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Showing papers on "Cultural heritage published in 2003"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between personal characteristics, site attributes, awareness, perceptions, and behavior (before, during, and after) and found that those who view a place as part of personal heritage are likely to behave significantly differently from others.

657 citations


Book
19 Jun 2003
TL;DR: The extensively revised second edition of Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies provides a new framework for analyzing the complexity of cultural tourism and its increasing globalization in existing as well as emergent destinations of the world as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The extensively revised second edition of Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies provides a new framework for analyzing the complexity of cultural tourism and its increasing globalization in existing as well as emergent destinations of the world. The book will focus in particular on the need for even more creative tourism strategies to differentiate destinations from each other using a blend of localized cultural products and innovative global attractions. The book explores many of the most pertinent issues in heritage, arts, festivals, indigenous, ethnic and experiential cultural tourism in urban and rural environments alike. This includes policy and politics; impact management and sustainable development; interpretation and representation; marketing and branding; and regeneration and planning. As well as exploring the inter-relationships between the cultural and tourism sectors, local people and tourists, the book provides suggestions for more effective and mutually beneficial collaboration. New edition features include: an increased number of topical case studies and contemporary photographs which serve to contextualize the issues discussed a re-orientation towards global rather than just European issues three brand new chapters on The Geography of Cultural Tourism, The Politics of Global Cultural Tourism, and The Growth of Creative Tourism an extensively revised chapter on Experiential Tourism. At the interface between the global and the local, a people-centred approach to planning and development is advocated to ensure that benefits are maximized for local areas, a sense of place and identity are retained, and the tourist experience is enhanced to the full. The text is unique in that it provides a summary and a synthesis of all of the major issues in global cultural tourism, which are presented in an accessible way using a diverse range of international case studies. This is a beneficial and valuable resource for all tourism students.

451 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the development of cultural rural tourism in a case study of a French Acadian region on an island in eastern Canada and proposed a framework with four evolving development stages.

362 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examines the current conflicts among the ideas of conservation, heritage, and tourism and argues for a sustainable approach to the management and planning of heritage places based on a community and culture-led agenda.
Abstract: A conflict between the preservation of the character of existing historic towns and “change” has formed the central argument for conservation. More recently, heritage has superseded conservation, where marketing of heritage as a product according to the demands of the consumer, mainly tourists, has resulted in the commercialisation of heritage over conservation values. Today, the symbiosis of both tourism and heritage places has become a major objective in the management and planning of historic areas. This article examines the current conflicts among the ideas of conservation, heritage, and tourism and argues for a sustainable approach to the management and planning of heritage places based on a community and culture-led agenda.

274 citations


Book
16 Jun 2003
TL;DR: Heritage as a Discipline: history and theory, and Interpretation in Practice: values and issues.
Abstract: Chapter One What is Heritage? Chapter Two Heritage as a Discipline Chapter Three Heritage for People: history and theory Chapter Four Fields of Heritage Chapter Five Selling Heritage Chapter Six Heritage as Identity Chapter Seven Heritage as Process Chapter Eight Values and Issues Chapter Nine Interpretation in Practice

253 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argued that the concepts of "heritage language" and 'heritage learner' need clarification and should be placed within a larger national policy perspective and examined the current heritage language debate from a crosscultural and historical perspective.
Abstract: Foreign language enrollments in the United States are experiencing a shift from the traditional European foreign languages toward the less commonly taught languages. Moreover, increasing numbers of students now have some degree of bilingual proficiency in the language that they are studying. As a result, much recent attention has been given to the issue of heritage language instruction by both researchers in applied linguistics and practitioners in language pedagogy. This article argues that the concepts of "heritage language" and "heritage learner" need clarification and should be placed within a larger national policy perspective. Pedagogical and sociopolitical issues surrounding the current heritage language debate are examined from a crosscultural and historical perspective. The article ends with some specific policy recommendations for the role of heritage languages and foreign languages within the current strategic context.

237 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors describes the heritage tourism market, discusses distinguishing characteristics that identify legacy tourists, and emphasizes to tourism managers the importance of recognizing and responding to this segment and emphasizes the need to recognize and respond to these tourists.

219 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In the 1990s, the term cultural landscape was adopted by various international bodies as a conservation category and the term was adopted as an academic term in the early 20th century as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the 1990s the term cultural landscape was adopted by various international bodies as a conservation category UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee agreed in 1992 on revised operational guidelines specifying that cultural landscapes could be protected in accordance with the World Heritage Convention of 1972 (Eidsvik 1993; Rossler 1995; Aitchison 1996) In 1995 the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a Recommendation on the Integrated Conservation of Cultural Landscapes Areas as Part of Landscape Policies (Darvill 1996) As an academic term, cultural landscape goes back to Friedrich Ratzel (1895–1896), and was in frequent use among other German geographers in the early 20th century The term was introduced to the English-speaking world by Carl O Sauer (1925) and became central in the work of the Berkeley school of geography Geographers and ethnologists used it in the Nordic countries in the interwar period (eg Tschudi 1934–1935; Smeds 1935; Campbell 1936) From the 1960s, the term cultural landscape became increasingly adopted in other disciplines and entered the terminology of environmental management

126 citations


Book
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the similarities and differences between Western and non-western approaches to objects, museums, and curation, revealing how what is culturally appropriate in one context may not be in another.
Abstract: Using examples of indigenous models from Indonesia, the Pacific, Africa and native North America, Christina Kreps illustrates how the growing recognition of indigenous curation and concepts of cultural heritage preservation is transforming conventional museum practice Liberating Culture explores the similarities and differences between Western and non-Western approaches to objects, museums, and curation, revealing how what is culturally appropriate in one context may not be in another For those studying museum culture across the world, this book is essential reading

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the attitudes and practices of 100 land managers towards features of landscape and historic interest, and provided insight into the nature of land manager attitudes towards the conservation of rural landscapes and how these relate to differing modes and levels of engagement with these two schemes.
Abstract: There is increasing public policy interest in the management of rural landscapes for conservation, both in terms of natural and cultural heritage. Agri-environmental policies are an important part of an emerging vision for a sustainable countryside, with increasing support for the existing Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) and Countryside Stewardship (CS) schemes. This paper provides insight into the nature of land-manager attitudes towards the conservation of rural landscapes and how these relate to differing modes and levels of engagement with these two schemes. It is based on the results of a recently completed project exploring the attitudes and practices of 100 land managers towards features of landscape and historic interest. Agri-environmental research has often sought to ‘typologise’ attitudes and practices around discrete land-manager types; an approach that may downgrade commonalities between land managers, the potential interplay of elements defining these types, and the possibility that lan...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a parametric, non-parametric and semiparametric economic valuation of the National Museum of Sculpture (Museo Nacional de Escultura), located in Valladolid, Spain is presented.
Abstract: Research on cultural economics is very interested in the economic valuation of non- market goods, particularly in the field of cultural heritage where contingent valuation techniques are currently being used with both parametric and non-parametric statistical methods to estimate the willingness to pay for cultural goods. In the literature analysed, the number of studies using semiparametric methods, however, is very limited. Our analysis is intended to help fill this gap by offering a parametric, non-parametric and semiparametric economic valuation of the National Mu- seum of Sculpture (Museo Nacional de Escultura), located in Valladolid, Spain. In addition, we also gain insight on a controversial issue affecting most European museums, particularly those located in Latin countries: the role voluntary donations might play in the funding of public museums.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, a stated value experiment is reported that assesses values held for protecting Aboriginal cultural heritage sites in central Queensland, and three population groups were sampled, being an indigenous population, and regional centre and capital city populations.
Abstract: In this paper, a stated value experiment is reported that assesses values held for protecting Aboriginal cultural heritage sites in central Queensland. Choice Modeling, a stated preference non-market valuation technique, was used to estimate non-use values for protecting cultural heritage sites in the context of further water resource allocation and irrigation development. Three population groups were sampled, being an indigenous population, and regional centre and capital city populations. Results show that there are significant differences in values between indigenous and general population groups. The general population groups had negative values for high levels of cultural heritage site protection, but did have positive values for small increases in protection above current levels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the main implications of adopting a microeconomic applied perspective for management and policy aspects of cultural built heritage are addressed, and the rationale for analysing cultural heritage as a multi-attribute mixed capital good and for implementing experiment-based valuation tools is addressed.
Abstract: The paper addresses the main implications of adopting a microeconomic applied perspective for management and policy aspects of cultural built heritage. Within this framework, the rationale for analysing cultural built heritage as a multi-attribute mixed capital good and for implementing experiment-based valuation tools is addressed. The analysis of the multi-faceted set of services provided by built heritage is crucial for linking supply and demand considerations and for implementing innovative policy strategies at the level of individual site. Discrete choice multi-attribute valuation methods are thus presented, investigated and implemented as a practical and sound tool for applied economic analysis in the field. Results deriving from a stated preference analysis on visitors of a worldwide known site in Italy are discussed, focusing on the role of valuation experiments for the analysis of user preferences and for the associated decision making process.

Book ChapterDOI
02 Sep 2003
TL;DR: The World Heritage Committee has laid down six detailed criteria to assist the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), its professional adviser on cultural heritage, in evaluating this quality, the application of which has been refined and substantially modified since 1975.
Abstract: This chapter takes as its point of departure the basic criterion of ‘outstanding universal value’ prescribed at the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention. The World Heritage Committee has laid down six detailed criteria to assist the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), its professional adviser on cultural heritage, in evaluating this quality, the application of which has been refined and substantially modified since 1975. It goes on to lay stress on the implicit conflict between the perceptions and aspirations of European and certain LatinAmerican and Asian countries, which are well endowed with sites and monuments from acknowledged cultural traditions (classical antiquity, pre-Hispanic cultures of Latin America, Renaissance Europe, imperial China), and those whose cultures are predominantly non-monumental (sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania). It highlights aspects of human achievement that are only slowly beginning to be recognized as of universal significance, such as traditional landscapes, vernacular architecture and the industrial heritage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study from Queensland, Australia, of a community-initiated and controlled heritage project is presented, which outlines and discusses the implications that this project has to an understanding of the nature of heritage, the processes of its management and the role of expertise within management.
Abstract: Community involvement in heritage management is an issue that is increasingly being debated within heritage studies and management agencies. This paper examines a case study from Queensland, Australia, of a community-initiated and controlled heritage project. The paper outlines and discusses the implications that this project has to an understanding of the nature of heritage, the processes of its management and the role of expertise within management. It argues that the development of a management process that is meaningfully inclusive at a community level must overthrow the ways in which heritage is defined and understood. Not only must concepts of intangible heritage be developed, but also concepts of heritage must usefully incorporate an understanding of the nature of intangible experiences and values that are associated with the physical aspects of heritage. Moreover, it is important to understand that these experiences and values are themselves open to management and regulation. Subsequently, an incl...

01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In the past thirty years, the concept of cultural heritage has been continually broadened and an anthropological approach to heritage leads us to consider it as a social ensemble of many different, complex and interdependent manifestations.
Abstract: Over the past thirty years, the concept of cultural heritage has been continually broadened. The Venice Charter (1964) made reference to “monuments and sites” and dealt with architectural heritage. The question rapidly expanded to cover groups of buildings, vernacular architecture, and industrial and 20th century built heritage. Over and above the study of historic gardens, the concept of “cultural landscape” highlighted the interpenetration of culture and nature. Today an anthropological approach to heritage leads us to consider it as a social ensemble of many different, complex and interdependent manifestations. This is now reflecting the diversity of cultural manifestations. The quest for the “message” of cultural properties has become more important. It requires us to identify the ethical values, social customs, beliefs or myths of which intangible heritage is the sign and expression. The significance of architectural or urban constructions and the transformation of natural landscapes through human intervention are more and more connected to questions of identity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the manner in which ethnicity is depicted in promotional material and the forces shaping the decision-making process in Singapore's multiculturalism and its actual and potential role as a tourism resource.
Abstract: Singapore's multiculturalism is an important theme in the country's destination marketing and the paper explores the manner in which ethnicity is depicted in promotional material and the forces shaping the decision-making process. The nature of Peranakan culture, a unique synthesis of Chinese and Malay influences, is the subject of particular discussion and its actual and potential role as a tourism resource is analysed. State authorities are seen to exercise considerable power, making use of tourism images to reinforce political ideologies through the communication of messages about preferred versions of identities. However, tourism representations also convey something of the complex realities of identity in Singapore and perhaps can assist in increasing awareness of, and protecting, the cultural heritage of more marginalised groups. Insights are thus offered into the relationship between tourism and ethnic heritage in plural societies and its management.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a stated value experiment is reported that assesses values held for protecting Aboriginal cultural heritage sites in central Queensland, and three population groups were sampled, being an indigenous population, and regional centre and capital city populations.
Abstract: In this paper, a stated value experiment is reported that assesses values held for protecting Aboriginal cultural heritage sites in central Queensland. Choice Modelling, a stated preference non-market valuation technique, was used to estimate non-use values for protecting cultural heritage sites in the context of further water resource allocation and irrigation development. Three population groups were sampled, being an indigenous population, and regional centre and capital city populations. Results show that there are significant differences in values between indigenous and general population groups. The general population groups had negative values for high levels of cultural heritage site protection, but did have positive values for small increases in protection above current levels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Singapore and Hong Kong are two geographically small economic powerhouses in Asia as mentioned in this paper, and in recent years both cities have been attempting to develop their tourism economies by communicating their unique...
Abstract: Singapore and Hong Kong are two geographically small economic powerhouses in Asia. In recent years both cities have been attempting to develop their tourism economies by communicating their unique ...

01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: A large part of the vast amounts of information produced in the world is born digital, and comes in a wide variety of formats: text, database, audio, film, image as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A large part of the vast amounts of information produced in the world is born digital, and comes in a wide variety of formats: text, database, audio, film, image. For cultural institutions traditionally entrusted with collecting and preserving cultural heritage, the question has become extremely pressing as to which of these materials should be kept for future generations, and how to go about selecting and preserving them. This enormous trove of digital information produced today in practically all areas of human activity and designed to be accessed on computers may well be lost unless specific techniques and policies are developed to conserve it.;(A.A.)

Book
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The arts and the world is an arena of struggle as discussed by the authors, and the arts are an arena for struggle, specific forms of communication, a triangle and a high-tech-archipelago.
Abstract: * Introduction * 1.The arts and the world * The arts: an arena of struggle * Specific forms of communication * A triangle and a high-tech-archipelago * 2.The power to decide * The effects of sheer size * The question of ownership * Cultural package, political freight, economic weight * Second-tier corporations * Production and distribution on a mass scale * Visual arts markets: as nervous as the stock market * After the magnetic telegraph * 3.Doubtful originality * The twenty-first century's most valuable commodity * Hunt the pirates? * Mp3, Napster, freenet? * Originality * Artists still create * A Western concept * 4.Local artistic life * De-localization * A vast domain of cultural production * Diversity destroyed in less than a decade * Traditional, folk, popular, world? * Identities: demarcations of differences * Hybridity everywhere, but why? * 5.Corporate-driven culture * Aesthetics and the land of desire * Something to tell, something to sell * Surrounding the commercial message * Violence travels well * Influence * Arousing desire, awakening memory, creating fantasy * The story corporate culture doesn't tell * 6.Freedom and protection * Squaring the circle * Trade: another world war * Re-thinking economic globalization * A new international treaty on cultural diversity * The road away from cultural conglomeration * Cultural policies * Regional infrastructures for the distribution of films * The meltdown and abolition of copyright The need for respect and new creative dynamics * Substantial remunerati-on for artists * Protecting cultural heritage * The raid on art * All that's fragile needs protection * The production of discourse is always controlled * The digital domain is not what it seemed to be * 7.'Everything of value is defenceless' * References

Proceedings ArticleDOI
07 Oct 2003
TL;DR: In an attempt to restore the original appearance of historical heritage objects, a robust simultaneous registration method and an efficient and robust voxel-based integration method areveloped.
Abstract: This paper overviews our research on digitalpreservation of cultural assets and digital restoration oftheir original appearance. Geometric models are digitallyachieved through a pipeline consisting of scanning,registering and merging multiple range images. We havedeveloped a robust simultaneous registration method andan efficient and robust voxel-based integration method. Onthe geometric models created, we have to align textureimages acquired from a color camera. We have developedtwo texture mapping methods. In an attempt to restore theoriginal appearance of historical heritage objects, we havesynthesized several buildings and statues using scanneddata and literature survey with advice from experts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the extent to which cultural identities are appropriated, constructed and traded through and around material objects of touristic exchange, and emphasize the importance of cultural identity, historical memory and collective belonging in tourism.
Abstract: In the current era of globalisation ȧand regional economic integration, localised concerns with cultural identity, historical memory and collective belonging are assuming a new significance. Rather than signalling the end of localised identities, however, the current period has infused processes of identity formation with elements of political economy. One central component of political economy through which these processes are being expressed is tourism. In this context, as the social sciences have begun to take tourism seriously when addressing broader issues of culture and society, this paper elaborates on new arenas through which processes of identity formation are being articulated. Drawing on a current research project focused on cultural tourism in Dali, Yunnan Province, China, the discussion emphasises the extent to which cultural identities are appropriated, constructed and traded through and around material objects of touristic exchange. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the adequacy of international law in dealing with acts of this kind, and identify gaps as well as relevant principles and rules applicable in the context of the deliberate destruction of cultural heritage.
Abstract: Throughout history, destruction and loss of cultural heritage have frequently occurred as a consequence of fanatic iconoclasm or as 'collateral' effects of armed conflicts. The devastation of the great rock sculptures of the Buddhas of Bamiyan by military and para-military forces of the Taliban Government of Afghanistan in March 2001 presents some unprecedented features. The discriminatory intent, reflected in the sheer will to eradicate any cultural manifestation foreign to the Taliban ideology, and the deliberate defiance of the United Nations and international public opinion make this destruction a very dangerous precedent. The authors try to assess the adequacy of international law in dealing with acts of this kind, and to identify gaps as well as relevant principles and rules applicable in the context of the deliberate destruction of cultural heritage. They conclude that extreme and discriminatory forms of intentional destruction of cultural heritage of significant value for humankind constitutes a breach of general international law applicable both in peacetime and in the event of armed conflicts, entailing international responsibility of the acting state and the possibility to make recourse to international sanctions against it, as well as criminal liability of the individuals who materially order and/or perform the acts of destruction.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
27 Oct 2003
TL;DR: This work presents their approach, which is an integration of several technologies and is based on the experience they gained over more than more than a decade for accurately and completely model heritage monuments and sites in Italy.
Abstract: Over the past few years, a remarkable increase has occurred in the demand for 3D models for cultural heritage applications. The techniques employed have evolved from surveying and CAD tools and/or traditional photogrammetry into laser scanning and more automated image-based techniques. However, selecting the most effective technique for a given project is not always obvious. We will discuss each technique and point out its advantages and disadvantages. We will then present our approach, which is an integration of several technologies and is based on the experience we gained over more than a decade for accurately and completely model heritage monuments and sites. It was clear from our experience that using a single technique is not an effective approach. A highly detailed structure or site is best modelled at various levels of detail. Image-based modelling is used for the basic shape and structural elements, and high-precision laser scanning for fine details and sculpted surfaces. To present the site in its proper context, image-based rendering or panorama is used for landscapes and surroundings. We demonstrate our approach on two typical heritage sites in Italy: the Abbey of Pomposa near Ferrara and the Scrovegni Chapel in Padova.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that many tourists are motivated by more than information- or pleasure-seeking, such as a quest for a deeper experience at heritage sites and a desire to make a personal connection with the people and spirit of earlier times.
Abstract: While increasing numbers of people are visiting historical sites and museums, the reasons for those visits are not well understood. An exploratory survey concerning what Americans want from their visits to such sites discovered that many tourists are motivated by more than information- or pleasure-seeking. Some indicated a quest for a deeper experience at heritage sites and a desire to make a personal connection with the people and spirit of earlier times. This impulse, termed "numen-seeking," is a strong motivation for many who visit historical sites. (Heritage tourism, numen, visitor motivation, visitor experience) ********** Historical sites and museums in both North America and Europe have become increasingly popular visitor destinations over the past decades, a fact prompting the observation that history has become a booming industry (Jakle 1985; Kammen 1991; Lowenthal 1985; and Mooney-Melville 1991). The return to the past is also evidenced by heritage movements and collecting. Samuel (1994) describes the rise of the heritage movement in the United Kingdom, based on varieties of collecting, historical re-enactment, and retro-fashion house design and furnishing. Horwitz (1998) documents the growing numbers of Civil War enthusiasts in the United States who dedicate time and resources to battle re-enactments. Gatewood (1990) notes the proliferation of collectors of memorabilia who stockpile old records, comic books, and baseball cards. Gillis (1994:15-18) characterizes Americans and Europeans as "compulsive consumers of the past" who save everything because they are not sure what to save. Ironically, the interest in, or possibly mania for, history does not parallel knowledge of it. Alderson and Low (1996:23) report that visitors are poorly educated about historical sites: "Visitors at today's sites no longer come with as much--or, sometimes, with any--historical knowledge." Falk and Dierking (1992) and Prentice (1993) cite studies that indicate that museum-goers have poor or uneven recall of what they have seen in exhibits. Jakle (1985), Kammen (1991), and Lowenthal (1985) provide further confirmation of this, citing research that demonstrates the sorry state of the public's knowledge of history. Given that so many visitors know so little of history, why they are such avid consumers of the past, especially when it comes to trips to museums and heritage sites, is puzzling. What is the draw of history? Generally speaking, museum professionals know relatively little about people's motivations for visiting historical sites and museums. While marketing surveys are routinely done by the big museum corporations, they are, with some exceptions, (2) demographic assessments that describe visitors in terms of their residence, age, sex, occupation, and income rather than motivational or psychographic profiles. Although probing interest in historical sites is clearly in the interest of many organizations, it is not routinely done, perhaps because of the expense for financially strapped institutions, or because many museologists are not trained to do social research. Nonetheless, historians and museum professionals have theories about visitors' interests and motivations. These appear to be based on subjective impressions rather than empirical research. Several theories are reiterated: nostalgia for a presumed simpler time, a search for cultural or ethnic roots, and anxiety about the future (Alderson and Low 1996; Dickinson 1996; Kammen 1991; Samuel 1994). A concern with cultural identity has been especially salient for Americans, according to Jakle (1985) and Mooney-Melvin (1991). Kammen (1991) dates the emergence of nostalgia to the decades following World War II, suggesting it was fueled by fears about national security and freedom, and a profound sense of cultural discontinuity. By the 1970s, the nostalgia craze was booming, as marked by an increase in the number of museums and a mania for collecting objects of all sorts. …

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The value of treating the cultural heritage apart from the natural heritage is seriously questioned, particularly in a coastal context as mentioned in this paper, arguing that the heritage most at risk is often that which carries most meaning for local people and traditional visitors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article advocates that the traditional approach pursued by the tourist business is in need of fundamental revision and local narratives should be translated into compelling e-content to be diffused globally.
Abstract: This article advocates that the traditional approach pursued by the tourist business is in need of fundamental revision. Experience has shown that economic development activities like tourism, when they are driven by outsiders (notably transnational corporations), are likely to deplete the cultural and social capital that is necessary for sustainable community economic development. It is assumed instead that to the extent that insiders are empowered and enabled to bridge cross-cultural differences, tourism development strategies may contribute towards global sustainability. Establishing cultural empathy between players in the travel industry is crucial in this process. However, this vision needs to be grounded in a sound business model for the heritage enterprise. To this aim, local narratives should be translated into compelling e-content to be diffused globally.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that copyright law may enable elites to enforce forms of censorship within communities; it has the potential to freeze cultural identities, and shut down desirable hybridities.
Abstract: Authorship is the special privilege of having one's creative efforts recognized as creating a "work" and the capacity to appeal to the state to protect that work because it is a contribution to something we call "progress" in the arts or sciences. So-called "copyrighting of culture" will only further imperil the public domain; it may enable elites to enforce forms of censorship within communities; it has the potential to freeze cultural identities, and shut down desirable hybridities. Many progressive North American scholars of intellectual property have placed their energies behind the revitalization of a "cultural public domain" and the maintenance of a "creative commons. To the extent that we are committed to the cultural public domain, we need to consider a wider range of activities and practices than those that copyright law traditionally recognized as acts of authorship and those most characteristic of Western creators. Intellectual property rights are human rights, as are rights of access to the public domain, rights of collectivities to maintain their cultural integrity and to participate in decisions involving the use of their cultural heritage. By considering both intellectual property rights and rights to the public domain within a larger human rights framework, the social, economic and cultural rights of others assume a new significance.