Showing papers on "Decoupling (electronics) published in 2019"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a two-step framework that aims to support analyses of product/service systems and their potential to lead to absolute resource decoupling, in which economic growth is decoupled from resource consumption.
Abstract: Product/service‐systems (PSS) that focus on selling service and performance instead of products are often mentioned as means to realize a circular economy (CE), in which economic growth is decoupled from resource consumption. However, a PSS is no implicit guarantee for a CE, and CE strategies do not necessarily lead to decoupling economic growth from resource consumption in absolute terms. Absolute resource decoupling only occurs when the resource use declines, irrespective of the growth rate of the economic driver. In this forum paper, we propose a two‐step framework that aims to support analyses of PSS and their potential to lead to absolute resource decoupling. In the first step, we present four PSS enablers of relative resource reduction that qualify as CE strategies. In the second step, three subsequent requirements need to be met, in order to successfully achieve absolute resource decoupling. Conditions and limitations for this accomplishment are discussed. Danish textile cases are used to exemplify the framework elements and its application. We expect that the framework will challenge the debate on the necessary conditions for CE strategies to ensure absolute resource decoupling.
253 citations
TL;DR: The findings may serve as valuable references for policy-makers to understand the current decoupling statuses and make three-step strategies if necessary towards the global low-carbon economy.
144 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the major driving factors on the decoupling during the period of 1985-2016, and proposed some policy suggestions to effectively promote decoupled between China's electric CO2 emission and economic growth.
127 citations
125 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a novel decoupling technique for closely packed patch antennas using near-field resonator (NFR) above each antenna element is proposed, which can be easily applied to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas having multiple patch elements.
Abstract: In this paper, a novel decoupling technique for closely packed patch antennas using near-field resonator (NFR) above each antenna element is proposed. The decoupling mechanism is illustrated by investigating the electric-field (E-field) and magnetic-field (H-field) distributions. The E-field distributions indicate that the NFRs above the patches serve as coupling-mode transducers to produce an orthogonal coupling mode at the desired resonance, leading to high port isolation between the patches. The H-field distributions demonstrate that the H-fields in the substrate are confined within the excited element, leading to the effective suppression of antenna mutual coupling. The NFR can be easily applied to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas having multiple patch elements. Three practical decoupling examples are demonstrated and the simulation and measurement results show that impedance matching for each antenna port and isolation of better than 20 dB are achieved for all these examples using the NFRs. Moreover, for the H-plane and E-plane decoupling of wideband two-port MIMO antennas, wide decoupled impedance bandwidths of 6.1% and 5.8% are obtained, respectively. More results of radiation patterns reveal that good radiation performance is reserved with no reduction in realized gain or front-to-back ratio.
123 citations
TL;DR: A significant contribution is made by this paper to the carbon emission peak analysis in residential building sector of China, and a case for other countries and cities to evaluate the decoupling effect in their residential building sectors is made.
120 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the research gap by analyzing the incidence of, and the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and programs, and present empirical studies on the impacts of CSR policies.
Abstract: There are relatively few empirical studies on the impacts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and programs. This article addresses the research gap by analyzing the incidence of, and ...
116 citations
TL;DR: This study is the first to propose a decoupling method based on a Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition analysis with the Kaya identity to analyze the relationship between economic development in China's Tertiary Industry and the CECCB growth at both national and municipal levels.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an ultrawideband (UWB) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna using a novel fence-type decoupling structure, which has high isolation in the UWB, is presented.
Abstract: In this letter, an ultrawideband (UWB) multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna using a novel fence-type decoupling structure, which has high isolation in the UWB, is presented. The MIMO design consists of two half-cutting UWB antenna units that have good low-frequency impedance-matching performance because of the use of a rectangular slot on the radiation patch. Meanwhile, the isolation in the operating band is enhanced by introducing the fence-type decoupling structure at the ground of the antenna. Furthermore, the L-shaped parasitic branches are designed to heighten the impedance bandwidth and isolation in the low-frequency band, i.e., 3–3.4 GHz. The simulation and experiments show that the antenna has low mutual coupling ( S 21 < –25 dB) and a low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.004) in the UWB.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the Tapio decoupling indicator to explore the decoupled status between manufacturing value added and carbon dioxide emissions in China from 1995 to 2015.
Abstract: Manufacturing industry occupies an important position in China’s national economy, and its decoupling from carbon dioxide emissions largely determines the realization of China’s transition to a green economy. This paper uses the Tapio decoupling indicator to explore the decoupling status between manufacturing value added and carbon dioxide emissions in China from 1995 to 2015. Then, the improved production-theoretical decomposition analysis-index decomposition analysis (PDA-IDA) method is proposed to analyze the factors influencing changes in decoupling status, with the technology heterogeneity of manufacturing sub-sectors considered. The results show that China’s manufacturing industry experiences a decoupling development trend from 1995 to 2015. The potential energy intensity is the dominant factor in promoting the decoupling development of manufacturing industry, while the output scale effect is the main inhibitory factor. In addition, industrial restructuring and adjustment in carbon density are far from achieving the expected emission reduction effects, while the effects of technological progress and technical efficiency on the decoupling are relatively small.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the internal relationship between decoupling theory and EKC hypothesis is investigated and a two-dimensional decoupled theory of economic development and CO2 emissions is established.
TL;DR: The decoupling of the economic growth from the environmental impacts due to EU-28 consumption is evaluated by means of life cycle assessment (LCA), and the assessment of decoupled using consumption-based environmental indicators is very promising for supporting policy-making towards addressing the actual impacts driven by the EU production and consumption system.
TL;DR: In this article, a model is proposed in which the protolith to the W granites released W to the melt as a result of the breakdown of muscovite, but the temperature of melting was too low for biotite to melt.
Abstract:
The Nanling region of South China hosts the largest W-Sn metallogenic province in the world, accounting for more than 54% of global tungsten resources as well as important resources of tin and rare metals. An important feature of this province, which is shared by a number of other W-Sn metallogenic provinces, is that W deposits occur separately from Sn and Sn-W deposits, with the latter concentrated in the western part of the region (especially along the deep, NE-trending Chenzhou-Linwu fault) and the W deposits to the east of them. All the deposits are associated with ilmenite series, peraluminous granites. However, the granites associated with the Sn and Sn-W deposits can be distinguished from the W granites by their higher bulk-rock εNd values and their higher zircon εHf values. Most importantly, the Sn and Sn-W granites are characterized by higher zircon saturation temperatures (800 ± 20°C) than the W granites (650°–750°C). The Sn and Sn-W granites also contain abundant mantle-derived mafic microgranular enclaves, whereas such enclaves are rare in the W granites. A model is proposed in which the protolith to the W granites released W to the melt as a result of the breakdown of muscovite. The temperature of melting, however, was too low for biotite to melt. In the west, particularly along the Chenzhou-Linwu fault (the location of the Sn and Sn-W deposits), higher temperatures enabled the breakdown of both muscovite and biotite and the consequent release of both Sn and W to form Sn and Sn-W granites. This model, which is based on differences in the protolith melting temperature and thus mobilization temperatures for Sn and W, is potentially applicable to any Sn-W metallogenic province in which the Sn and Sn-W deposits are spatially separated from the W deposits.
TL;DR: An integrated decomposition approach is adopted (which reveals the roles of technology and efficiency) to investigate the drivers of CO2 emissions of China's metal industry (MI) and indicates that, during 2000-2016, China's MI showed a clear tendency toward strong decoupling.
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel and efficient parasitic decoupling network (PDN) is proposed for closely coupled antennas, which is composed of sections of transmission lines and reactive components, allowing additional power-traveling paths.
Abstract: A novel and efficient parasitic decoupling network (PDN) is proposed for closely coupled antennas in this paper, which provides a new perspective and approach to design DNs based on the parasitic decoupling concept. The PDN is composed of sections of transmission lines (TLs) and reactive components, allowing additional power-traveling paths. With the TL lengths and reactive-component reactances being precisely determined, the traveling power from one antenna to another could cancel out the undesired power wave induced by mutual coupling, resulting in the high port isolation. The decoupling theory is rigorously derived with the design procedure of the PDN systematically described in connection with two examples of the two- and three-element monopole arrays. The measurement results show that good impedance matching for each antenna port, isolations of more than 25 dB, total efficiencies of more than 64%, and envelop correlation coefficients (ECCs) of less than 0.07 are attained simultaneously for both examples using the proposed PDN. The results verified the decoupling theory and proved the PDN concept.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the decoupling relationship among energy-related CO2 emissions and growth from Cameroon's transport sector, over the period 1990-2016, and found that only four states of decoupled appeared during the study's period.
TL;DR: An 8-element dual-band multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating in the 5G New Radio band n77 (3300–4200 MHz) and 5 GHz band (4800–5000 MHz) in mobile handsets is presented.
Abstract: An 8-element dual-band multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating in the 5G New Radio band n77 (3300–4200 MHz) and 5 GHz band (4800–5000 MHz) in mobile handsets is presented. The 8-element MIMO antenna is formed by employing four sets of dual-antenna arrays (DAAs) that are symmetrically printed along the two long side–edge frames of the smartphone. Each DAA is composed of two double-branch monopoles and a T-shaped decoupling stub, in which good mutual coupling reduction can be realized via the decoupling structures. Furthermore, the decoupling structures can also aid in improving the impedance matching of the array units for achieving wideband operation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a closely coupled dual-band multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) patch antenna that resonates at 3.7 and 4.1 GHz was presented.
Abstract: This letter presents a closely coupled dual-band multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) patch antenna that resonates at 3.7 and 4.1 GHz. The MIMO antenna is composed of two mirror-symmetrical single-feed patch antennas that are closely placed with approximately 0.034 λ0 (where λ0 is the wavelength at 3.7 GHz). The decoupling structure consists of the modified array antenna decoupling surface (MADS) and H-shaped defect ground structures for the lower band and upper band, respectively. Through simulation and measurement, the isolation is determined to be greater than 30 dB in both frequency bands, showing a noticeable improvement compared to the original antenna array. Under the effect of the MADS, the measured gain increases by 2.2 and 0.8 dB at the resonance frequencies of 3.7 and 4.1 GHz, respectively. The measured results indicate that the proposed decoupling structure is quite suitable for closely spaced dual-band MIMO antennas.
TL;DR: In this paper, an efficient T-shaped decoupling network is proposed to decouple closely spaced two-element E-plane antenna array based on network analysis and implementation deduction, which is extended to a three-element one by combining with a fine transmission line and further generalized to a multielement linear one.
Abstract: Strong mutual coupling between both adjacent and nonadjacent elements is unavoidable, especially when antenna array is densely arranged. In this paper, an efficient T-shaped decoupling network is primarily proposed to decouple closely spaced two-element E-plane antenna array based on network analysis and implementation deduction. Subsequently, it is extended to a three-element one by combining with a fine transmission line and further generalized to a multielement linear one. All the accordant simulation and measurement results demonstrate that as compared to the coupled arrays, impedance matching, radiation patterns, and scanning characteristics of the decoupled arrays are evidently improved through adding the decoupling network, while mutual coupling between every two elements is greatly reduced. Moreover, such combined decoupling network is effective in the H-plane array and monopole antenna array, implying its huge potential for large-scale array and various arrays.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated decoupling states of GDP from all types of primary energy use under consumption-based principle, for world economy and eight typical economies during 2000-2011.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the factors influencing electricity consumption in China during 1990-2016 using index decomposition analysis, and analyzed the decoupling status between economic growth and electricity consumption, in addition to the influencing factors.
TL;DR: Li et al. as discussed by the authors adopted the Tapio decoupling index to examine the relationship between the development of the transport sector and its CO2 emissions from a provincial perspective, and employed the logarithmic mean divisia index method to explore the effect of several factors on the state of decoupled.
Abstract: The transport sector imposes enormous challenges for energy consumption and CO2 emission reduction. Using data from 30 provinces in China, this paper adopted the Tapio decoupling index to examine the relationship between the development of the transport sector and its CO2 emissions from provincial perspective. Additionally, we employed the logarithmic mean divisia index method to explore the effect of several factors on the state of decoupling. The results showed that the under-developed provinces were more likely to present a weak decoupling state than the developed and coastal provinces. Income level was the major influential factor limiting the development of decoupling in the transport sector. The population scale had a very small negative role in the development of decoupling. Moreover, the effects of CO2 emissions efficiency, transport intensity and industry structure varied across provinces. By offering a provincial perspective on decoupling states and its driving factors, this study can provide a reference for governments in proposing carbon-reduction policies and promoting low carbon development of the transport sector.
TL;DR: A transmission-line-based decoupling technique for dual-polarized multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays is presented and analyzed, which enables well-canceled coupling for the adjacent elements under co- polarization, without degrading the isolation of the cross-polarsized ports.
Abstract: A transmission-line-based decoupling technique for dual-polarized multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays is presented and analyzed. The proposed scheme enables well-canceled coupling for the adjacent elements under co-polarization, without degrading the isolation of the cross-polarized ports. First, a decoupling network based on the presented method for a $2 \times 2$ MIMO array is provided, along with a comprehensive design procedure. Calculations and simulations are operated to verify decoupling performance. For further verification, a $2 \times 2$ dual-polarized patch array with the proposed decoupling method is developed. The decoupling network characterizes low profile, compact size, and low insertion loss, which is realized in a single layer. Measurements denote that the isolations between the co-polarized elements are improved from 16 to 20 dB to over 30 dB after decoupling at the center frequency of 2.45 GHz. Subsequently, based on the proposed $2 \times 2$ decoupling method, a decoupling network for large-scale dual-polarized MIMO arrays is presented. A design example of a $4 \times 4$ dual-polarized patch antenna array is established. Full-wave simulations indicate that the isolations are enhanced to better than 30 dB with a small insertion loss of less than 0.45 dB and can widely be used for phased array and massive MIMO array systems.
TL;DR: The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy in suppressing subsequent commutation failures and improving the system recovery performance are verified in the CIGRE benchmark model for HVDC controls.
Abstract: To overcome the disadvantage of voltage dependent current order limiter of HVDC control system, which cannot achieve decoupling control of reactive power and active power, a novel ac fault recovery strategy is proposed in this study. By virtue of such recovery strategy, the exchange of reactive power between the ac system and the converter station can be controlled quantitatively to find the correspondence between dc order and ac bus voltage. In order to determine the expected reactive power consumption of converters, the instantaneous reactive power theory is used to calculate the reactive power compensated by ac filters. According to the quasi steady-state calculation equations of the HVDC system and the operational range of converter firing angle, the constraint relation between the maximum permissible operating value of dc and ac bus voltage under different ac fault types is obtained. Then, by comparing the dc order and the maximum value of dc, the smallest of them is taken as the final dc order so as to improve the recovery performance of the ac–dc system in real time. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy in suppressing subsequent commutation failures and improving the system recovery performance are verified in the CIGRE benchmark model for HVDC controls.
TL;DR: Meta-surface superstrates are used to decouple two linear polarized antennas coupled in H-plane and E-plane, respectively by properly designing the geometry of the double layer short wires as the unit cell of the meta-surface, as well as the height of theMeta-superstrate.
Abstract: In this paper, meta-surface superstrates are used to decouple two linear polarized antennas coupled in H-plane and E-plane, respectively. By properly designing the geometry of the double layer short wires as the unit cell of the meta-surface, as well as the height of the meta-superstrate, two linearly polarized antennas can be decoupled in H-plane and E-plane, respectively. Both the antenna pairs coupled in E- and H-planes with and without meta-surfaces are fabricated and measured. The results demonstrate that the antennas with the meta-surface superstrate are able to operate in the band of 3.3–3.7 GHz with reflection better than −15 dB and the isolation can be improved from 10 to 25 dB in the H-plane case and can be improved from 15 to 30 dB in the E-plane case. Such decoupling method can be applied extensively in 5G base stations where size constraints are becoming stringent.
TL;DR: A concept of decoupling ground is introduced in this paper to enhance the isolation of massive MIMO antenna arrays by adjusting the shape of the ground plane under each element to make the mutual coupling from the free space and theGround plane out of phase.
Abstract: A concept of decoupling ground is introduced in this paper to enhance the isolation of massive MIMO antenna arrays. For an array, mutual coupling between array elements can be achieved by the free-space coupling and the coupling currents flowing on the ground plane shared by elements. The isolation in this paper is improved by adjusting the shape of the ground plane under each element to make the mutual coupling from the free space and the ground plane out of phase. In this way, low mutual coupling is realized. As the first example, a single-polarization linear array with eight elements is designed, simulated, and measured to verify the concept as well as the simulation accuracy. The measurements align very well with the simulations. Another two examples of dual-polarization 2×2 and 4×4 square arrays are also given and simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. In all of these examples, the isolation can efficiently be enhanced with the DG for all the co-polarization and cross-polarization coupling paths of the massive MIMO elements. Compared with the previous literature, the arrays with the DG method can achieve either much better isolation or a much lower profile while keeping the other performance comparable.
TL;DR: In this article, an off-design and thermodynamic analysis model was developed to examine and compare the operational flexibility improvement and thermalodynamic performance of heat-power decoupling technologies.
TL;DR: The radiation pattern after adding the metasurface superstrate is well maintained with total efficiency improvement by about 10%, and the envelope correlation coefficient between the two antennas is reduced from 0.35 to below 0.12 within the whole band of interest.
Abstract: In this paper, an extremely compact two-element linear polarized multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array with a metasurface superstrate is proposed. Instead of using periodic square split-ring resonators which occupy larger space and which are incident angle variant, double-layer short wire is utilized as the unit cell of the metasurface. The metasurface is compact in size and effective in decoupling two nearby Bowtie antennas strongly coupled in the H-plane with the spacing of only 0.27 wavelength. After decoupling, the isolation between the two antennas has been improved from around 10 dB to more than 25 dB within the band of 2300 to 2690 MHz while their reflection remained below −15 dB. Moreover, the radiation pattern after adding the metasurface superstrate is well maintained with total efficiency improvement by about 10%, and the envelope correlation coefficient between the two antennas is reduced from 0.35 to below 0.12 within the whole band of interest. The proposed method can find plenty of applications in MIMO and 5G communication systems.
TL;DR: This research work proposes a compact four-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna that operates in the whole license free ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum of 3.1–10.6 GHz, intended for high data rate and short-range communication devices used in wireless personal area networks.
Abstract: This research work proposes a compact four-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna that operates in the whole license free ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum of 3.1–10.6 GHz. Spatial diversity has been introduced by arranging these antennas in close proximity without developing a strong mutual coupling. Antenna elements are evolved from a conventional rectangular patch antenna whereas a customized decoupling structure is introduced on the back side of the substrate to achieve the desired isolation level. The parasitic decoupling structure consists of different features which are resonant at different frequencies offering a whole UWB coverage. In addition to the decoupling structure a dumbbell shaped stub has also been introduced to the partial ground plane to suppress the mutual coupling. The overall measured isolation among elements is more than 20 dB. Different MIMO performance parameters have also been investigated from the measured results. Whole MIMO system measures 0.41 λo × 0.44 λo at 3.1 GHz. The MIMO system is intended for high data rate and short-range communication devices used in wireless personal area networks.