Showing papers on "Credibility published in 1990"
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The game of economic policy as a game is discussed in this article, where commitment versus discretion in monetary policy reputation and sequential rationality reputation and signalling elections and monetary policy are discussed. And the game is extended to the political economy of government debt.
Abstract: Economic policy as a game. Part 1: Commitment versus discretion in monetary policy reputation and sequential rationality reputation and signalling elections and monetary policy. Part 2: Commitment versus discretion in wealth taxation social institutions and credible tax policy credibility and public debt management the political economy of government debt.
788 citations
TL;DR: A review of 30 meta-analyses that have been conducted in organizational behavior and human resource management using procedures described by Hunter, Schmidt, and Jackson (1982) suggests that there is confusion regarding the use and interpretation of confidence intervals and credibility intervals.
Abstract: A review of 30 meta-analyses that have been conducted in organizational behavior and human resource management using procedures described by Hunter, Schmidt, and Jackson (1982) suggests that there is confusion regarding the use and interpretation of confidence intervals and credibility intervals. This confusion can lead to conflicting conclusions about the relationships between variables
545 citations
03 Jan 1990
238 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the credibility of an exchange rate target zone is tested by whether domestic interest rates fall within "rate-of-return bands" between the maximum and minimum home currency rate of return on a foreign investment in the absence of a devaluation.
Abstract: Under the assumption of no arbitrage, the credibility of an exchange rate target zone is tested by whether domestic interest rates fall within "rate-of-return bands" between the maximum and minimum home currency rate of return on a foreign investment in the absence of a devaluation Under the assumption of uncovered interest parity, credibility is tested by whether expected future exchange rates fall within the exchange rate band These tests are applied on data on the Swedish target zone from January 1987 through August 1990
183 citations
09 Dec 1990
TL;DR: The guidelines are provided throughout the entire life cycle of a simulation study that is composed of ten processes, ten phases, and 13 credibility assessment stages.
Abstract: Guidelines are given for conducting a simulation study. The guidelines are provided throughout the entire life cycle of a simulation study that is composed of ten processes, ten phases, and 13 credibility assessment stages. An overall evaluation scheme for assessing the acceptability and credibility of simulation results is proposed. >
142 citations
TL;DR: This paper discusses a number of different levels at which the implementation of nursing research findings needs to be addressed and identifies 10 areas of potential difficulty: the complexity of the change process, the genesis of research programmes, the formulation of research questions, differences in theoretical approaches, timescales and planning cycles, information overload, credibility, applicability, response to change and the management of change.
Abstract: This paper discusses a number of different levels at which the implementation of nursing research findings needs to be addressed and identifies 10 areas of potential difficulty: the complexity of the change process, the genesis of research programmes, the formulation of research questions, differences in theoretical approaches, timescales and planning cycles, information overload, credibility, applicability, response to change and the management of change. An attempt is made to shift the nature of the discourse from the personal to the organizational and from a diffusionist perspective to that of change management. It is suggested that it is simplistic to regard the apparent lack of take-up of research-based practice findings as a failure on the part of individual nurses to respond rationally to the production of new information. The integration of research and practice has to be addressed at all levels within an organization; from policy statements to procedure manuals and from managers, educators and clinicians to support workers within the framework of the management of change. The potential of action research and quality circles in this context is touched on.
111 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the effect of the credibility of the Supreme Court as a message source on public reaction to a Supreme Court decision and found that it can serve three unique persuasive functions: cue a simple positive response, prompt increased cognitive effort, and serve as evidence in support of a persuasive claim.
Abstract: Public reaction to a Supreme Court decision hinges, in part, on the level of diffuse support enjoyed by the Court prior to announcement of the ruling. Previous investigators have exchanged adamant claims concerning the legitimacy-conferring ability of the Supreme Court, yet these studies have consistently ignored theoretical explanations of the psychological determinants of a receiver's response to an authoritative edict. Examined from the context of a cognitive view of persuasion, the credibility of the Supreme Court as a message source should not be expected to have a simple positive effect on opinion. Instead, unique effects may result from the interaction of source credibility and other components of the process of persuasion. This paper reports the results of a series of experiments that demonstrate that the credibility of the Supreme Court can serve three unique persuasive functions: Source credibility can cue a simple positive response, prompt increased cognitive effort, and serve as evidence in support of a persuasive claim.
102 citations
TL;DR: This article tested six axioms concerning the effect of language intensity on receiver attitudes and found that intensity increased attitude change via message clarity, with clarity acting as a mediator variable, and intensity inter acted with discrepancy and perceived source likeability to produce attitude change.
Abstract: The study tested six axioms concerning the effect of language intensity on receiver attitudes. The axioms specify source and receiver variables which might moderate the relationship between intensity and attitude change. The results were consistent with an information processing model based on message discrepancy, expectancy and elaboration likelihood theories. Intensity affected attitudes through three routes. First, intensity increased attitude change via message clarity, with clarity acting as a mediator variable. Second, intensity inter acted with discrepancy and perceived source likeability to produce attitude change. Third, the effect of intensity on attitudes was moderated by source expectations. Results showed that intensity enhances persuasiveness for a high credibility source, inhibits persuasiveness for a low credibility source, and has no effect for a moderate credibility source. Receiver anxiety moderated the effect of source gender expectations on the intensity-attitude relationship. A revis...
86 citations
TL;DR: How communicators send mixed messages containing an explicit surface content and a covert hidden content is studied in terms of social perception and strategic communication.
Abstract: Examined how communicators send mixed messages containing an explicit surface content and a covert hidden content. In Study 1, Ss wrote constrained essays presenting either an introverted or extraverted personality. Although authors reported manipulating essay credibility and readers reported relying on credibility to make their judgments, readers succumbed to correspondence bias. In Studies 2 and 3, Ss again prepared either constrained essays (Study 2) or constrained videotapes (Study 3) and included in them a hidden message that would be understood by only their friends but not by strangers. Observers then read these essays or watched these videotapes. Friends detected and decoded the hidden messages, whereas strangers did not. We discuss these findings in terms of social perception and strategic communication.
TL;DR: In this article, the barriers to supplier development are examined under the broad headings of: poor communication and feedback, supplier complacency, misguided supplier improvement objectives, the credibility of the customer as viewed by their suppliers, and misconceptions regarding purchasing power.
Abstract: The barriers to supplier development are examined under the broad headings of: poor communication and feedback, supplier complacency, misguided supplier improvement objectives, the credibility of the customer as viewed by their suppliers, and misconceptions regarding purchasing power. Key steps involved in a supplier development programme are listed.
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between teacher credibility and various student perceptions about the instructor and course within the context of communication courses and found that teacher credibility was positively correlated with students' overall rating of the level of excellence of the course and instructor.
Abstract: Research indicates that student ratings of mathematics and science instructors are significantly lower than those of their counterparts in social science and the humanities. Frequently, communication instructors’ ratings are among the highest in their respective colleges. Unfortunately, these high ratings sometimes arouse suspicion among administrators and colleagues regarding whether highly rated courses are sufficiently rigorous. A considerable body of research literature suggests that expected grade is unrelated to students’ ratings of instructors. Furthermore, most studies show positive relationships between student generated ratings and indices of course difficulty. The present study examined the relationship between teacher credibility and various student perceptions about the instructor and course within the context of communication courses. Although teacher credibility was positively correlated with students’ (1) overall rating of the level of excellence of the course and instructor and (2) intent...
TL;DR: A strong association was found between actual compliance and patient credibility, in that generally 'poor co-operators' grossly overstate their wearing time and various patient characteristics and features of operator-patient interaction proved significantly correlated with both criteria.
Abstract: The reliability of subjective estimates of patient appliance wear plays a critical role in scientific research on compliance just as in everyday orthodontic practice. This problem was subjected to scrutiny by means of the recently developed electronic timing device and psychological investigations. Over several months 53 patients between 9 and 14 years of age treated with bionators were followed. Included were objective measurement of wearing time, judgements on compliance by patients, parents, and orthodontists, and questioning about numerous treatment-related and personality variables. These data allowed an assessment of subjective reports. Asked to classify patients as 'good', 'average', or 'poor' co-operators, neither the orthodontists nor the patients in their self-ratings exceeded 43 per cent of hits. From a heuristic model of how misjudgements on compliance arise, indicators were derived to represent certain stages of cognition formation in the patient. A strong association was found between actual compliance and patient credibility, in that generally 'poor co-operators' grossly overstate their wearing time. Consequently, various patient characteristics and features of operator-patient interaction proved significantly correlated with both criteria. Among them, regularity of wear and duration of treatment are most influential. Moreover, patient credibility appeared to be a salient point of the reciprocal perceptions of treatment partners and their personalities. The reliability of patient statements also depends upon: (1) how detailed the operator's questions are; (2) whether he draws his own conclusions from the information received instead of leaving them to the patient. This evidence may lead to greater accuracy in gauging patient compliance.
TL;DR: This paper explored the interactive effects of three major variables affecting message acceptance: source credibility, recipients' involvement, and locus of control, and found that credibility had an impact on message acceptance in situations of both low and high involvement, but high involvement enhanced message acceptance.
Abstract: The present study explores the interactive effects of three major variables affecting message acceptance: source credibility, recipients' involvement, and locus of control. Statements representing a political party's views on the causes of a negative economic situation were evaluated by 381 Canadian students for degree of acceptance. They also evaluated the party's credibility and assessed their personal involvement in the economic situation. Contrary to the predictions of the Petty and Cacioppo (1979) Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), the results show that credibility had an impact on message acceptance in situations of both low and high involvement, but high involvement enhanced message acceptance, confirming ELM and contradicting Sherifs social judgment theory. Externally controlled recipients proved to be more sensitive to the effects of credibility.
TL;DR: The authors identified the problem of lack of congruence between the assumptions that underly measurement-based approaches to assessment and the movement that has become known as whole language and proposed a "natural" theory of language assessment.
Abstract: This article identifies the problem of lack of congruence (i. e., "fit") between the assumptions that underly measurement-based approaches to assessment and the movement that has become known as whole language. A "natural" theory of language assessment is proposed and described. Using research from classrooms, the authors describe how some Australian teachers have put this theory of language assessment into practice. Finally, the question of the "scientific rigor" of classroom research is addressed. The authors argue that the traditional criteria of scientific rigor (i. e., reliability, validity, objectivity, etc.) cannot be applied to data collected under naturalistic conditions. Instead they argue that naturalistic analogues of these criteria are available and that teachers can be taught to develop strategies that increase the trustworthiness and credibility of the information they collect.
01 Mar 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present empirical evidence that inflation expectations in Ireland were moderated by entry into the exchange rate mechanism of the EMS, indicating that Ireland's disinflation was successful in deriving credibility from the exchange-rate policy.
Abstract: Given a need for disinflation, the adoption of a (semi-)fixed exchange rate policy vis-A -vis a low-inflation country may provide a source of discipline, enhancing the disinflation's credibility and reducing its detrimental impact on the economy. This paper presents empirical evidence that inflation expectations in Ireland were moderated by entry into the exchange rate mechanism of the EMS, indicating that Ireland's disinflation was successful in deriving credibility from the exchange rate policy. A loss of competitiveness at an early stage of the disinflation appears to have been important in establishing its credibility.
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-period monetary targeting procedure is proposed to resolve the credibility problem when the monetary authority has some private information, and the authors analyze the determinants of the optimal targeting horizon that balances the benefits of flexibility and discipline.
Abstract: This paper analyzes a multiperiod monetary targeting procedure as a possible resolution to the credibility problem in pol icy when the monetary authority has some private information. By limitin g the degree of flexibility permitted in policy, this procedure mitiga tes the credibility problem. As the length of the targeting horizon decreases, the severity of the credibility problem falls but at the expense of weakening the monetary authority's ability to pursue its stabilization goals. Based on model simulations, the analysis studi es the determinants of the optimal targeting horizon that balances the benefits of flexibility and discipline in policy. Copyright 1993 by American Economic Association.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Credibility ratings were lowest for actors, singers, and sports figures as sources of AIDS information for Hispanics and for illustrated storybooks as a channel for the dissemination of information.
Abstract: A total of 460 Hispanic adults were interviewed over the telephone regarding the credibility they assigned to various possible channels and sources of AIDS information. An AIDS hotline and printed information (e.g., books, pamphlets) were perceived as highly believable channels by significant proportions of the respondents. Individuals in closer contact with the disease (e.g., a physician, a counselor, a person with AIDS) were overwhelmingly perceived as the most credible sources of information. With the exception of the Surgeon General no other public figure was perceived to be highly credible by large proportions of the respondents. Although women tended to perceive the various channels and sources as highly credible in greater proportions than men, the rank ordering of the information channels and sources is the same for both genders. Credibility ratings were lowest for actors, singers, and sports figures as sources of AIDS information for Hispanics and for illustrated storybooks (fotonovelas) as a channel for the dissemination of information.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mock jury study was conducted to test the hypothesis that perceptions of a witness can be biased by presumptuous cross-examination questions, and the results indicated that although ratings of the victim's credibility were not affected by the hypothetical question, the expert's credibility was significantly diminished.
Abstract: A mock jury study was conducted to test the hypothesis that perceptions of a witness can be biased by presumptuous cross-examination questions. A total of 105 subjects read a rape trial in which the cross-examiner asked a question that implied something negative about the reputation of either the victim or an expert. Within each condition, the question was met with either a denial, an admission, or an objection from the witness's attorney. Results indicated that although ratings of the victim's credibility were not affected by the presumptuous question, the expert's credibility was significantly diminished—even when the question had elicited a denial or a sustained objection. Conceptual and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider a plausible approach to credibility in debate and show that a fairly weak and intuitively plausible criterion of credibility effectively leads to there being little opportunity for credible transmission of information in debate.
Abstract: Legislation is not an end in itself, but means to an end. Unfortunately, the technical relationship connecting any legislation to real consequences is rarely known for sure. In debate, legislators have an opportunity to persuade others of the relative value of particular bills, to influence the substance of the agenda, and to affect voting decisions. Since preferences over consequences are typically taken to be fixed, such persuasion etc. necessarily amounts to changing beliefs over the likely effects of various alternative bills. The extent to which debate can be effective in altering others' beliefs depends on how audiences interpret and assimilate any information speechmakers volunteer. This paper considers one plausible approach to credibility in debate. Debate is modeled as a cheap talk stage preceding an endogenous agenda setting game under incomplete information. In this framework, the issue can be formulated in terms of what constitutes an equilibrium. It is demonstrated that a fairly weak and intuitively plausible criterion of credibility effectively leads to there being little opportunity for credible transmission of information in debate.
TL;DR: This article used data from an actual case to illustrate several methods of showing adverse impact, a legal doctrine under which only the effects of the employer's acts are at issue and not the motives with which they were done.
Abstract: Federal law prohibits discrimination in employment decisions against persons 40 years old and older. This article uses data from an actual case to illustrate several methods of showing adverse impact, a legal doctrine under which only the effects of the employer's acts are at issue and not the motives with which they were done. The strengths and weaknesses of the Fisher exact test of significance, a Bayesian analysis, and a method of paired observations inspired by the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon statistic are assessed. One important conclusion from this analysis is that it is useful to have several different kinds of analysis bearing on the same issue. To the extent that the analyses agree, credibility is added to each.
TL;DR: It is important to resolve conflicts in policies for several reasons: differences in recommended actions can lead to differences in health outcomes; the existence of conflicting policies implies that at least some patients will be mistreated.
Abstract: AS MORE and more organizations begin to develop practice policies, some are bound to be in conflict, recommending different things for the same patients. It is important to resolve conflicts in policies for several reasons. First, the differences in recommended actions can lead to differences in health outcomes; the existence of conflicting policies implies that at least some patients will be mistreated (unless neither recommendation has any effect on health outcomes). Second, differences in policies cause confusion. Practitioners will be advised to do different things, and will not know the standdards to which they will be held. Patients will get conflicting messages, third-party payers will get the sense that decisions are arbitrary, and quality assurance programs will use different criteria. A third reason to resolve conflicts is that they harm the credibility not only of the policies in question but also of the organizations that issued them. In general, conflicts
TL;DR: The authors examines the historical approach and demonstrates that its products constitute legitimate knowledge for nursing, and critically analyzes various extant epistemologies and ontologies that have affected the discipline of nursing, such as logical positivism, the paradigmatic and evolutionary views, and the postempiricist approaches.
Abstract: Historical research, a methodology generally accorded scholarly recognition by other disciplines, has yet to achieve full credibility and acceptance within the profession of nursing. This article examines the historical approach and demonstrates that its products constitute legitimate knowledge for nursing. It critically analyzes various extant epistemologies and ontologies that have affected the discipline of nursing, such as logical positivism, the paradigmatic and evolutionary views, and the postempiricist approaches, and ascertains that these belief systems vary greatly in the amount of support that they provide to the historical method of research.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that public concern about the environment is, in part, engineered in order to make public and corporate policy socially acceptable, and they abstracted from the policy history of acid rain abatement in West Germany and nuclear waste disposal in the UK.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the Bayes and credibility premiums actually converge to the individual premium for a risk whose annual claim amounts are conditionally i.i.d.
Abstract: For a risk whose annual claim amounts are conditionally i.i.d. with respect to a risk parameter, it is known that the Bayes and credibility premiums are asymptotically optimal in terms of losses. In the present note it is shown that the Bayes and credibility premiums actually converge to the individual premium.
TL;DR: This paper found that there was little prejudice against female versus male bylines in political interpretative columns, and a small tendency to favor female bylines over male ones in political interpretations of news articles.
Abstract: This study, based on an experiment using college students, finds that there was little prejudice against female versus male bylines in political interpretative columns. There was a small tendency f...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify culturally based experiences and attitudes that health educators must integrate into lines of argument and appeals for AIDS prevention campaigns for this particular pool of perceivers, and illustrate the factors that impinge on channel selection, credibility and effectiveness of the rhetor, and message construction.
Abstract: This essay encourages communication researchers to understand better the rhetorical situation that challenges acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) educators working with out-of-school, African American adolescents in urban centers. Using Bitzer's (1968) schema and research from public health and allied fields, the authors identify those culturally based experiences and attitudes that rhetors (health educators) must integrate into lines of argument and appeals for AIDS prevention campaigns for this particularpool of perceivers. They illustrate the factors that impinge on channel selection, credibility and effectiveness of the rhetor, and message construction.
TL;DR: A Q-analysis of 13 motives for ethical decision-making by 17 professional journalists and 49 mass communications students showed that most were "mainstream" ethicists whose ethical concerns centered on credibility, their personal sense of morality, the public's need to know, and the standards of their field and their employer.
Abstract: A Q-analysis of 13 motives for ethical decision-making by 17 professional journalists and 49 mass communications students showed that most were “mainstream” ethicists whose ethical concerns centered on credibility, their personal sense of morality, the public's need to know, and the standards of their field and their employer. A small number of respondents in each of the two samples seemed motivated by knowledge as power and were mildly unconcerned about knowledge of ethics. They were willing to use their work in a punitive way.