Showing papers on "Deformation (meteorology) published in 2015"

In situ atomic-scale observation of twinning-dominated deformation in nanoscale body-centred cubic tungsten

Abstract: Little is known about the micromechanisms by which deformation twinning occurs in body-centred cubic crystals. An atomic-scale microscopy study now provides new insight, by the in situ testing of tungsten nanowires.

Advances in Mechanics of Soft Materials: A Review of Large Deformation Behavior of Hydrogels

Abstract: Hydrogels possess magnificent properties which may be harnessed for novel applications. However, this is not achievable if the mechanical behaviors of hydrogels are not well understood. This paper aims to provide the reader with a bird's eye view of the mechanics of hydrogels, in particular the theories associated with deformation of hydrogels, the phenomena that are commonly observed, and recent developments in applications of hydrogels. Besides theoretical analyses and experimental observations, another feature of this paper is to provide an overview of how mechanics can be applied.

On the mechanistic basis of deformation at the microscale in hexagonal close-packed metals

Abstract: This is an overview of micromechanical deformation mechanisms in hexagonal close-packed metals. We start with an in-depth discussion of single-crystal behaviour concerning crystallographic slip, plastic anisotropy and deformation twinning. We move on to discuss some complexities involved in polycrystalline deformation and modelling approaches, focusing on rate effects in titanium alloys that are thought to play a significant role in dwell fatigue. We finish our review with a brief commentary on current understanding and state-of-the-art techniques, and outline some key areas where further study is recommended.

A review on out-of-sequence deformation in the Himalaya

Abstract: Abstract Out-of-sequence deformation in the Himalaya has been caused mainly by thrusting. Out-of-sequence thrusts, usually north- to NE-dipping foreshear planes, occur inside the Sub-Himalaya (SH), Lesser Himalaya (LH) and Greater Himalayan Crystalline (GHC) sequences. Where absolute dates are available, the youngest slip within the SH occurred near the Janauri Anticline (India) at c. AD 1400–1460. The Munsiari Thrust (India) activated within the LH at c. 1–2 Ma and the Main Central Thrust zone in the Marsyandi valley (Nepal) in the GHC was formed during the Holocene (c. 0.3 ka). Except for the Riasi Thrust (Kashmir, India), the Paonta Thrust (Himachal Pradesh, India) in the Siwalik and the Tons Thrust (Garhwal region, India) within the Main Central Thrust zone, crustal shortening related to out-of-sequence thrusting in the Himalaya has been insignificant. The major litho-/stratigraphic contacts within the SH and the GHC at some places acted as out-of-sequence thrusts. Out-of-sequence thrusts in the SH have been detected mainly based on geomorphological observations. However, more quantitative geochronological studies have detected out-of-sequence thrusting from c. 22 Ma up to Holocene age in the GHC based on age jumps, especially within the Main Central Thrust zone. Crustal channel flow (specifically for the GHC) and/or the critical taper model with or without erosion can be used to explain the Himalayan out-of-sequence thrusts.

Classical tests of general relativity: Brane-world Sun from minimal geometric deformation

Abstract: We consider a solution of the effective four-dimensional brane-world equations, obtained from the general relativistic Schwarzschild metric via the principle of minimal geometric deformation, and investigate the corresponding signatures stemming from the possible existence of a warped extra-dimension. In particular, we derive bounds on an extra-dimensional parameter, closely related with the fundamental gravitational length, from the experimental results of the classical tests of general relativity in the Solar system.

Deformation, energy absorption and crushing behavior of single-, double- and multi-wall foam filled square and circular tubes

Abstract: Deformation and energy absorption studies with single, double and multi-wall square and circular tube structure with and without aluminum foam core are carried out for assessing its effectiveness in crashworthiness under the identical test conditions. Modeling and numerical simulation of aluminum foam filled square tubes under axial impact loading is presented. The foam-filled thin-walled square tubes are modeled as shell wherein, foam core is modeled by incorporating visco-elastic plastic foam model in Altair® RADIOSSTM. It is observed that the multi-wall tube structure with foam core alters the deformation modes considerably and results in substantial increase in energy absorption capacity in comparison with the single and multi-wall tube without foam core. Moreover, the multi-wall tube foam filled structure shows mixed deformation modes due to the significant effect of stress wave propagation. This study will help automotive industry to design superior crashworthy components with multi-tube foam filled structures and will reduce the experimental trials by conducting the numerical simulations.

Sixty Years of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility in deformed sedimentary rocks

Abstract: The use of the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) has become a rather common practice in Earth Sciences since the pioneer note by Graham (1954). The versatility of the technique, and the rapidness in obtaining and processing AMS data largely improved in the past thirty years, and has generated a wealth of literature, notably on mudrock fabrics. The assessment of the current trends in magnetic fabric studies reveals that AMS has one of its largest potential in sedimentary rocks from structural settings where the ductile component of deformation is cryptic or hindered by the brittle component. Abundant evidence provided by AMS data reveal that deformation extents beyond the deformation or cleavage front in contractional settings, including fold-and-thrust belts and active accretionary prisms, configuring magnetic fabrics as a standard method for fabric quantification in deformed sedimentary rocks.

Anisotropic Ripple Deformation in Phosphorene.

Abstract: Two-dimensional materials tend to become crumpled according to the Mermin-Wagner theorem, and the resulting ripple deformation may significantly influence electronic properties as observed in graphene and MoS2. Here, we unveil by first-principles calculations a new, highly anisotropic ripple pattern in phosphorene, a monolayer black phosphorus, where compression-induced ripple deformation occurs only along the zigzag direction in the strain range up to 10%, but not the armchair direction. This direction-selective ripple deformation mode in phosphorene stems from its puckered structure with coupled hinge-like bonding configurations and the resulting anisotropic Poisson ratio. We also construct an analytical model using classical elasticity theory for ripple deformation in phosphorene under arbitrary strain. The present results offer new insights into the mechanisms governing the structural and electronic properties of phosphorene crucial to its device applications.

Linear subspace design for real-time shape deformation

Abstract: We propose a method to design linear deformation subspaces, unifying linear blend skinning and generalized barycentric coordinates. Deformation subspaces cut down the time complexity of variational shape deformation methods and physics-based animation (reduced-order physics). Our subspaces feature many desirable properties: interpolation, smoothness, shape-awareness, locality, and both constant and linear precision. We achieve these by minimizing a quadratic deformation energy, built via a discrete Laplacian inducing linear precision on the domain boundary. Our main advantage is speed: subspace bases are solutions to a sparse linear system, computed interactively even for generously tessellated domains. Users may seamlessly switch between applying transformations at handles and editing the subspace by adding, removing or relocating control handles. The combination of fast computation and good properties means that designing the right subspace is now just as creative as manipulating handles. This paradigm shift in handle-based deformation opens new opportunities to explore the space of shape deformations.

Achievement of practical level critical current densities in Ba1−xKxFe2As2/Ag tapes by conventional cold mechanical deformation

Abstract: Achievement of practical level critical current densities in Ba 1−x K x Fe 2 As 2 /Ag tapes by conventional cold mechanical deformation

Finite element simulation and experimental investigation on the residual stress-related monolithic component deformation

Abstract: The principal influence factors on the monolithic component deformation were investigated by finite element simulation simulation and experiment. Initial residual stress of the blank, machining-induced residual stress, and coupling action of these two effect factors were considered. To study the effect of blank initial residual stress on component deformation, chemical milling was used to remove the machining-induced residual stress on the machined surface of the components. The research results show that the initial residual stress in the blank was the main factor of deformation for three-frame monolithic beam, and the coupling action of the initial residual stress and machining-induced residual stresses aggravated the deformation. The deformation caused by machining residual stress accounted for about 10 % of the total deformation of the component, and the deformation caused by the blank initial residual stress accounted for 90 % of the total deformation of the component. The finite element simulation results were compared with experimental results and found to be in good agreement.

Anisotropic ripple deformation in phosphorene

Abstract: Two-dimensional materials tend to become crumpled according to the Mermin-Wagner theorem, and the resulting ripple deformation may significantly influence electronic properties as observed in graphene and MoS 2 . Here, we unveil by first-principles calculations a new, highly anisotropic ripple pattern in phosphorene, a monolayer black phosphorus, where compression-induced ripple deformation occurs only along the zigzag direction in the strain range up to 10%, but not the armchair direction. This direction-selective ripple deformation mode in phosphorene stems from its puckered structure with coupled hinge-like bonding configurations and the resulting anisotropic Poisson ratio. We also construct an analytical model using classical elasticity theory for ripple deformation in phosphorene under arbitrary strain. The present results offer new insights into the mechanisms governing the structural and electronic properties of phosphorene crucial to its device applications.

Hydraulic fracture energy budget: Insights from the laboratory

Abstract: In this paper we present results from a series of laboratory hydraulic fracture experiments designed to investigate various components of the energy budget. The experiments involved a cylindrical sample of Westerly granite being deformed under various triaxial stress states and fractured with distilled water, which was injected at a range of constant rates. Acoustic emission sensors were absolutely calibrated, and the radiated seismic energy was estimated. The seismic energy was found to range from 7.02E−8% to 1.24E−4% of the injection energy which is consistent with a range of values for induced seismicity from field-scale hydraulic fracture operations. The deformation energy (crack opening) of the sample during hydraulic fracture propagation was measured using displacement sensors and ranged from 18% to 94% of the injection energy. Our results support the conclusion that aseismic deformation is a significant term in the hydraulic fracture energy budget.

Experimental investigation of the electromechanical phase transition in a dielectric elastomer tube

Abstract: A membrane of dielectric elastomer undergoes a large deformation when it is subjected to a voltage through the thickness. Due to the attributes of light weight and high energy density, dielectric elastomers are suitable for electromechanical actuators and generators. In this work, the phenomenon of electromechanical phase transition is demonstrated experimentally in a tube of dielectric elastomer subjected to an internal pressure, an axial force and a voltage. When the voltage exceeds a critical value, the homogeneous deformation becomes unstable, and the tube deforms into coexistent states of bulged and unbulged sections. At the transition voltage the unbulged sections gradually bulge up and propagate. Two stable states are observed at the end of the phase transition process: one is coexistent states of the bulged and unbulged sections; the other is the wholly bulged tube. The achieved maximum voltage-induced deformation of the tube is 2200% in area, and the electromechanical energy conversion density is estimated to be 1.13 J g−1. These results are beyond the largest values reported in the literature. A theoretical analysis based on thermodynamics is carried out to qualitatively explain the observed experimental phenomenon.

Crossover from localized to cascade relaxations in metallic glasses

Abstract: Thermally activated deformation is investigated in two metallic glass systems with different cooling histories. By probing the atomic displacements and stress changes on the potential energy landscape, two deformation modes, a localized process and cascade process, have observed. The localized deformation involves fewer than 30 atoms and appears in both systems, and its size is invariant with cooling history. However, the cascade deformation is more frequently observed in the fast quenched system than in the slowly quenched system. The origin of the cascade process in the fast quenched system is attributed to the higher density of local minima on the underlying potential energy landscape.

Approaching the theoretical contact time of a bouncing droplet on the rational macrostructured superhydrophobic surfaces

Abstract: The aim of this study is to reveal theoretically and experimentally a limited contact time of a bouncing droplet on superhydrophobic surfaces with the rationally designed macrostructures. During impacting, the water droplet hydrodynamics is properly altered under the assistance of the macrotextures. As a consequence, the retracting process of the impact water droplet can be completely integrated into the process of spreading out to the maximal deformation, resulting in a limited overall contact time of approximately 5.5 ms, i.e., the time required for spreading out to the maximal deformation.