Showing papers on "Damages published in 2021"
TL;DR: The results provide information quantifying the costs of climate change, and suggest that lower levels of future warming would very likely reduce flooding losses relative to the current global warming trajectory.
Abstract: Precipitation extremes have increased across many regions of the United States, with further increases anticipated in response to additional global warming. Quantifying the impact of these precipitation changes on flood damages is necessary to estimate the costs of climate change. However, there is little empirical evidence linking changes in precipitation to the historically observed increase in flood losses. We use >6,600 reports of state-level flood damage to quantify the historical relationship between precipitation and flood damages in the United States. Our results show a significant, positive effect of both monthly and 5-d state-level precipitation on state-level flood damages. In addition, we find that historical precipitation changes have contributed approximately one-third of cumulative flood damages over 1988 to 2017 (primary estimate 36%; 95% CI 20 to 46%), with the cumulative impact of precipitation change totaling $73 billion (95% CI 39 to $91 billion). Further, climate models show that anthropogenic climate forcing has increased the probability of exceeding precipitation thresholds at the extremely wet quantiles that are responsible for most flood damages. Climate models project continued intensification of wet conditions over the next three decades, although a trajectory consistent with UN Paris Agreement goals significantly curbs that intensification. Taken together, our results quantify the contribution of precipitation trends to recent increases in flood damages, advance estimates of the costs associated with historical greenhouse gas emissions, and provide further evidence that lower levels of future warming are very likely to reduce financial losses relative to the current global warming trajectory.
76 citations
31 Mar 2021
TL;DR: In this article, an innovative book that provides fresh insights into the neglected field of remedies in both international and domestic human rights law has been published, providing an overarching two-track theory, combining remedies to compensate and prevent irreparable harm to litigants with a more dialogic approach to systemic remedies.
Abstract: An innovative book that provides fresh insights into the neglected field of remedies in both international and domestic human rights law Providing an overarching two-track theory, it combines remedies to compensate and prevent irreparable harm to litigants with a more dialogic approach to systemic remedies It breaks new ground by demonstrating how proportionality principles can improve remedial decision-making and avoid reliance on either strong discretion or inflexible rules It draws on the latest jurisprudence from the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights and domestic courts in Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Hong Kong, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States Separate chapters are devoted to interim remedies, remedies for laws that violate human rights, damages, remedies in the criminal process, declarations and injunctions in institutional cases, remedies for violations of social and economic rights and remedies for violations of Indigenous rights
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the impact of cement industry towards the global environment and solutions to the problem and found that increasing harvesting of raw materials for mounting cement manufacturing causes reduction in quantity of the non-renewable resources such as limestone.
50 citations
01 Feb 2021
TL;DR: In this article, a cost-benefit integrated assessment model is extended to include natural capital as a form of wealth, which brings benefits to people through non-use existence value and as an input into the production of ecosystem services and market goods.
Abstract: Climate change is damaging ecosystems throughout the world with serious implications for human well-being. Quantifying the benefits of reducing emissions requires understanding these costs, but the unique and non-market nature of many goods provided by natural systems makes them difficult to value. Detailed representation of ecological damages in models used to calculate the costs of greenhouse gas emissions has been largely lacking. Here, we have expanded a cost–benefit integrated assessment model to include natural capital as a form of wealth. This brings benefits to people through non-use existence value and as an input into the production of ecosystem services and market goods. In our model, using central estimates for all parameters, optimal emissions reach zero by the year 2050, limiting warming to 1.5 °C by the year 2100. We used Monte Carlo analysis to examine the influence of several key uncertain model parameters, and examined the effect of adaptive investments in natural systems that partially offset climate damages. Overall, we show that accounting for the use and non-use value of nature has large implications for climate policy. Our analysis suggests that better understanding climate impacts on natural systems and associated welfare effects should be a high priority for future research. Models used to calculate the costs of carbon emissions do not include ecological damages. This study expands an integrated assessment model to include natural capital as a form of wealth, and shows that accounting for the use and non-use value of nature has large implications for climate policy.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the present and future economic damages due to reduced labour productivity caused by extreme heat in Europe and show that economic damages in Europe exceed 1% of the GDP in vulnerable areas, which might increase by a factor of almost five in the medium term without climate action.
Abstract: Extreme heat undermines the working capacity of individuals, resulting in lower productivity, and thus economic output. Here we analyse the present and future economic damages due to reduced labour productivity caused by extreme heat in Europe. For the analysis of current impacts, we focused on heatwaves occurring in four recent anomalously hot years (2003, 2010, 2015, and 2018) and compared our findings to the historical period 1981–2010. In the selected years, the total estimated damages attributed to heatwaves amounted to 0.3–0.5% of European gross domestic product (GDP). However, the identified losses were largely heterogeneous across space, consistently showing GDP impacts beyond 1% in more vulnerable regions. Future projections indicate that by 2060 impacts might increase in Europe by a factor of almost five compared to the historical period 1981–2010 if no further mitigation or adaptation actions are taken, suggesting the presence of more pronounced effects in the regions where these damages are already acute. Heatwaves are becoming increasingly frequent and more intense, causing severe economic impacts through reduced labour productivity. Here, the authors show that economic damages in Europe exceed 1% of the GDP in vulnerable areas, which might increase by a factor of almost five in the medium term without climate action.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors inspected the association between economic development, financial development, trade openness, and energy usage on carbon emissions for an emerging nation, like Bangladesh, based on a total of 36 years of data (1980-2016).
Abstract: It is agreeable that the rapid progress of civilization throughout the years came at a great price for severe environmental damages. Currently, human civilization is facing the consequences of the environmental damages that have been made for centuries. As a result, taking measures that will take civilization forward yet not make any environmental damages has become a devoir. Taking these measures requires a profound knowledge of the effect of financial development and trade openness on carbon emissions. This paper inspects the association between economic development, financial development, trade openness, and energy usage on carbon emissions for an emerging nation, like Bangladesh. The paper is based on a total of 36 years of data (1980-2016). To ascertain the existence of both long-run and short-run relationships, the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing method is applied. The outcomes expose that energy usage has a substantial influence on carbon emissions both in the short run and a long run. The influence of economic development is momentous in the long run; however, in the short run, it has no effect. The factors for trade openness and financial development are negative and immaterial equally in the short run and long run. The present study proposes that Bangladesh's government should carry out the strategy to advance substitute energy bases that ought not to release a large amount of carbon emissions.
24 citations
TL;DR: The authors derived a non-certainty-equivalent rule for the carbon price, which incorporates precautionary, risk-insurance and risk-exposure, and climate beta effects to deal with future economic and climatic risks.
Abstract: A popular model of economy and climate change has logarithmic preferences and damages proportional to the carbon stock in which case the certainty-equivalent carbon price is optimal. We allow for different aversions to risk and intertemporal fluctuations, convex damages, uncertainties in economic growth, atmospheric carbon, climate sensitivity and damages, correlated risks, and distributions that are skewed in the longer run to capture climate feedbacks. We derive a non-certainty-equivalent rule for the carbon price, which incorporates precautionary, risk-insurance and risk-exposure, and climate beta effects to deal with future economic and climatic risks. We interpret these effects with a calibrated DSGE model.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on losses and damages associated with urban drought and water insecurity through a review of interventions and policies in seven Asian countries and find evidence of urban droughts leading to tangible losses (e.g., groundwater over-extraction, economic impacts) and intangible losses such as conflict, increased drudgery).
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors outline the adverse consequences and challenges induced by COVID-19 pandemic for the whole world and for universities in particular, and demonstrate that teaching, research, and international cooperation have been successfully continued.
Abstract: The paper outlines the adverse consequences and challenges induced by COVID-19 pandemic for the whole world and for universities in particular. The example of Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra illustrates the difficulties and challenges caused by the pandemic in relation to the two main activities arising from the university mission-teaching and research. It presents some particular aspects of the university activities adversely affected by COVID-19 and shares the measures to minimize the resulted damages. Furthermore, it demonstrates that, despite complications induced by COVID-19, teaching, research, and international cooperation have been successfully continued.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the economic losses and damages experienced by rural communities in three locations of Bangladesh, which are vulnerable to riverine and flash floods or cyclones, associated surges & coastal flooding, and salinity intrusion, and found that increased adaptive capacity enabled households to address their extreme climate event-related impacts.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed economic damage data using regression and probabilistic methods, and found that extreme weather and climate events can cause significant economic damages, and that Europe is the most affected continent followed by North America and Asia.
TL;DR: To tackle the multi-time-scale characteristic of the proposed UAVRS, a two-layer decision-making architecture is proposed and a bilevel programming problem is solved in the first layer for the large- time-scale problem, and a mixed-integer linear programming problem for the small-time ofscale problem in the second layer.
Abstract: Natural disasters pose a tremendous risk to the reliability of distribution networks. In this paper, a novel real-time UAV routing strategy for coordination between monitoring and inspection for post-disaster restoration in distribution networks is proposed. With our proposed real-time UAV routing strategy, damages can be inspected by UAVs for post-disaster restoration. Besides, transmission lines can be monitored to find potential dangers, and road infrastructure can also be monitored to provide real-time information about traffic conditions so that repair crews can select the best ways to reach damages. In addition, due to unpredictable events during restoration, the UAV routing strategy and schedule need to be updated in real time. Then, to tackle the multi-time-scale characteristic of the proposed UAV routing strategy, a two-layer computation architecture is proposed. A case study based on the distribution network in Zaltbommel, the Netherlands, illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to other approaches.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether climate change signals are already detectable in reported river flood damages and developed an empirical model to reconstruct observed damages and quantify the contributions of climate and socio-economic drivers to observed trends.
Abstract: Climate change affects precipitation patterns. Here, we investigate whether its signals are already detectable in reported river flood damages. We develop an empirical model to reconstruct observed damages and quantify the contributions of climate and socio-economic drivers to observed trends. We show that, on the level of nine world regions, trends in damages are dominated by increasing exposure and modulated by changes in vulnerability, while climate-induced trends are comparably small and mostly statistically insignificant, with the exception of South & Sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Asia. However, when disaggregating the world regions into subregions based on river-basins with homogenous historical discharge trends, climate contributions to damages become statistically significant globally, in Asia and Latin America. In most regions, we find monotonous climate-induced damage trends but more years of observations would be needed to distinguish between the impacts of anthropogenic climate forcing and multidecadal oscillations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors looked at three United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, namely (i) affordable and clean energy; (ii) industry, innovation, and infrastructure; and (iii) climate change, to see how far the Chinese economy has progressed toward green and clean development strategy.
Abstract: Climate change and increased greenhouse gas emissions boost the global average temperature to less than 2°C, which is the estimated breakeven point. The globe is moving into blue pollution economies as the environmental sustainability objective becomes more distorted. The study looked at three United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, namely (i) affordable and clean energy; (ii) industry, innovation, and infrastructure; and (iii) climate change, to see how far the Chinese economy has progressed toward green and clean development strategy. In the context of China, the "pollution damage function" was intended to refer to carbon damages related to carbon pricing, technological variables, sustained economic growth, incoming foreign investment, and green energy. The data was collected between 1975 and 2019 and analyzed using various statistical approaches. The results of the autoregressive distributed lag model suggest that carbon taxes on industrial emissions reduce carbon damages in the short and long run. Furthermore, a rise in inbound foreign investment and renewable energy demand reduces carbon damages in the short term, proving the "pollution halo" and "green energy" hypotheses; nonetheless, the results are insufficient to explain the stated results in the long run. In the long run, technology transfers and continued economic growth are beneficial in reducing carbon damages and confirming the potential of cleaner solutions in pollution mitigation. The causal inferences show the one-way relationship running from carbon pricing and technology transfer to carbon damages, and green energy to high-technology exports in a country. The impulse response estimates suggested that carbon tax, inbound foreign investment, and technology transfers likely decrease carbon damages for the next 10 years. On the other hand, continued economic growth and inadequate green energy sources are likely to increase carbon pollution in a country. The variance decomposition analysis suggested that carbon pricing and information and communication technology exports would likely significantly influence carbon damages over time. To keep the earth's temperature within the set threshold, the true motivation to shift from a blue to a green economy required strict environmental legislation, the use of green energy sources, and the export of cleaner technologies. Source: Authors' self-extract.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare how modelling of building damages complements claims-based risk assessment and use two windstorm risk models: the insurer's proprietary model and the open source CLIMADA platform.
Abstract: . With access to claims, insurers have a long tradition of being knowledge leaders on damages caused by e.g. windstorms. However, new opportunities have arisen to better assess the risks of winter windstorms in Europe through the availability of historic footprints provided by the Windstorm Information Service (Copernicus WISC). In this study, we compare how modelling of building damages complements claims-based risk assessment. We describe and use two windstorm risk models: the insurer's proprietary model and the open source CLIMADA platform. Both use the historic WISC dataset and a purposefully-built, probabilistic hazard event set of winter windstorms across Europe to model building damages in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. These approaches project a considerably lower estimate for the annual average damage (CHF 1.4 million), compared to claims (CHF 2.3 million), which originates mainly from a different assessment of the return period of the most damaging historic event Lothar/Martin. Additionally, the probabilistic modelling approach allows assessing rare events, such as a 250-year return period windstorm causing CHF 75 million damages. Our study emphasises the importance of complementing a claims-based perspective with a probabilistic risk modelling approach to better understand windstorm risks. The presented open source model provides a straightforward entry point for small insurance companies.
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors take an in-depth look at the economic damages non-native species cause, methods economists often use to measure those damages, and tools used to assess invasive species policies.
Abstract: While the subset of introduced species that become invasive is small, the damages caused by that subset and the costs of controlling them can be substantial. This chapter takes an in-depth look at the economic damages non-native species cause, methods economists often use to measure those damages, and tools used to assess invasive species policies. Ecological damages are covered in other chapters of this book. To put the problem in perspective, Federal agencies reported spending more than half a billion dollars per year in 1999 and 2000 for activities related to invasive species ($513.9 million in 1999 and $631.5 million in 2000 (U.S. GAO 2000)). Approximately half of these expenses were spent on prevention. Several states also spend considerable resources on managing non-native species; for example, Florida spent $127.6 million on invasive species activities in 2000 (U.S. GAO 2000), and the Great Lakes states spend about $20 million each year to control sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) (Kinnunen 2015). Costs to government may not be the same as actual damages, which generally fall disproportionately on a few economic sectors and households. For example, the impact of the 2002 outbreak of West Nile virus exceeded $4 million in damages to the equine industries in Colorado and Nebraska alone (USDA APHIS 2003) and more than $20 million in public health damages in Louisiana (Zohrabian et al. 2004). Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) cause $300–$500 million annually in damages to power plants, water systems, and industrial water intakes in the Great Lakes region (Great Lakes Commission 2012) and are expected to cause $64 million annually in damages should they or quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) spread to the Columbia River basin (Warziniack et al. 2011).
TL;DR: In this article, a cross-linked polycaprolactone (PCL) network is used to fabricate a smart conductor with ability of switching between non-conductive and conductive at low and high temperatures respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combine hydrodynamic and economic models to assess the extent of both local and regional flooding and damages expected from a range of shoreline protection and sea-level rise scenarios in San Francisco Bay, California.
Abstract: Coastal communities rely on levees and seawalls as critical protection against sea-level rise; in the United States alone, $300 billion in shoreline armoring costs are forecast by 2100. However, despite the local flood risk reduction benefits, these structures can exacerbate flooding and associated damages along other parts of the shoreline-particularly in coastal bays and estuaries, where nearly 500 million people globally are at risk from sea-level rise. The magnitude and spatial distribution of the economic impact of this dynamic, however, are poorly understood. Here we combine hydrodynamic and economic models to assess the extent of both local and regional flooding and damages expected from a range of shoreline protection and sea-level rise scenarios in San Francisco Bay, California. We find that protection of individual shoreline segments (5 to 75 km) can increase flooding in other areas by as much as 36 million m3 and damages by $723 million for a single flood event and in some cases can even cause regional flood damages that exceed the local damages prevented from protection. We also demonstrate that strategic flooding of certain shoreline segments, such as those with gradually sloping baylands and space for water storage, can help alleviate flooding and damages along other stretches of the coastline. By matching the scale of the economic assessment to the scale of the threat, we reveal the previously uncounted costs associated with uncoordinated adaptation actions and demonstrate that a regional planning perspective is essential for reducing shared risk and wisely spending adaptation resources in coastal bays.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the effectiveness of different countermeasures to economic crisis from the public health emergency and find that both monetary and fiscal countermeasures could effectively mitigate the economic damages to GDP and employment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that accounting for climate damages significantly increases the near-term ambition of transformation pathways and find an optimal carbon price of $115 per tonne of CO2 in 2030.
Abstract: Pathways toward limiting global warming to well below 2 ∘C, as used by the IPCC in the Fifth Assessment Report, do not consider the climate impacts already occurring below 2 ∘C. Here we show that accounting for such damages significantly increases the near-term ambition of transformation pathways. We use econometric estimates of climate damages on GDP growth and explicitly model the uncertainty in the persistence time of damages. The Integrated Assessment Model we use includes the climate system and mitigation technology detail required to derive near-term policies. We find an optimal carbon price of $115 per tonne of CO2 in 2030. The long-term persistence of damages, while highly uncertain, is a main driver of the near-term carbon price. Accounting for damages on economic growth increases the gap between the currently pledged nationally determined contributions and the welfare-optimal 2030 emissions by two thirds, compared to pathways considering the 2 ∘C limit only.
TL;DR: Slight adjustments to pesticide registration requirements can offer greater protection for people’s health, and four ideas to reduce health damages accompanying pesticide usage are offered.
Abstract: The development of synthetic pesticides has provided new tools for addressing troublesome pests. A review of parts of the registration process for pesticides in the United States identifies an outdated evaluation system that undervalues health damages. Registration fails to adequately consider co-formulants and effects of exposure to multiple chemicals. Frustration with failures to protect people and property from damages accompanying pesticide usage has led injured plaintiffs to resort to tort lawsuits to secure relief. However, litigation involves compensating injured persons after they are injured rather than preventing injury. A more proactive approach would be to prevent situations that injure people. This paper offers four ideas to reduce health damages accompanying pesticide usage. Slight adjustments to pesticide registration requirements can offer greater protection for people’s health.
TL;DR: The fetal heartbeat law in Texas as mentioned in this paper allows private individuals to bring civil lawsuits not just against physicians but also against anyone who "knowingly engages in conduct that aids or abets the performance or inducement of an abortion, regardless of whether the person knew the abortion was unlawful".
Abstract: Thirteen states have enacted so-called “fetal heartbeat” laws banning abortions once embryotic cardiac activity can be detected. Courts have enjoined their enforcement as unconstitutional. However, on September 1, 2021, the Supreme Court declined to block a Texas fetal heartbeat law, which virtually eliminates access to abortion services. Texas Governor Greg Abbott signed SB8 into law on May 19th, with an effective date of September 1st. The law essentially prohibits abortion after 6 weeks of gestational age, before most women know they are pregnant.
Texas’ fetal heartbeat law has a unique feature. It empowers private individuals to bring civil lawsuits not just against physicians but also against anyone who “knowingly engages in conduct that aids or abets the performance or inducement of an abortion,” regardless of whether the person knew the abortion was unlawful. It includes “reimbursing the costs of an abortion through insurance.” The language is so broad that it could cover a friend, clergyman, or even a driver who counsels a woman or transports her to an abortion clinic. SB8 goes further, imposing liability if the person even “intends to engage in the conduct.” Any citizen may bring a civil lawsuit and, if successful, violators are required to pay damages of $10,000 or more for each abortion, along with costs and attorney’s fees. SB8 therefore leaves the law’s enforcement not to state officials, but to private individuals, who are rewarded with damages.
TL;DR: The authors argue that settler colonialism is a violent process that harms all beings and build upon environmental justice frameworks and argue for Indigenous values affirmation as a strategy for countering the violence of Settler colonialism.
Abstract: Settler colonialism is a violent process that harms all beings. We build upon environmental justice frameworks and argue for Indigenous values affirmation as a strategy for countering the violence ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use an integrated assessment model designed to support climate policy at the global, national, and subnational scales where mitigation and adaptation policy decisions are made, and characterize the consequences of unabated climate change and the benefits of current climate policy proposals by means of probabilistic estimates of the economic damages of climate change.
Abstract: The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) represent the world's first effort toward the Paris Agreement goal of keeping global temperature increase well below 2 °C and pursuing 1.5 °C. Little is known about how much the proposed mitigation efforts can reduce the risks and economic damages from unabated climate change and about the consequences if key emitters drop the Paris Agreement. Here, we use CLIMRISK, an integrated assessment model designed to support climate policy at the global, national, and subnational scales where mitigation and adaptation policy decisions are made. We characterize the consequences of unabated climate change and the benefits of current climate policy proposals by means of probabilistic estimates of the economic damages of climate change and uni- and multivariate dynamic climate risk indices at a detailed spatial resolution. The results presented reveal that the economic costs and risks are highly unequally distributed between and within countries and larger than previously estimated when warming in urban areas and temporal persistence of impacts are accounted for. Costs and risks can be significantly limited by strict implementation of NDCs, but increase noticeably under noncompliance by large emitters, like the United States.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an economic model to examine the inter-port competition in adaptation investments when ports face asymmetric disaster losses, and compared the outcomes with the widely used adaptation subsidy policies.
Abstract: Many seaports around the world face serious threat of natural disasters related to climate change. They have been investing in adaptation measures to mitigate potential disaster damages. This paper proposes an economic model to examine the inter-port competition in adaptation investments when ports face asymmetric disaster losses. Specifically, we model the trading mechanism of the adaptation resources among different ports, and benchmark the outcomes with the widely used adaptation subsidy policies. Our analytical results suggest that with adaptation trading under the minimum requirement policy, the port facing the low disaster loss sells adaptation resources to the port facing the high disaster loss, allowing the latter to cover all its disaster loss. Subsidy policy is pro-competitive and intensifies inter-port competition in adaptation investment and output. In comparison, adaptation trading facilitates inter-port coordination, possibly leading to port collusion. When the magnitudes of disaster damages are low, adaptation trading brings higher social welfare than the subsidy policy despite possible port collusion, leading to a Pareto improvement. When the magnitudes of disaster damages are high, the subsidy policy is preferred in terms of social welfare and port adaptation. Our model results reveal the strengths of alternative adaptation policies, and call for evaluation beyond competition effects when examining port coordination in adaptation.
Abstract: Macroeconomics has constantly been exposed to socio-economic shocks. The concept of resilience in the economy has been developed to predict these shocks, reduce damages, and recover quickly. This paper proposes a quantitative approach for analyzing macroeconomic resilience due to socio-economic shocks and suggests appropriate actions to improve resilience. In this way, the variables affecting macroeconomic resilience have been identified through the literature review. Next, an integrated indicator of macroeconomic performance based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been developed. Finally, the periods of shocks are identified by determining the turning points of that indicator, and an appropriate approach for defining macroeconomic resilience is developed. The proposed approach is applied to three countries of the USA, China, and Iran in different shocks, including global crisis, COVID-19 pandemic, and oil price shock. Eventually, by analyzing the relationships between effective variables on the macroeconomic resilience, using the DEMATEL method, we determine the most important variables to improve macroeconomic resilience, which can be useful for socio-economic planning at a macro level.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight common challenges and identify four priority Policy Recommendations in response to these: "Break free of the silo" by aligning planning processes; "Mind the gap" between strategic and operational choices; "Prepare for change" by developing multi-functional and flexible plans; and "Make space for innovation" by seeking to manage risk rather than avoiding it.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted 135 household surveys and group discussions in three villages around India to understand damages caused by wildlife and develop strategies to mitigate human-wildlife conflict in order to mitigate conflict.
Abstract: Understanding damages caused by wildlife is critical in developing strategies to mitigate human-wildlife conflict. We conducted 135 household surveys and group discussions in three villages around ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the impact of environmental sustainability rating, financial development, changes in the price level and carbon damages on the new COVID-19 cases in a cross-sectional panel of 17 countries.
Abstract: The study's objective is to evaluate the impact of environmental sustainability rating, financial development, changes in the price level and carbon damages on the new COVID-19 cases in a cross-sectional panel of 17 countries. The study developed two broad models to analyse the relationship between the stated factors at the current level and forecast level. The results show that improvement in the environmental sustainability rating and financial efficiency reduces the COVID-19 cases, while continued economic growth and changes in price level likely to exacerbate the COVID-19 cases across countries. The forecast results suggest the U-shaped relationship between COVID-19 cases and carbon damages controlling financial development, price level and environmental sustainability rating. The variance decomposition analysis shows that carbon damages, environmental sustainability rating and price level changes will largely influence COVID-19 cases over the next year. The soundness of economic and ecological regulated policies would be helpful to contain coronavirus cases globally.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a method based on building damage state and spatial characteristics analysis to assess the hotspot distribution of earthquake casualties and determine the dangerous gathering area, and the feasibility of the proposed method was validated using the seismic damages of Longtoushan Town in the 2014 Ludian earthquake of China.
Abstract: Timely determination of the spatial distribution of post-earthquake relief forces and appropriate levels of response is a daunting task. This paper proposes a method based on building damage state and spatial characteristics analysis to assess the hotspot distribution of earthquake casualties and determine the dangerous gathering area. The method comprises three steps: (1) use the basic information of the buildings in the study area to calculate the building damage state and build the relationship with the casualties; (2) mesh the research area and establish the mapping relationship with the casualties caused by the building damage; (3) use grid data for spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran's I) and hotspot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) to comprehensively assess the casualty cluster area. The feasibility of the proposed method was validated using the seismic damages of Longtoushan Town in the 2014 Ludian earthquake of China. The damage state of buildings and the number of casualties evaluated by this method coincide quite well with the actual earthquake results, and the casualty concentration area is determined. This method quantifies the degree of spatial risk aggregation of casualties and provides scientific guidance for disaster prevention planning and rescue.