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Showing papers on "Credibility published in 2017"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work argues for the adoption of measures to optimize key elements of the scientific process: methods, reporting and dissemination, reproducibility, evaluation and incentives, in the hope that this will facilitate action toward improving the transparency, reproducible and efficiency of scientific research.
Abstract: Improving the reliability and efficiency of scientific research will increase the credibility of the published scientific literature and accelerate discovery. Here we argue for the adoption of measures to optimize key elements of the scientific process: methods, reporting and dissemination, reproducibility, evaluation and incentives. There is some evidence from both simulations and empirical studies supporting the likely effectiveness of these measures, but their broad adoption by researchers, institutions, funders and journals will require iterative evaluation and improvement. We discuss the goals of these measures, and how they can be implemented, in the hope that this will facilitate action toward improving the transparency, reproducibility and efficiency of scientific research.

1,951 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The research findings show that celebrities on Instagram are influential in the purchase behaviour of young female users, however, non-traditional celebrities such as bloggers, YouTube personalities and ‘Instafamous’ profiles are more powerful, as participants regard them as more credible and are able to relate to these, rather than more traditional, celebrities.

693 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the literature mentioning member checks was conducted to identify the purposes and purposes of member checks and their application in qualitative research, and they concluded that member checks improve the credibility of qualitative research.
Abstract: It is often assumed that use of so-called “member checks” improves the credibility of qualitative research. Published literature mentioning member checks was reviewed to identify the purposes and p...

329 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A profile of the research conducted on trust and credibility in WHI seeking is presented, to identify the factors that impact judgments of trustworthiness and credibility, and to explore the role of demographic factors affecting trust formation.
Abstract: Background: Internet sources are becoming increasingly important in seeking health information, such that they may have a significant effect on health care decisions and outcomes. Hence, given the wide range of different sources of Web-based health information (WHI) from different organizations and individuals, it is important to understand how information seekers evaluate and select the sources that they use, and more specifically, how they assess their credibility and trustworthiness. Objective: The aim of this study was to review empirical studies on trust and credibility in the use of WHI. The article seeks to present a profile of the research conducted on trust and credibility in WHI seeking, to identify the factors that impact judgments of trustworthiness and credibility, and to explore the role of demographic factors affecting trust formation. On this basis, it aimed to identify the gaps in current knowledge and to propose an agenda for future research. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted. Searches were conducted using a variety of combinations of the terms WHI, trust, credibility, and their variants in four multi-disciplinary and four health-oriented databases. Articles selected were published in English from 2000 onwards; this process generated 3827 unique records. After the application of the exclusion criteria, 73 were analyzed fully. Results: Interest in this topic has persisted over the last 15 years, with articles being published in medicine, social science, and computer science and originating mostly from the United States and the United Kingdom. Documents in the final dataset fell into 3 categories: (1) those using trust or credibility as a dependent variable, (2) those using trust or credibility as an independent variable, and (3) studies of the demographic factors that influence the role of trust or credibility in WHI seeking. There is a consensus that website design, clear layout, interactive features, and the authority of the owner have a positive effect on trust or credibility, whereas advertising has a negative effect. With regard to content features, authority of the author, ease of use, and content have a positive effect on trust or credibility formation. Demographic factors influencing trust formation are age, gender, and perceived health status. Conclusions: There is considerable scope for further research. This includes increased clarity of the interaction between the variables associated with health information seeking, increased consistency on the measurement of trust and credibility, a greater focus on specific WHI sources, and enhanced understanding of the impact of demographic variables on trust and credibility judgments. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(6):e218]

315 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the source of advertisements on credibility perception through the theoretical framework of Ducoffe's (1995) advertising value model has been investigated in Facebook social network, where three distinct sources were used to generate and introduce product promotional messages: an associative reference group, an aspirational reference group and marketers themselves.

282 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that while a single correction from another user did not reduce misperceptions, the CDC on its own could correct misinformation, and Corrections were more effective among those higher in initial misperception.
Abstract: This study tests whether the number (1 vs. 2) and the source (another user vs. the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]) of corrective responses affect successful reduction of mispercep...

268 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
03 Apr 2017
TL;DR: This paper automatically assessing the credibility of emerging claims, with sparse presence in web-sources, and generating suitable explanations from judiciously selected sources, shows that the methods work well for early detection of emergingClaims, as well as for claims with limited presence on the web and social media.
Abstract: The web is a huge source of valuable information. However, in recent times, there is an increasing trend towards false claims in social media, other web-sources, and even in news. Thus, factchecking websites have become increasingly popular to identify such misinformation based on manual analysis. Recent research proposed methods to assess the credibility of claims automatically. However, there are major limitations: most works assume claims to be in a structured form, and a few deal with textual claims but require that sources of evidence or counter-evidence are easily retrieved from the web. None of these works can cope with newly emerging claims, and no prior method can give user-interpretable explanations for its verdict on the claim's credibility. This paper overcomes these limitations by automatically assessing the credibility of emerging claims, with sparse presence in web-sources, and generating suitable explanations from judiciously selected sources. To this end, we retrieve diverse articles about the claim, and model the mutual interaction between: the stance (i.e., support or refute) of the sources, the language style of the articles, the reliability of the sources, and the claim's temporal footprint on the web. Extensive experiments demonstrate the viability of our method and its superiority over prior works. We show that our methods work well for early detection of emerging claims, as well as for claims with limited presence on the web and social media.

228 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested a structural model for advertisers and scholars to explain brand outcomes of celebrity endorsement and found that endorser trustworthiness was the only component of source credibility that was important to low-involvement consumers.
Abstract: Building on source-credibility theory, the authors tested a structural model for advertisers and scholars to explain brand outcomes of celebrity endorsement. The empirical context is the global airline industry, with a fitting sample surveyed at an international airport ( N = 637). Results of structural equation analyses show that consumers9 perception of a celebrity endorser9s attractiveness and trustworthiness brought a lift in brand attitude, brand credibility, and purchase intention toward endorsed brands. The contribution to source-credibility theory is the finding that endorser trustworthiness was the only component of source credibility that was important to low-involvement consumers. The takeaway for advertisers in this industry is to use attractive celebrity endorsers with a global appeal who are trustworthy to enhance brand credibility.

163 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three of the main tasks facing this issue concern: (1) the detection of opinion spam in review sites, (2) the Detection of fake news and spam in microblogging, and (3) the credibility assessment of online health information.
Abstract: In the Social Web scenario, where large amounts of User Generated Content diffuse through Social Media, the risk of running into misinformation is not negligible For this reason, assessing and mining the credibility of both sources of information and information itself constitute nowadays a fundamental issue Credibility, also referred as believability, is a quality perceived by individuals, who are not always able to discern with their cognitive capacities genuine information from the fake one For this reason, in the recent years several approaches have been proposed to automatically assess credibility in Social Media Most of them are based on data-driven models, ie, they employ machine-learning techniques to identify misinformation, but recently also model-driven approaches are emerging, as well as graph-based approaches focusing on credibility propagation Since multiple social applications have been developed for different aims and in different contexts, several solutions have been considered to address the issue of credibility assessment in Social Media Three of the main tasks facing this issue and considered in this article concern: (1) the detection of opinion spam in review sites, (2) the detection of fake news and spam in microblogging, and (3) the credibility assessment of online health information Despite the high number of interesting solutions proposed in the literature to tackle the above three tasks, some issues remain unsolved; they mainly concern both the absence of predefined benchmarks and gold standard datasets, and the difficulty of collecting and mining large amount of data, which has not yet received the attention it deserves For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website

159 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2017
TL;DR: A new reputation system for data credibility assessment based on the blockchain techniques that is reliable in collecting, validating, and storing reputation information in vehicular networks is proposed.
Abstract: The security of vehicular networks has been paid increasing attention to with the rapid development of automobile industry and Internet of Things (IoT). However, existing approaches mainly focus on ensuring data authentication and integrity, which are not sufficient to assess the credibility of received messages. Recently, reputation systems are proved to be effective approaches to solve the above problem. This paper proposes a new reputation system for data credibility assessment based on the blockchain techniques. In this system, vehicles rate the received messages based on observations of traffic environments and pack these ratings into a “block”. Each block is “chained” to the previous one by storing the hash value of the previous block. Then, a temporary center node is elected from vehicles and it is responsible for broadcasting its rating block to others. Based on ratings stored in the blockchain, vehicles are able to calculate the reputation value of the message sender and then evaluate the credibility of the message. Simulation results reveal that the proposed system is reliable in collecting, validating, and storing reputation information in vehicular networks.

142 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the causal relationship between endorser credibility, brand attitude, brand credibility and purchase intention of air transportation services provided by airlines that adopt a celebrity endorsement strategy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors conducted a randomized controlled experiment to test public reactions to six different advocacy statements and found that the majority of the reactions were negative, while the majority believed that issue advocacy will compromise the credibility of scientists.
Abstract: It is often assumed that issue advocacy will compromise the credibility of scientists. We conducted a randomized controlled experiment to test public reactions to six different advocacy statements ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide evidence that scientific knowledge is facing a credibility crisis due to the inability of existing studies to replicate previously published research, leading some to suggest that scientific expertise is facing credibility crisis.
Abstract: Recent studies report an inability to replicate previously published research, leading some to suggest that scientific knowledge is facing a credibility crisis. In this essay, we provide evidence o...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that nudging users to think about who wrote the article influenced the extent to which they believed it, and confirmation bias to be rampant: users were more likely to believe articles that aligned with their beliefs, over and above the effects of other factors.
Abstract: News—real or fake—is now abundant on social media. News posts on social media focus users’ attention on the headlines, but does it matter who wrote the article? We investigate whether changing the presentation format to highlight the source of the article affects its believability and how social media users choose to engage with it. We conducted two experiments and found that nudging users to think about who wrote the article influenced the extent to which they believed it. The presentation format of highlighting the source had a main effect; it made users more skeptical of all articles, regardless of the source’s credibility. For unknown sources, low source ratings had a direct effect on believability. Believability, in turn, influenced the extent to which users would engage with the article (e.g., read, like, comment, and share). We also found confirmation bias to be rampant—users were more likely to believe articles that aligned with their beliefs, over and above the effects of other factors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It seems imperative to think through the implications of the standardization trend in synthesis research and determine whether it is to be afforded the credibility of being a form of qualitative scholarship and, if so, what kind of scholarship it represents.
Abstract: From its origins in the 1990s, the qualitative health research metasynthesis project represented a methodological maneuver to capitalize on a growing investment in qualitatively derived study reports to create an interactive dialogue among them that would surface expanded insights about complex human phenomena. However, newer forms positioning themselves as qualitative metasynthesis but representing a much more technical and theoretically superficial form of scholarly enterprise have begun to appear in the health research literature. It seems imperative that we think through the implications of this trend and determine whether it is to be afforded the credibility of being a form of qualitative scholarship and, if so, what kind of scholarship it represents. As the standardization trend in synthesis research marches forward, we will need clarity and a strong sense of purpose if we are to preserve the essence of what the qualitative metasynthesis project was intended to be all about.

Posted Content
TL;DR: This work proposes a method for automatically establishing the credibility of user-generated medical statements and the trustworthiness of their authors by exploiting linguistic cues and distant supervision from expert sources and introduces a probabilistic graphical model that jointly learns user trustworthiness, statement credibility, and language objectivity.
Abstract: Online health communities are a valuable source of information for patients and physicians. However, such user-generated resources are often plagued by inaccuracies and misinformation. In this work we propose a method for automatically establishing the credibility of user-generated medical statements and the trustworthiness of their authors by exploiting linguistic cues and distant supervision from expert sources. To this end we introduce a probabilistic graphical model that jointly learns user trustworthiness, statement credibility, and language objectivity. We apply this methodology to the task of extracting rare or unknown side-effects of medical drugs --- this being one of the problems where large scale non-expert data has the potential to complement expert medical knowledge. We show that our method can reliably extract side-effects and filter out false statements, while identifying trustworthy users that are likely to contribute valuable medical information.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors revisited the word of mouth credibility literature and proposed a new credibility framework, the 4Cs of eWOM Credibility: Community, Competence, Content, and Consensus.
Abstract: Social networking sites (SNS) offer brands the ability to spread positive electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) for the purposes of building awareness and acquiring new customers. However, the credibility of eWOM is threatened of late as marketers increasingly try to manipulate eWOM practices on SNS. A greater understanding of eWOM credibility is necessary to better enable marketers to leverage true consumer engagement by generating credible peer-to-peer communications. Yet, to date, there is no one framework synthesising which factors constitute eWOM credibility in the online environment. This paper revisits the word of mouth credibility literature and proposes a new credibility framework – the 4Cs of eWOM Credibility: Community, Competence, Content, and Consensus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the extent to which the concept of Social Licence to Operate can be applied in actual practice by considering BP's activities in Georgia, especially the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and Southern Caucasus Pipeline projects.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of how people determine the credibility of digital information finds insights gleaned from the fact checkers’ practices with common approaches to teaching web credibility are contrasted.
Abstract: The Internet has democratized access to information but in so doing has opened the floodgates to misinformation, fake news, and rank propaganda masquerading as dispassionate analysis. To investigate how people determine the credibility of digital information, we sampled 45 individuals: 10 Ph.D. historians, 10 professional fact checkers, and 25 Stanford University undergraduates. We observed them as they evaluated live websites and searched for information on social and political issues. Historians and students often fell victim to easily manipulated features of websites, such as official-looking logos and domain names. They read vertically, staying within a website to evaluate its reliability. In contrast, fact checkers read laterally, leaving a site after a quick scan and opening up new browser tabs in order to judge the credibility of the original site. Compared to the other groups, fact checkers arrived at more warranted conclusions in a fraction of the time. We contrast insights gleaned from the fact checkers’ practices with common approaches to teaching web credibility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of how credibility influence other user perceptions such as perceived utility and how these perceptions together determine user intentions and behaviors concerning health informatics at both the initial and later stages of use showed that perceived Utility and credibility are critical in user acceptance of health informatic services.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) proposed an outline framework for an Integrated Report, which is based on Sztompka's (1999) theory on trust in social relationships.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how eco-label credibility and retailer type affect green purchasing intentions (GPIs) and found that consumers who purchase furniture at supermarkets exhibited a lower GPI compared with consumers at other furniture retailers, ceteris paribus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that applicability, comprehensiveness, timing and accessibility (ACTA) better summarises the most important aspects of scientific research when it comes to influencing decision-making, while finding that CRELE was a poor predictor of policy-maker concerns.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Feb 2017
TL;DR: The results show that certain linguistic categories and their associated phrases are strong predictors surrounding disparate social media events, and the language used by millions of people on Twitter has considerable information about an event's credibility.
Abstract: Social media has increasingly become central to the way billions of people experience news and events, often bypassing journalists---the traditional gatekeepers of breaking news. Naturally, this casts doubt on the credibility of information found on social media. Here we ask: Can the language captured in unfolding Twitter events provide information about the event's credibility? By examining the first large-scale, systematically-tracked credibility corpus of public Twitter messages (66M messages corresponding to 1,377 real-world events over a span of three months), and identifying 15 theoretically grounded linguistic dimensions, we present a parsimonious model that maps language cues to perceived levels of credibility. While not deployable as a standalone model for credibility assessment at present, our results show that certain linguistic categories and their associated phrases are strong predictors surrounding disparate social media events. In other words, the language used by millions of people on Twitter has considerable information about an event's credibility. For example, hedge words and positive emotion words are associated with lower credibility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examination of how an author’s expertise is established and how this affects the credibility of his or her online health information revealed that users consciously rewarded authors’ credentials and subconsciously punished technical language.
Abstract: Today, many people use the Internet to seek health advice. This study examines how an author's expertise is established and how this affects the credibility of his or her online health information. In a 2 (authors' credentials: medical vs. nonmedical) × 2 (authors' language use: technical vs. every day) within-subjects design, 127 study participants, or "seekers," judged authors' expertise, benevolence, and integrity as well as the credibility of their medical statements. In addition, we assessed seekers' awareness of their own knowledge and behavior. Results revealed that users consciously rewarded authors' credentials and subconsciously punished technical language. Seekers were keenly aware of authors' credentials and perceived authors with medical credentials to have a higher level of expertise and their information to be more credible. Technical language use negatively affected authors' integrity and the credibility of their health information, despite seekers being unaware of it. Practical implications for health communication and implications for future research are outlined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper is an analysis of potential predatory journals as well as potential poor scientific standards journals and shows that the characteristics of the citing author indeed resemble those of the publishing author.
Abstract: Warnings against publishing in predatory journals are plentiful and so are the suggested solutions to the problem. The existing studies all confirm that authors of articles published in potential predatory journals are typically young, inexperienced and from Asia or Africa. To what extend we can consider the problem negligible is determined by the impact they are having on the scholarly communication in terms of publications and citations. The existing literature can provide more information about the former than the latter. This paper is an analysis of potential predatory journals as well as potential poor scientific standards journals. Citations to 124 potential predatory journals and poor scientific standards journals are looked up in Scopus and the citing authors analysed in regards to geographic location, publications and citations. The results show that the characteristics of the citing author indeed resemble those of the publishing author. Implications for recommendations and future research are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a hierarchical regression analysis of 225 paired buyers and suppliers in China revealed that both transactional and relational mechanisms effectively improve quantity and credibility, whereas transaction-specific investments do not increase credibility more effectively than contracts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Can states credibly communicate their intentions through covert policy tools, despite the absence of credibility-enhancing publicity? Most extant research suggests covert action and secrecy in gene-information sharing.
Abstract: Can states credibly communicate their intentions through covert policy tools, despite the absence of credibility-enhancing publicity? Most extant research suggests covert action and secrecy in gene...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: When user-generated health information was posted on a common website, high credible sources were significantly related to high perceived information credibility, and the variances across the studies suggest that the platform where the information was post might be a contingent factor.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the credibility value of sustainability assurance and the type of assurance provider on cost of capital and found that a greater decrease in cost for companies that publish and assure their social and environmental reports.
Abstract: This paper aims to examine the credibility value of sustainability assurance and the type of assurance provider on cost of capital. A large sample of international companies from the period 2007–2014 was used to develop our models of analysis. We find a greater decrease in cost of capital for companies that publish and assure their social and environmental reports. Thus, voluntary sustainability disclosures decrease the cost of capital. However, companies also have the opportunity to reinforce this decrease by providing an assurance statement, so increasing the credibility of corporate social responsibility information. In addition, the decrease in the cost of capital is significantly higher when such assurance is provided by a top-tier accountancy firm instead of by engineering or consultancy firms; this result supports also the reputational capital of accountancy firms.