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Customs union
About: Customs union is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2177 publications have been published within this topic receiving 30912 citations.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present empirical evidence to assess the relative magnitudes of these three effects as they apply to further trade liberalization in Mexico and investigate whether the size of pollution abatement costs in US industry influences the pattern of international trade and investment.
Abstract: In general, a reduction in trade barriers will affect the environment by expanding the scale of economic activity, by altering the composition of economic activity and by initiating a change in the techniques of production. We present empirical evidence to assess the relative magnitudes of these three effects as they apply to further trade liberalization in Mexico. We first use comparable measures of three air pollutants in a cross-section of urban areas located in 42 countries to study the relationship between air quality and economic growth. We find for two pollutants (sulphur dioxide and `smoke') that concentrations increase with per capita GDP at low levels of national income, but decrease with GDP growth at higher levels of income. We then study the determinants of the industry pattern of US imports from Mexico and of value added by Mexico's maquiladora sector. We investigate whether the size of pollution abatement costs in US industry influences the pattern of international trade and investment. Finally, we use the results from a computable general equilibrium model to study the likely compositional effect of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on pollution in Mexico.
3,091 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1951
TL;DR: Grossman as discussed by the authors discusses the compatibility of Customs Union with the Most-Favored-nation Principle and argues that the most favored-nation principle is not a serious barrier to Customs Unions.
Abstract: Acknowledgements Preface by Gene Grossman Foreword by George A Finch Introduction by Paul Oslington I Introduction II The Compatibility of Customs Union with the Most-Favored-Nation Principle 1 The Criteria of a "Customs Union" 2 Diplomatic Controversies Arising out of Most-Favored-Nation obligations of Members of Customs Unions 3 The Most-Favored-Nation Principle Not a Serious Barrier to Customs Unions III Exemption from Most-Favored-Nation Obligations of Preferential Arrangements other than Customs Union 1 Imperial Preference 2 Regional Agreements 3 Plurilateral Agreements IV The Economics of Customs Unions 1 Customs Union as an Approach to Free Trade 2 Customs Union and the "Terms of Trade" 3 Administrative Economies of Customs Union 4 Revenue Duties 5 The " of the Customs Union Tariff 6 Increased Tariff Protection as the Major Economic Objective of Customs Unions 7 Cartels in Relation to Customs Unions 8 The Allocation of Customs Revenues V Political Aspects of Customs Unions 1 The Location of Administrative Authority in Customs Unions 2 Customs Union and Neutrality Obligations 3 Customs Union and Political Unification 4 The Austro-German Treaty of 1918 VI The Havana Charter and Customs Union 1 The Most-Favored-Nation Principle 2 Exemptions from Most-Favored-Nation Obligations of Customs Unions, Free-Trade Areas, and Interim Agreements 3 Exemptions from Most-Favored-Nation Obligations of Agreements in the Interest of Economic Development, Including Regional Agreements 4 Relations with Non-Members 5 Significance of the Havana Charter for the Customs Union Question VII Prospects for Customs Unions 1 Customs Unions Now in Operation or in Active Process of Negotiation 2 Customs Union in Western Europe 3 Obstacles to the Formation of Customs Unions Bibliography Index
1,511 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The Customs Union Issue was originally published in 1950 by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and set the framework for the contemporary debate over the benefits or otherwise of preferential trading agreements such as the European Union, NAFTA, and APEC.
Abstract: Jacob Viner's The Customs Union Issue was originally published in 1950 by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. It set the framework for the contemporary debate over the benefits or otherwise of preferential trading agreements such as the European Union, NAFTA, and APEC. Viner developed the concepts of trade creation and diversion in this work as he pioneered the analysis of the global politics of trade agreements. This revival of Viner's classic work includes an introduction that places this book in the context of his life's work and the post-WWI economic and political situation. The introduction also traces the reception of Viner's work and discusses its continuing relevance for international economists, political scientists, and historians. Available in OSO:
1,472 citations
TL;DR: This article found that countries with a comparative advantage between that of their partners and the rest of the world do better than countries with an "extreme" comparative advantage, and that developing countries are likely to be better served by "north-south" than by "south-south", while high income countries cause convergence.
Abstract: How are the benefits and costs of a customs union divided between member countries? Outcomes depend on the comparative advantage of members, relative to each other and relative to the rest of the world. Countries with a comparative advantage between that of their partners and the rest of the world do better than countries with an ‘extreme’ comparative advantage. Consequently, integration between low income countries tends to lead to divergence of member country incomes, while agreements between high income countries cause convergence. Results suggest that developing countries are likely to be better served by ‘north-south’ than by ‘south-south’ agreements.
327 citations
TL;DR: A recent burst of creative theorising about Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), associated with what Bhagwati (1991) has called the First Regionalism', is well known to have come from Jacob Viner's (1950) work on what he called the 'customs union issue' and was a result of his having been commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment to examine the appropriate design of the world trading system with the end of the Second World War as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The best kind of economic theory has almost always reflected policy concerns, while informing policy in turn. This is particularly so when it comes to the theory of international trade, going back to Adam Smith's discovery of the demerits of mercantilism and his invention of economic science, both in The Wealth of Nations. The theory of preferential trading is no exception. The original burst of creative theorising about Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), associated with what Bhagwati (1991) has called the First Regionalism', is well known to have come from Jacob Viner's (1950) work on what he called the 'customs union issue' and was a result of his having been commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment to examine the appropriate design of the world trading system with the end of the Second World War. In turn, the impending formation of the Common Market, leading to the Treaty of Rome in 1957, played a role in the further development of the theory at the hands of James Meade (1955), Richard Lipsey (1958) and others.2 The recent burst of theorising about PTAs is also a reflection of the new policy questions raised by the fact that the United States abandoned in the early 1980s its policy of avoiding PTAs, even though sanctioned by Article 24 of the GATT, and concentrating exclusively on multilateral trade negotiations
318 citations