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Cyber-physical system

About: Cyber-physical system is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 11096 publications have been published within this topic receiving 162489 citations. The topic is also known as: CPS.


Papers
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a supervised machine learning approach is proposed for constructing models of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) automatically by applying machine learning to data traces obtained after systematically seeding their software components with faults.
Abstract: Cyber-physical systems (CPS) consist of sensors, actuators, and controllers all communicating over a network; if any subset becomes compromised, an attacker could cause significant damage. With access to data logs and a model of the CPS, the physical effects of an attack could potentially be detected before any damage is done. Manually building a model that is accurate enough in practice, however, is extremely difficult. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for constructing models of CPS automatically, by applying supervised machine learning to data traces obtained after systematically seeding their software components with faults ("mutants"). We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach on the simulator of a real-world water purification plant, presenting a framework that automatically generates mutants, collects data traces, and learns an SVM-based model. Using cross-validation and statistical model checking, we show that the learnt model characterises an invariant physical property of the system. Furthermore, we demonstrate the usefulness of the invariant by subjecting the system to 55 network and code-modification attacks, and showing that it can detect 85% of them from the data logs generated at runtime.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examines the key features of CPSs and their relation with other system types, defines the dependencies between levels of automation and human roles in CPSs from a systems engineering perspective, and applies systems thinking to describe a multi‐layered diagrammatic representation of CPS's for combined safety and security risk analysis.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigates resilient event-triggered load frequency control (LFC) of multiarea power systems under nonideal network environments under the sample-data framework and provides a better way to balance the control performance and communication resource by reasonably choosing the parameters of QEC.
Abstract: This article investigates resilient event-triggered load frequency control (LFC) of multiarea power systems under nonideal network environments. Under the sample-data framework, a novel QoS-dependent event-triggered communication (QEC) scheme is presented to deal with nonideal network environments while preserving the desired control performance and improving the communication efficiency. In comparison with some traditional state-dependent event-triggered communication schemes, since the proposed QEC depends not only on the state of controlled plant but also on the QoS of communication network, higher communication efficiency can be achieved. Then, a resilient LFC is well developed based on the proposed QEC, where “resilient” implies that: 1) for a normal QoS case, less packets are transmitted to save the communication resources and 2) for an abnormal QoS case, more packets are transmitted to mitigate the influence of nonideal QoS. Moreover, the proposed method provides a better way to balance the control performance and communication resource by reasonably choosing the parameters of QEC. Finally, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper reports on the results of the Second International Workshop on Software Engineering for Smart Cyber--Physical Systems (SEsCPS 2016), which specifically focuses on challenges and promising solutions in the area of software engineering for sCPS.
Abstract: Smart Cyber--Physical Systems (sCPS) are modern CPS systems that are engineered to seamlessly integrate a large number of computation and physical components; they need to control entities in their environment in a smart and collective way to achieve a high degree of effectiveness and efficiency. At the same time, these systems are supposed to be safe and secure, deal with environment dynamicity and uncertainty, cope with external threats, and optimize their behavior to achieve the best possible outcome. This "smartness" typically stems from highly cooperative behavior, self--awareness, self--adaptation, and selfoptimization. Most of the "smartness" is implemented in software, which makes the software one of the most complex and most critical constituents of sCPS. As the specifics of sCPS render traditional software engineering approaches not directly applicable, new and innovative approaches to software engineering of sCPS need to be sought. This paper reports on the results of the Second International Workshop on Software Engineering for Smart Cyber--Physical Systems (SEsCPS 2016), which specifically focuses on challenges and promising solutions in the area of software engineering for sCPS.

52 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
13 Apr 2010
TL;DR: The experiment results show that the concept of (CPS)2 is feasible and can be made highly reliable using commodity wireless sensor motes, and it is shown that the realization of ( cps)2 requires non-trivial management due to stochastic real-time communication constraints.
Abstract: Precision agriculture (PA) refers to a series of practices and tools necessary to correctly evaluate farming needs and a high density of soil sensors is an essential part of this effort. The accuracy and effectiveness of PA solutions are highly dependent on accurate and timely analysis of the soil conditions. Traditional soil measurements techniques, however, do not provide real-time data and hence, cannot fully satisfy these requirements. Moreover, the use of wired sensors, which usually must be installed and removed frequently, impacts the deployment of a high density of sensor nodes for a certain area. In this paper, a novel cyber-physical system (CPS) is developed through the integration of center pivot systems with wireless underground sensor networks, i.e., (CPS)2 for precision agriculture (PA). The Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) consist of wirelessly connected underground sensor nodes that communicate untethered through soil. A CP provides one of the highest efficient irrigation solutions for agriculture and the integration of WUSNs with the CP structure can provide autonomous irrigation capabilities that are driven by the physical world, i.e., conditions of the soil. However, the wireless communication channel for the soil-air path is significantly affected by many spatio-temporal aspects, such as the location and burial depth of the sensors, the soil texture and moisture, the vegetation canopy, and also the speed of the center pivot engine. Due to the high number of real-time parameters to be considered, a cyber-physical system (CPS) must be developed. In this paper, as a proof-of-concept, the results of empirical experiments with these components are provided. The main characteristics of a precision agriculture CPS are highlighted as a result of the experiments realized with a WUSN built on top of a real-life center pivot system. The experiment results show that the concept of (CPS)2 is feasible and can be made highly reliable using commodity wireless sensor motes. Moreover, it is shown that the realization of (CPS)2 requires non-trivial management due to stochastic real-time communication constraints. Accordingly, guidelines for the development of an efficient (CPS)2 solution are provided. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that considers a CPS solution based on WUSNs for precision agriculture.

52 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023831
20221,955
20211,283
20201,586
20191,576
20181,441