Topic
Currency
About: Currency is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 26697 publications have been published within this topic receiving 485370 citations. The topic is also known as: monetary unit & unit of money.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the implications of this fragility for the governance of the eurozone and conclude that the new governance structure does not sufficiently recognize this fragileness and is also likely to prevent member countries from using the automatic stabilizers during a recession.
Abstract: When entering a monetary union, member countries change the nature of their sovereign debt in a fundamental way, i.e. they cease to have control over the currency in which their debt is issued. As a result, financial markets can force these countries’ sovereigns into default. In this sense, the status of member countries of a monetary union is downgraded to that of an emerging economy. This makes the monetary union fragile and vulnerable to changing market sentiments. It also makes it possible that self-fulfilling multiple equilibria arise.This paper analyses the implications of this fragility for the governance of the eurozone. It concludes that the new governance structure (ESM) does not sufficiently recognize this fragility. Some of the features of the new financial assistance in fact are likely to increase this fragility. In addition, it is also likely to prevent member countries from using the automatic stabilizers during a recession. This is surely a step backward in the long history of social progress in Europe. The author suggests a different approach to deal with these problems.
145 citations
TL;DR: In this article, empirical observations on the comovements of currency velocity, inflation, and the relative size of the credit services sector are motivated by empirical observations of the relationship between currency velocity and inflation.
Abstract: This paper is motivated by empirical observations on the comovements of currency velocity, inflation, and the relative size of the credit services sector. We document these comovements and incorporate into a monetary growth model a credit services sector that provides services that help people economize on money. Our model makes two new contributions. First, we show that direct evidence on the appropriately defined credit service sector for the United States is consistent with the welfare cost measured using an estimated money demand schedule. Second, we provide estimates of the welfare cost of inflation that have some new features.
145 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors draw a simple link between the choice of currency and the pricing decision of a firm that changes prices in response to all shocks and show that a firm with a price list will set the price in its own currency (and otherwise it will set price in the foreign currency).
Abstract: Firms sometimes write price lists or catalogs for their exports, so they set prices for a period of time and do not adjust prices during that interval in response to changes in their environment. The firm sets the price either in its own currency or the importer's currency. This paper draws a simple link between the choice of currency and the pricing decision of a firm that changes prices in response to all shocks. Specifically, if the latter firm's price has a lower variance in terms of its own currency than the importer's currency, then the firm with a price list will set the price in its own currency (and otherwise it will set price in the foreign currency). This relationship is established by consideration of the firm with a price list as a special case of a firm that indexes its export price to the exchange rate. (JEL: F4, F1)
145 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a large part of the forward discount puzzle vanishes for regimes of fixed exchange rates and deviations from uncovered interest parity appear to vary in a way that is dependent upon the exchange rate regime.
Abstract: Regressions of ex-post changes in floating exchange rates on appropriate interest differentials typically imply that the high interest rate currency tends to appreciate - the `forward discount puzzle'. Using data from the European Monetary System we find that a large part of the forward discount puzzle vanishes for regimes of fixed exchange rates. That is, deviations from uncovered interest parity appear to vary in a way that is dependent upon the exchange rate regime. By using the many EMS realignments we are also able to quantify the `peso problem'.
145 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate the shadow economy for 111 countries for the years 1984-2006 based on the currency demand approach and find that shadow economy varies significantly by country income group.
Abstract: The article estimates the size of shadow economy for 111 countries for the years 1984–2006 based on the currency demand approach. An important innovation is our use of dynamic panel data methods, which allows us to make several important contributions. First, we estimate the shadow economy for a range of heterogeneous countries that previously could not be included in the same regression. Second, we include variables that measure institutional quality in countries, including a variable that measures enforcement efforts. Third, we account for the persistence of currency demand as it evolves over time. Our results indicate a substantial shadow economy across countries, ranging from 10 to 86 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), with some tendency to grow over time. We also find that the shadow economy varies significantly by country income group. The mean shadow economy is 17 percent of GDP for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, 24 percent for non-OECD high-income co...
144 citations