Showing papers on "Cultural heritage published in 2000"

Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values.

Abstract: Modernization theorists from Karl Marx to Daniel Bell have argued that economic development brings pervasive cultural changes. But others, from Max Weber to Samuel Huntington, have claimed that cultural values are an enduring and autonomous influence on society. We test the thesis that economic development is linked with systematic changes in basic values. Using data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys, which include 65 societies and 75 percent of the world's population, we find evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural traditions. Economic development is associated with shifts away from absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory. Cultural change, however, is path dependent. The broad cultural heritage of a society - Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist - leaves an imprint on values that endures despite modernization. Moreover, the differences between the values held by members of different religions within given societies are much smaller than are cross-national differences. Once established, such cross-cultural differences become part of a national culture transmitted by educational institutions and mass media. We conclude with some proposed revisions of modernization theory

Economics and Culture

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Theories of value 3. Cultural capital and sustainability 4. Culture in economic development 5. Economic aspects of cultural heritage 6. The economics of creativity 7. Cultural industries 8. Cultural policy 9. Conclusions Bibliography Index.

Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge

Abstract: Part I: The Lodge of Indigenous Knowledge in Modern Thought 1. Eurocentrism and the European Ethnographic Tradition Assumptions About the Natural World Assumptions About Human Nature Assumptive Quandaries The Ethnographic Tradition 2. What is Indigenous Knowledge? Decolonizing the Eurocentric Need for Definitions Entering Uncharted Territory Locating Indigenous Knowledge Traditional Ecological Knowledge The Transmission of Indigenous Knowledge Part II: Towards an Understanding of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to Their Knowledge and Heritage 3. The Concept of Indigenous Heritage Rights International Definition of Indigenous Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage Sacred Ecologies and Legal Corollaries Interconnected Rights Indigenous Knowledge as Intellectual Property Indigenous Legal Systems 4. The Importance of Language for Indigenous Knowledge Indigenous Languages and the Natural World The Eurocentric Illusion of Benign Translatability Consequences of the Eurocentric Illusion 5. Decolonizing Cognitive Imperialism in Education The School System Cognitive Clashes Decolonizing the System Educational Contexts 6. Religious Paradoxes Divine Order and Secular Law Correcting False Translations Freedom from Missionaries Sacred Healing Sites Tourism, Vandalism, and Problems of Privacy Right to Harvest and Use Ceremonial Materials in Religious Practices Indigenous Burial Grounds Return and Reburial of Ancesters' Remains and Artifacts 7. Paradigmatic Thought in Eurocentric Science Medical Research and "Biopiracy" Genetic Diversity in Agricultural Biotechnology 8. Ethical Issues in Research Eliminating the Eurocentric Bias in Research RCAP Ethical Guidelines for Research in Canada Canadian Research Councils Policy Statement of Ethical Conduct on Research on Human Subjects Breaches of Confidentiality of Sacred Knowledge Community Control of Research Professional Organizations and Ethics 9. Indigenous Heritage and Eurocentric Intellectual and Cultural Property Rights Culture Versus Nature Recovery of Sacred and Ceremonial Objects Authenticity Communal Rights to Traditional Designs in Modern Artworks Cultural Appropriation Exhibitions Issues in the Performing Arts Advertising Use of Indigenous Peoples and Arts Part III: Exising Legal Regimes and Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage 10. The International Intellectual and Cultural Property Regime UN Human Rights Conventions and Covenants The International Intellectual Property Regime Technology, "Know-how", and Trade Secrets International Trade and Aid Measures Protection of Folklore Special International Instruments Concerned with Indigenous Peoples 11. The Canadian Constitutional Regime Interpreting the Constitution of Canada Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage as an Aboriginal Right 12. The Canadian Legislative Regime Federal Cultural Property Law Federal Intellectual Property Law Federal Common Law Provincial Law Part IV: The Need for Legal and Policy Reforms to Protect Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage 13. Rethinking Intellectual and Cultural Property Moral Rights Personality or Publicity Rights Patents, Trademarks, and Passing Off The Commodification of Culture 14. Current International Reforms United Nations Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1995-2004) Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1994) Protecting Traditional Ecological Knowledge 15. Enhancing Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage in National Law National Protection Strategies Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits The Importance of Indigenous Use and Management of Ecosystems Present Status of Ecologically Related Knowledge Effective Protection of Knowledge and Practices 16. Canadian Policy Considerations National Protection Strategies Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Operational Principles Canadian Reforms International Reforms Part V: Conclusion Acronyms References Acts, Regulations, and Guidelines Legal Cases Index

A geography of heritage : power, culture, and economy

Abstract: Machine generated contents note: Part I: The context -- 1 The uses and abuses of heritage -- Introduction -- The origins of heritage -- The functions and uses of heritage -- Contestation: whose heritage? -- Conclusion -- Part II: Heritage and the cultural realm: its social -- and political uses -- 2 Heritage, power and identity -- Introduction -- Analogies to heritage: landscape and museology -- Heritage, power and collective memory -- Heritage and identity -- Heritage and class -- Heritage, gender and sexuality -- Heritage and ethnicity -- Conclusion -- 3 Heritage and national identity -- Introduction -- Heritage and nationalism -- Heritage, nationalism and ethnicity -- Heritages of disinheritance and atrocity -- Conclusion -- 4 Heritage, identity and postmodernity -- Introduction -- Heritage, place and postmodernity -- A hybridity of heritages -- Dissonance of heritage revisited -- Conclusion -- 5 Multicultural heritage: from dissonance to harmony? -- Introduction --^

On Defining the Cultural Heritage

Abstract: Examples can be found from ancient times of concern for the protection of cultural artefacts 1 and early legislation to protect monuments and works of art first appeared in Europe in the 15th century. 2 Cultural heritage was first addressed in international law in 1907 3 and a body of international treaties and texts for its protection has been developed by Unesco and other intergovernmental organisations since the 1950’s. The 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 4 of Unesco (henceforth the “Hague Convention”) is the earliest of these modern international texts and was developed in great part in response to the destruction and looting of monuments and works of art during the Second World War. It grew out of a feeling that action to prevent their deterioration or destruction was one responsibility of the emerging international world order and an element in reconciliation and the prevention of future conflicts. International law relating to the protection of cultural heritage thus began with comparatively narrow objectives, the protection of cultural property in time of war.

Tourists in Historic Towns: Urban Conservation and Heritage Management

Abstract: Tourists in Historic Towns examines the relationship of culture, heritage, conservation and tourism development in historic towns and urban centres, debating the impacts of tourism on historic towns and the role tourism plays in conservation and urban continuity The main focus of the book is medium sized historic towns and historic quarters which are attractive to the tourist market, but historic quarters in large cities and smaller rural settlements are not excluded Alongside over a hundred examples of historic towns, five historic towns are discussed as case studies: Granada, Spain; York, England; Mdina, Malta; Antalya, Turkey and Quedlingburg, Germany

Use of microscopic XRF for non‐destructive analysis in art and archaeometry

Abstract: The various application possibilities of microscopic x-ray fluorescence and associated methods for the characterization and provenance analysis of objects and materials of cultural heritage value are discussed by means of a number of case studies. They include the trace analysis of historic glass, the analysis of corroded coins and statues in bronze and silver and the study of inks on historical documents. These studies are conducted by means of micro-XRF instruments installed at synchrotron beamlines and by means of laboratory equipment, some of which is easily transportable to the museum or archaeological site where the objects of interest are located. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Beyond the glass case : the past, the heritage and the public

Abstract: * Introduction* The death of the past and the growth of heritage* The past as discourse* Patterns in museum and heritage visiting* Public attitudes* Explaining the consumption of heritage* Archaeology and alternatives - sanctioned and non-sanctioned approaches to the past* Gaining a sense of the past* Opening up museums* Appendix 1: The survey method* Appendix 2: Additional tables

Heritage, place, and community

Abstract: The Rhondda Heritage Park is the only colliery building left in a valley which at one time supported sixty-six deep mines. As the only significant public memorial the Rhondda has to its mining industry, it demonstrates the potential of heritage to offer a thought-provoking and accessible representation of local identity and community. However, critics of heritage point out its pretensions, banalities and failures, and its tainted, entrepreneurial character. In Heritage, Place and Community, Bella Dicks explores these contradictions in the concept and practice of heritage, shows how heritage has come to be adopted as an attempt to regenerate the cultural and economic identity of former industrial areas and discusses the role of heritage in the formation and negotiation of social identity. This ground-breaking book is more than just a study of the development of the Rhondda Heritage Park. Using an innovative theoretical framework, Heritage, Place and Community brings together the economic, cultural, social and political dimensions of heritage production and consumption and seeks to trace the ways in which the study of heritage opens up wider questions of representation and politics.

A review of the Chinese cultural influences on Chinese enterprise management

Abstract: In order to create and sustain competitive advantage, a company should not only develop technologies to create products and processes that meet customer needs, but also stimulate a corporate culture that commits to continuous performance improvement. Managing corporate culture is one of a number of important factors that make for organizational change and business success. This paper reviews the cultural roots and identifies the characteristics of Chinese cultural values and management. A comparative analysis of the differences between Anglo-American and Chinese cultures is made. The cultural influences on Chinese management systems are then elaborated with reference to enterprise management in Mainland China and Hong Kong. With unique cultural heritage, collective orientation has a pervasive influence on the mode of Chinese management and organization. The prevailing Chinese culture values stress largely the paternalistic approach to management, acceptance of hierarchy and the importance of relationships. Today's Chinese enterprises need to determine changes in practice or value or both aspects of corporate culture in order to facilitate organizational change and maintain a competitive edge over their rivals. The paper also discusses the links of cultural values to employee involvement (EI) and total quality management (TQM), and initiates a need to manage cultural influences on EI/TQM practices to improve organizational performance in Chinese enterprises.

Of microbes and art : the role of microbial communities in the degradation and protection of cultural heritage

Abstract: Microbial defacement and degradation of artistic or historic artifacts is a worldwide problem affecting all countries regardless of their history, geographical location, or economic conditions. This is the first comprehensive study of the role of microbial colonization on the degradation of different cultural artifacts (from buildings to books, wall paintings, textiles, sculptures and glass) and of the investigations into the compounds utilized to control microbial invasion. The book focuses on three main areas: the identification of the microorganisms which cause structural damage; methods to reduce or prevent microbial colonization and damage; and the use of microorganisms for the protection and bioremediation of cultural artifacts.

Managing Small Heritage Sites with Interpretation and Community Involvement

Abstract: In heritage site management, there is often a strong reliance on preservation, sometimes to the exclusion of contemporary use.The result is a tendency to remove heritage sites from the experience of the community who 'owns' the heritage. At the site level, heritage management does not always use the full range of available tools; largely because of the emphasis on preservation. Case studies from rural Queensland, Australia, show that even relatively recent industrial and historical archaeology sites can be conserved and presented to benefit both the sites and local communities. There are several components to ultimate success, broadly encompassing a broader recognition of site values, pragmatic management and pro-active presentation. Smaller heritage sites may be modest in appearance, but they are still worthy of conservation. They may not attract large numbers of visitors like Stonehenge or the Acropolis but they are capable of providing socio-economic advantages for local communities and transferring kn...

Australia's Image as a Holiday Destination-Perceptions of Backpacker Visitors

Abstract: Destination image has been identified as a pivotal aspect of promotion strategy (Eastlack, 1982; Hunt, 1975; Goodrich, 1978; Reilly, 1990; Woodside, 1982; and Woodside and Jacobs, 1985). According to Echtner and Ritchie (1991, 1993) destination image is comprised of three dimensions; attribute vs. holistic, functional vs. psychological, and unique vs. common, and is best measured using a combination of structured and unstructured methodologies. The aim of this study was to employ both methodologies in the measurement of Australia's destination image as perceived by backpacker travellers. The results indicated that Australia's major strengths are its natural attractions and its friendly people, as well as safety, climate and language spoken. The two areas of most concern were its lower ratings on interesting culture and travel cost. Some of the unique elements of Australia's image included kangaroos, the Great Barrier Reef, the Outback, Aboriginal culture, and Ayers Rock/ Uluru. Holistic component...

In one's own shadow : an ethnographic account of the condition of post-reform rural China

Abstract: China underwent a dramatic social transformation in the last decade of the twentieth century. This powerful ethnographic study of one community focuses on the logic of everyday practice in post-reform rural China. Enriched with many vivid anecdotes describing life in the village of Zhaojiahe in northwestern China, "In One's Own Shadow" skillfully analyzes the changes and continuities marking the recent history of this region and highlights the broader implications for the way we understand Chinese modernity. Liu's narrative provides a wonderfully evocative exploration of many domains of everyday life such as kinship and marriage traditions, food systems, ceremonial celebrations, social relations, and village politics. He brings to life many of the personalities and customs of Zhaojiahe as he presents the villagers' strategies to modernize in an environment of scarce resources and a discredited cultural heritage. This accessibly written ethnography will be an essential contribution to the anthropology of China.

Remote monitoring of buildings using a ground-based SAR: application to cultural heritage survey

Abstract: In this Letter, the authors describe an innovative application of radar interferometric techniques aimed to monitor structural deformations of buildings. The proposed application is based on the use of ground-based instrumentation able to operate as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). Preliminary experimental results on a model of an historical building encourage the development of this technique for use in architectural heritage survey.

Native title and the transformation of archaeology in the postcolonial world

Abstract: The past decade saw major changes surrounding long-standing claims for indigenous rights to land and cultural heritage in postcolonial societies. These changes dramatically affect the way in which archaeology is practiced in those countries. The contributors to this volume address native title claims regarding land use, ownership, and cultural patrimony in settings as diverse as Australia, Canada, Pacific Islands, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United States. The cases they explore show ways in which the 21st century practice of archaeology will hinge upon sensitive dealings with indigenous peoples and effectively addressing their concerns about their cultural remains.

Cultural heritage in the mature era of computer graphics

Abstract: With the increasing importance of preserving historical remains, the phrase "cultural heritage" is used in different contexts and for completely different purposes. For us, cultural heritage means everything specific to a region/country/continent, in the context of a social development phase. It belongs to the whole world and should be preserved and used for the benefit of humanity. Cultural heritage includes archaeological remains, buildings, cities, music, theater, fine arts, libraries, crafts, customs, fashion, and so on. Technological developments, especially the Internet boom, are making cultural heritage one of the most important IT application areas. Convincing results can be achieved, particularly in interdisciplinary cooperation with computer graphics specialists. Despite the diversity of cultural heritage application scenarios and the technologies needed, we just mention a few key technological issues in this article, and point to some visions about the future role-and the specific needs-of computer graphics in this vitally important application area. We can characterize two main target groups in the context of cultural heritage. First, a broad target group primarily consists of the general public, educational professionals, administrators and investors. The main focus for this group is on presentation. A second target group consists of the experts themselves (art historians, historians, archaeologists, restorers, etc.), who are concerned with the collection, preservation, exploration and mediation of our cultural heritage.

Tourism and the world of culture and heritage.

Abstract: Culture and heritage constitute vital resources for tourism development, and tourism in turn makes an important contribution to cultural development. This paper considers the key trends in the cultural and heritage tourism markets, including the development of demand, the elements of culture and heritage included in the tourism product, the role of the cultural producers and the effects of globalization and localization. Future directions for the development of cultural and heritage tourism are also considered.

Geophysical and related techniques applied to archaeological survey in the Mediterranean: a review

Abstract: During the last few years geophysical survey has developed considerably in terms of instrumentation and image processing. Together with remote sensing and GIS, it is becoming increasingly, if still slowly, integrated into archaeological investigations in the Mediterranean. This article reviews how, and with what success, geophysical techniques - and, to a lesser extent, geochemical methods, aerial/satellite remote sensing and GIS - have been applied to Mediterranean (especially Greek) archaeology, bearing in mind the environmental constraints of the region, and the significance, diversity and number of its ancient monuments. The application of all the main techniques of geophysical survey and some geochemical methods to a wide range of archaeological targets carried out over the last 40 years is discussed critically. Current developments in instrumentation and data processing are presented, and the next generation of geophysical work, which will have to meet challenges in relation to the protection and management of cultural resources, is also considered. In view of the need to create a common platform for the preservation of cultural heritage, it is argues that geophysical prospection techniques have to become an inseparable component of the archaeological investigation process.

Historic cities and sacred sites : cultural roots for urban futures

Abstract: This report investigates the tolls that overpopulation and poverty often take on historic cities and sacred sites. More importantly, it demonstrates that taking care of humanity's cultural heritage can regenerate the self-esteem and self-identities of disempowered peoples and revive moribund economies. This report expands the dialogue on state-of-the-art preservation approaches based on actual cases set in a range of economic and social contexts. The 51 chapters of this volume are organized in 8 parts on specific themes. Each part is accompanied by an Editors' Note--an executive summary highlighting the key points contained in each chapter. Part 1 seeks the philosophical and spiritual origins of historic cities and sacred sites. Part 2 discusses the governance, planning, and management of cultural patrimony based on fresh policy and operational material from new empirical research and original conceptualizations. Case studies focus on cities in Brazil, the Middle East, the Netherlands, North Africa, North America, and Norway. Part 3 addresses the range of rescue strategies for built heritage at risk, which include reconstruction, transformation, and the adaptation of historic structures to new uses. Part 4 discusses the issue of urban and cultural heritage preservation during periods of economic transition. Part 5 analyzes processes and instruments to appraise heritage investments, the role of incentives, and strategies to attract private sector participation.

Heritage, Tourism and Places: A Review

Abstract: The subject of this review is the relationship between three phenomena, heritage, tourism, and its context of places. This triangular relationship has been viewed in three main ways namely as automatically harmonious, inevitably in conflict or potentially sustainable. The basis for a sustainable heritage tourism can be investigated in two directions. First by examining the management of heritage for tourists which requires answers to the questions, ‘why are tourists interested in heritage?’ and ‘how do tourists use heritage?’ Secondly heritage tourism can be managed for the attainment of local objectives, frequently local economic development, which requires investigation of the relationship between heritage and places and between heritage tourism and local economies. The extent to which these questions have been posed and answered in the research literature is reviewed.

Kakadu: The Making of a National Park

Abstract: Kakadu National Park is treasured by millions of Australians as a conservation icon. This work covers the story of Aboriginal involvement in its management, and offers an account of the social and political history of the establishment and development of Kakadu National Park, and includes an approach which contributes to the debate on controversial topics such as Aboriginal land rights, uranium mining and joint management of national parks. The management of Kakadu originally focused on the conservation of nature and natural resources. This has now evolved to a more balanced focus on the conservation of both its natural and cultural heritage.