the brochure explained. \"Press has a set of ink rollers and set of water rollers. Where plate coating hardened, ink sticks; where coating washed off, water adheres, since plates have a grain.\"l2 The Daily World, by the end of 1940, was obviously on its way to success, although Andrepont had been forced to quit and sell his stock because of illness. The Daily World won reader acceptance not only for its aggressive news coverage but for its lavish use of pictures. The newspaper, of course, could reproduce photographs at low cost because of the offset process. In 1950, the competing Clarion News and the Opelousas Herald ceased publication. Except for service during World War I1 as a Marine pilot, Thistlcthwaite continued at the helm of the Daily World until 1972. He then sold the newspaper to Worrell Newspapers, Inc. for an undisclosed
63 citations
59 citations
37 citations
TL;DR: The paper develops and tests a theoretical rationale for treating the attitude change of apathetic receivers as a function of their capacities to process the quantities of information contained in a message within an environmental constraint established via source credibility inductions.
Abstract: The paper develops and tests a theoretical rationale for treating the attitude change of apathetic receivers as a function of their capacities to process the quantities of information contained in a message within an environmental constraint established via source credibility inductions.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present formal expressions for three basic conditioning patterns involving current and prior evidence, which represent cases in which the sources of either or both prior and current evidence are not perfectly credible.
18 citations
TL;DR: The pros and cons of interview techniques, mailed questionnaires, and group-administered questionnaires are discussed, including the provision of anonymity for respondents and the establishment of credibility for the investigators.
Abstract: There are many measurement problems inherent in the drug survey field, e.g., defining dosages and choosing user categories. This paper discusses the pros and cons of interview techniques, mailed questionnaires, and group-administered questionnaires. The particular importance of the social psychology of the data gathering process is noted, including the provision of anonymity for the respondents and the establishment of credibility for the investigators. Means for dealing with these and also for improving reliability and validity are discussed, along with reasons for performing a survey, the nature and intent of the questions asked, and some other political and ethical issues.
01 Apr 1977
TL;DR: The impact of professional data-based "statementsinevaluation-reports" on the impact of evaluation reports on audience responses to an evaluation report and an evaluator's recommendation was examined as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: -ABSTRACT .The impact of professionalijargonHand data-based 'statementsinevaluation-reports on. audienceresponses -to -an evaluation report-.and an evaluator's recommendationS:Was'examined.' -Subjeots readone-of--four evaluationreports about-testing and _grading procedures in a schnol-prpgram. The-reports varied-in. the amount-of jargon and data. used to justify the_reCommendations, Nitetyfivehigh school-teachers-and administrators-read-one-of-four short reports, eaChcontaining-.one of:the: folldwing.-types of "statements:.-(1) Jargon-Loaded, Objective,, (2) Jargon-Free,-Objective, -(3)-Jargon-Lgaded*.Subjective, arid (L&) Jargen-Free-, Subjective, The. Jargon7Loaded:reports were rated as.moreA;echUical than the Jargon-Free -reports.The -least difficult-format was the-Jargon-Free Subjective report and the most-difficult wap the-Jargon-Loaded _Subjectivreport..The.-Subjective reports were.rated-aS.More .
TL;DR: In an advertising experiment investigating message claim credibility, realistically the researcher probably is not dealing with naive respondents as discussed by the authors. Thus, the respondents' past experiences with adver......
Abstract: In an advertising experiment investigating message claim credibility, realistically the researcher probably is not dealing with naive respondents. Thus, the respondents’ past experiences with adver...
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the mean credibility formula is a Bayes rule within a nonparametric context, and the credibility factor is obtained as a simple function of the parameter that characterizes the prior distribution.
Abstract: Recent advances in statistical decision theory and stochastic processes provide the machinery for showing that the celebrated mean credibility formula is a Bayes rule within a nonparametric context. The credibility factor is obtained as a simple function of the parameter that characterizes the prior distribution. A natural estimator of leads to a credibility formula having a form similar to the James-Stein estimator.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: College students who had scored poorly on a standardized measure of self-esteem were exposed to a videotaped counter-attitudinal message under conditions of either high or low credibility; controls did not view the videotape.
Abstract: A frequent goal in psychotherapy is the modification of low self-esteem. While such modification is accomplished most often in an indirect manner, it is possible to apply attitude change techniques directly to this purpose. In this study, 36 college students who had scored poorly on a standardized measure of self-esteem were exposed to a videotaped counter-attitudinal message under conditions of either high or low credibility; controls did not view the videotape. Results were consistent across several esteem measures and demonstrated significant positive changes in esteem for Ss exposed to the high credibility communication. The possibilities of adapting attitude change techniques to psychotherapy are considered.
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: A map, drawing or chart was part of the material being photographed, and the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material as discussed by the authors, which was referred to as map drawing.
Abstract: 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.
TL;DR: Saul Gass, writing as president of ORSA, identified a central concern for the OR/MS field and recommends a U. S. General Accounting Office publication which details a five-phase approach to model development.
Abstract: Saul Gass, writing as president of ORSA, identified a central concern for the OR/MS field. He referred to “the difficulties that have been encountered in developing and implementing decision and other models for the federal government.” His specific finding was that far less than half of the models (supported by the federal government and costing several hundreds of millions of dollars) were used in decision-making. Gass next raised the related and more general problem, “what can the OR profession do to cause decision models to be more useful, more usable and of greater utility to the ultimate decision maker.” Then, in answer, he recommends a U. S. General Accounting Office publication which details a five-phase approach to model development. “These phases are: problem definition, preliminary design, detail design, evaluation, and maintenance.”
TL;DR: In this paper, an examination of impediments to ethical reflection in sociology suggests that an individualistic orientation is ineffective in coping with the unintended consequences of social research, and that such consequences can be particularly harmful in the sociology of science where policy research and governmental support for its production often entails an "indiscriminate advocacy of knowledge".
Abstract: It is argued that “successful” social science requires the development of a social ethic or sense of research responsibility. An examination of impediments to ethical reflection in sociology suggests that an individualistic orientation is ineffective in coping with the unintended consequences of social research. Such consequences can be particularly harmful in the sociology of science where policy research and governmental support for its production often entails an “indiscriminate advocacy of knowledge.” Such advocacy raises anew questions of the power of scientific knowledge, the definition of client-professional relationships, and the collection of data which may not only violate the intent of individuals and groups supplying information, but may undermine the credibility of sociology itself.
TL;DR: A promising attempt to increase the perceived relevance and credibility of a course in communication skills for dental students, using the use of video-taped communication vignettes derived from actual dental office situations to increaseThe perceived relevance of the program for the dental student.
Abstract: It is important to teach future health professionals about human interaction, a process that will underlie their technical procedures throughout their careers. In the past there have been problems with student acceptance of such teaching. This paper reports a promising attempt to increase the perceived relevance and credibility of a course in communication skills for dental students. Two important features of this course are (1) the use of video-taped communication vignettes, derived from actual dental office situations, to increase the perceived relevance of the program for the dental student and (2) the use of selected clinical dental faculty members as group facilitators to increase the credibility of the program.
TL;DR: Analysis was made of data gathered in a winter 1974/75 survey of 7th through 12the grade youngsters attending public schools in New York State to learn the credibility of various sources of information on drugs.
Abstract: Analysis was made of data gathered in a winter 1974/75 survey of 7th through 12the grade youngsters attending public schools in New York State to learn the credibility of various sources of information on drugs The results showed important relationships to hold between the youth's involvement with substances and their belief in the media and nonmedia information sources that were probed
TL;DR: In this paper, Norwegian neutrality and the question of credibility are discussed. But they do not consider the effect of Norwegian neutrality on the Norwegian government's actions in the war in Syria.
Abstract: (1977). Norwegian neutrality and the question of credibility. Scandinavian Journal of History: Vol. 2, No. 1-4, pp. 123-145.
TL;DR: This article found that female subjects rated the articles higher when they were attributed to male authors, even when the articles dealt with topics typically regarded as the province of women, such as dietetics and elementary education.
Abstract: Summary.~O school principals and 72 teacher-training students read articles attributed to an author of high or low prestige. The articles were either professionally relevant (on discovery learning) or irrelevant (on environmental pollution). Both attitudinal and comprehcnsion data were collected. No differences were found among the groups in comprehension of the texts. Subjects' attitudes indicated an over-all bias effect in favor of the author of high prestige but, while the principals showed similar bias parterns on both articles, the students showed bias on the educarional article but not on the ecological article. The possible mediating effects of age and professional commitment were discussed. The source of communication is one of the salient determinants of attitudeformation and attitude-change. McGuire ( 1969) lists three components of valence for a source: credibility, attractiveness, and power. Credibility (or expertise, or trustworthiness) of the source of communication often has been manipulated in studies on prejudice and bias (Hovland & Weiss, 1951; Aronson & Golden, 1963; Go!dberg, 1968), and the findings show consistently that credibility affects subjects' evaluations and attitudes towards the communication. Goldberg (1968) asked female college students to read several scholarly articles and to evaluate them in terms of authors' competence, skill, etc. The articles were attributed to male or female authors. Goldberg found that his female subjects rated the articles higher when they were attributed to male authors. This was true even when the articles dealt with topics typically regarded as the province of women, such as dietetics and elementary education. Goldberg's procedure of rating articles attributed to different authors was used in this study. Experienced school principals were compared with novice teacher-training students in the effects of the prestige of the source of information on professionally relevant and irrelevant articles. Two short articles were used, one in the field of education (on discovery learning) and the other in the field of ecology (on environmental pollution). The articles were attributed either to a source of low prestige (a typical low-class Israeli name designating Mid-Eastern origin) or to a source of high prestige (J. S. Bmner in the case of discovery learning, and the alleged C. Richard Taylor of Harvard University "a pioneer in the study of ecology who received the Nobel Prize for his research" in the case of environmental pollution). TWO groups of subjects, experienced school principals and teacher-training students in their first week of study, were tested. Two types of dependent variables were measured: attitudes (via attributions on depth, contribution, and originality of the article, and the degree of
TL;DR: For instance, this paper pointed out that teachers often do little more than advance a pet ideology or impose a personal bias on the paper they're grading, and that the student's naivete, or fear, maintains the teacher's credibility.
Abstract: paper they're grading. Their business ostensibly to improve writing skills, they frequently do little more than advance a pet ideology or impose a personal bias. Claiming noble intentions, teachers cultivate exceedingly pernicious attitudes about writing. Only the student's naivete, or fear, maintains the teacher's credibility. Anyone truly knowledgeable of the elements of good writing would peer quizzically, if not contemptuously, at the kinds of notations instructors commonly put on themes.
TL;DR: Open learning and nontraditional study can be defined, in part, as a program or programs that attempt to deal with a student age group older than that found on a traditional college campus as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Nontraditional study and open learning are probably the most systematically ambiguous concepts in the history of higher education. Although the ideals they express are educationally worthy, these concepts come with a logician's problem attached to them, and that is the problem of negative terms and negative definitions. To define something as not something else is not really to say very much about it, except by contrast. To say that something is not "red" leaves the entire range of the spectrum as a possibility. Thus, any discussion concerning the curricula, the courses, and the credibility of open learning or nontraditional study programs must begin with some general comments that attempt to define what such programs can be. I offer the following as some general characteristics of such programs, realizing that some features will inevitably be left out in any such definition. Open learning and nontraditional study can be defined, in part, as a program or programs that attempt to deal with a student age group older than that found on a traditional college campus. One of the main target populations of these programs is the student twenty-five years of age or older, in many cases with a year or two of college work, but in almost all cases without a completed degree. Insofar as open learning
TL;DR: The results suggest that non-smokers more than smokers rate with greater variability strategies for smoking treatment favoring relaxation significantly over the other treatments examined, and satiation was least preferred when compared with descriptions of other treatments.
Abstract: The credibility of rapid smoking, relaxation, covert sensitization, satiation, and a combined approach was assessed in 113 subjects who were self-reported non-smokers. The results suggest that non-smokers more than smokers rate with greater variability strategies for smoking treatment favoring relaxation significantly over the other treatments examined. It also appears that satiation was least preferred when compared with descriptions of other treatments. These findings, while similar to those reported for smokers, suggest that significant others who do not smoke may likely support the positive treatment expectations of those who undergo treatment for the control of smoking.
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors test the hypothesis that the persuasive impact of a message is a function of the message strength multiplied by the strength of the source and show that the hypothesis holds for any message.
Abstract: This study tests the hypothesis that the persuasive impact of a message is a function of the message strength multiplied by the strength of the source.