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Cytosine

About: Cytosine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5883 publications have been published within this topic receiving 220922 citations. The topic is also known as: Cyt & Zytosin.


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Journal ArticleDOI
J. Marmur1, Paul Doty1
TL;DR: The previously discovered linear relation between the base composition of DNA, expressed in percentage of guanine plus cytosine bases, and the denaturation temperature, T m, has been further investigated and it appears that the measurement of the T m is a satisfactory means of determining base composition in DNA.

4,154 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An all atom potential energy function for the simulation of proteins and nucleic acids and the first general vibrational analysis of all five nucleic acid bases with a molecular mechanics potential approach is presented.
Abstract: We present an all atom potential energy function for the simulation of proteins and nucleic acids. This work is an extension of the CH united atom function recently presented by S.J. Weiner et al. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 106, 765 (1984). The parameters of our function are based on calculations on ethane, propane, n−butane, dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, imidazole, indole, deoxyadenosine, base paired dinucleoside phosphates, adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine, thymine, insulin, and myoglobin. We have also used these parameters to carry out the first general vibrational analysis of all five nucleic acid bases with a molecular mechanics potential approach.

3,291 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an approach for deriving net atomic charges from ab initio quantum mechanical calculations using a least squares fit of the quantum mechanically calculated electrostatic potential to that of the partial charge model is presented.
Abstract: We present an approach for deriving net atomic charges from ab initio quantum mechanical calculations using a least squares fit of the quantum mechanically calculated electrostatic potential to that of the partial charge model. Our computational approach is similar to those presented by Momany [J. Phys. Chem., 82, 592 (1978)], Smit, Derissen, and van Duijneveldt [Mol. Phys., 37, 521 (1979)], and Cox and Williams [J. Comput. Chem., 2, 304 (1981)], but differs in the approach to choosing the positions for evaluating the potential. In this article, we present applications to the molecules H2O, CH3OH, (CH3)2O, H2CO, NH3, (CH3O)2PO, deoxyribose, ribose, adenine, 9-CH3 adenine, thymine, 1-CH3 thymine, guanine, 9-CH3 guanine, cytosine, 1-CH3 cytosine, uracil, and 1-CH3 uracil. We also address the question of inclusion of “lone pairs,” their location and charge.

2,976 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
23 Nov 2017-Nature
TL;DR: Adenine base editors (ABEs) that mediate the conversion of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA are described and a transfer RNA adenosine deaminase is evolved to operate on DNA when fused to a catalytically impaired CRISPR–Cas9 mutant.
Abstract: The spontaneous deamination of cytosine is a major source of transitions from C•G to T•A base pairs, which account for half of known pathogenic point mutations in humans. The ability to efficiently convert targeted A•T base pairs to G•C could therefore advance the study and treatment of genetic diseases. The deamination of adenine yields inosine, which is treated as guanine by polymerases, but no enzymes are known to deaminate adenine in DNA. Here we describe adenine base editors (ABEs) that mediate the conversion of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA. We evolved a transfer RNA adenosine deaminase to operate on DNA when fused to a catalytically impaired CRISPR-Cas9 mutant. Extensive directed evolution and protein engineering resulted in seventh-generation ABEs that convert targeted A•T base pairs efficiently to G•C (approximately 50% efficiency in human cells) with high product purity (typically at least 99.9%) and low rates of indels (typically no more than 0.1%). ABEs introduce point mutations more efficiently and cleanly, and with less off-target genome modification, than a current Cas9 nuclease-based method, and can install disease-correcting or disease-suppressing mutations in human cells. Together with previous base editors, ABEs enable the direct, programmable introduction of all four transition mutations without double-stranded DNA cleavage.

2,451 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A genomic sequencing technique which is capable of detecting every methylated cytosine on both strands of any target sequence, using DNA isolated from fewer than 100 cells is developed.
Abstract: An understanding of DNA methylation and its potential role in gene control during development, aging and cancer has been hampered by a lack of sensitive methods which can resolve exact methylation patterns from only small quantities of DNA. We have now developed a genomic sequencing technique which is capable of detecting every methylated cytosine on both strands of any target sequence, using DNA isolated from fewer than 100 cells. In this method, sodium bisulphite is used to convert cytosine residues to uracil residues in single-stranded DNA, under conditions whereby 5-methylcytosine remains non-reactive. The converted DNA is amplified with specific primers and sequenced. All the cytosine residues remaining in the sequence represent previously methylated cytosines in the genome. The work described has defined procedures that maximise the efficiency of denaturation, bisulphite conversion and amplification, to permit methylation mapping of single genes from small amounts of genomic DNA, readily available from germ cells and early developmental stages.

1,954 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023162
2022192
2021103
2020100
2019131
2018118