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Damages

About: Damages is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 9365 publications have been published within this topic receiving 89750 citations. The topic is also known as: compensation award.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors presented a new detailed global quantitative assessment of the economic consequences of climate change (i.e. climate damages) to 2060, which is based on an assessment of a wide range of impacts: changes in crop yields, loss of land and capital due to sea level rise, changes in fisheries catches, capital damages from hurricanes, labour productivity changes and changes in health care expenditures from diseases and heat stress.
Abstract: This paper presents a new detailed global quantitative assessment of the economic consequences of climate change (i.e. climate damages) to 2060. The analysis is based on an assessment of a wide range of impacts: changes in crop yields, loss of land and capital due to sea level rise, changes in fisheries catches, capital damages from hurricanes, labour productivity changes and changes in health care expenditures from diseases and heat stress, changes in tourism flows, and changes in energy demand for cooling and heating. A multi-region, multi-sector dynamic computable general equilibrium model is used to link different impacts until 2060 directly to specific drivers of economic growth, including labour productivity, capital stocks and land supply, as well as assess the indirect effects these impacts have on the rest of the economy, and on the economies of other countries. It uses a novel production function approach to identify which aspects of economic activity are directly affected by climate change. The model results show that damages are projected to rise twice as fast as global economic activity; global annual Gross Domestic Product losses are projected to be 1.0–3.3% by 2060. Of the impacts that are modelled, impacts on labour productivity and agriculture are projected to have the largest negative economic consequences. Damages from sea level rise grow most rapidly after the middle of the century. Damages to energy and tourism are very small from a global perspective, as benefits in some regions balance damages in others. Climate-induced damages from hurricanes may have significant effects on local communities, but the macroeconomic consequences are projected to be very small. Net economic consequences are projected to be especially large in Africa and Asia, where the regional economies are vulnerable to a range of different climate impacts. For some countries in higher latitudes, economic benefits can arise from gains in tourism, energy and health. The global assessment also shows that countries that are relatively less affected by climate change may reap trade gains.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In less than a decade, the number of countries that permit representative litigation by private actors has multiplied dramatically as mentioned in this paper, and there is a trend toward permitting private individuals and organizations to come forward on behalf of absent parties to obtain injunctive or declaratory relief or monetary compensation in some or all circumstances.
Abstract: In less than a decade, the number of countries that permit representative litigation by private actors has multiplied dramatically. A minority of these procedures share all the features of the American class action for money damages. But there is a trend toward permitting private individuals and organizations to come forward on behalf of absent parties to obtain injunctive or declaratory relief or monetary compensation in some or all circumstances. Whether these procedures will spread to other countries or within countries to a wide variety of substantive legal matters and whether in particular private actors will be allowed to claim money damages in many or all instances is uncertain. Currently, the key obstacles to effective implementation of class action procedures are traditional legal funding rules that do not easily accommodate the realities of representative litigation.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified the underlying causes and damages caused by 2010 flash flood, which is considered one of the worst hydrological disasters in the country (Pakistan). Questionnaire based survey and structured interviews were conducted to investigate physical and economic damages in the selected case study Dir Valley.
Abstract: This paper identifies the underlying causes and damages caused by 2010 flash flood, which is considered one of the worst hydrological disasters in the country (Pakistan). Questionnaire based survey and structured interviews were conducted to investigate physical and economic damages in the selected case study Dir Valley. Global Positioning System (GPS) survey was also conducted to acquire location of damages and Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to visualize land use, land cover and damage data. Buffer analysis is used to delineate the effected strata on both sides of Panjkora River to assess the flood damages. Climate change phenomenon along with peculiar topography of the region are considered as the underlying causes as monsoon winds interacted with the jet stream abnormally causing unprecedented high intensity rainfall in the valley. The steep topography of the area caused rain water to accumulate rapidly in the Panjkora River, overpowering the withholding capacity of the river. The phenomenon resulted in severe flash flood which annihilated whatever came in its way. Upper zone in the target area is badly affected by flood with maximum damaged houses and human causalities followed by lower zone with high number of damaged bridges. This study will bring the attention of disaster management and other relevant authorities to focus on flood risk reduction by enhancing the retention capability of watershed in upstream areas that will reduce the risk in low lying areas.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the breakdowns in accountability during and after Hurricane Katrina, which were manifested by a lack of communication between government officials and a failure on the part of officials to act responsibly on behalf of victims, many of whom were poor, black and elderly.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assessed the antitrust fines and private penalties imposed on the participants of 260 international cartels discovered during 1990-2005, using four indicators of enforcement effectiveness: the United States is almost always the first to investigate and sanction international cartels, and its investigations are about seven times faster than EU probes.
Abstract: This paper assesses the antitrust fines and private penalties imposed on the participants of 260 international cartels discovered during 1990-2005, using four indicators of enforcement effectiveness. First, the United States is almost always the first to investigate and sanction international cartels, and its investigations are about seven times faster than EU probes. Second, U.S. investigations were more likely to be kept confidential than those in Europe, but the gap nearly disappeared since 2000. Third, median government antitrust fines average less than 10% of affected commerce, but rises to about 35% in the case of multi-continental conspiracies. Civil settlements in jurisdictions where they are permitted are typically 6 to 12% of sales. Canadian and U.S. fines and settlements imposed higher penalties than other jurisdictions. Fourth, fines on cartels that operated in Europe averaged a bit more than half of their estimated overcharges; those prosecuted only in North America paid civil and criminal sanctions of roughly single damages; and global cartels prosecuted in both jurisdictions typically paid less than single damages.

54 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20242
2023929
20221,943
2021234
2020340
2019324