Showing papers on "Dengue fever published in 1986"
TL;DR: Immunization of monkeys with yellow fever virus-specified nonstructural protein NS1 resulted in protection against fatal hepatitis as well as marked reduction in the magnitude of viremia after subcutaneous challenge withyellow fever virus.
Abstract: Immunization of monkeys with yellow fever virus-specified nonstructural protein NS1 resulted in protection against fatal hepatitis as well as marked reduction in the magnitude of viremia after subcutaneous challenge with yellow fever virus. The results may be relevant to the design of possible subunit or recombinant flavivirus vaccines.
202 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of sequence homology of structural proteins suggests that dengue virus is more closely related to WN virus than to YF virus or Murray Valley encephalitis virus, and analysis of the extreme 5'- and 3'-terminal nucleotides of the d Dengue virus genome revealed sequences that may be involved in transcription, replication, and packaging of viral RNA.
201 citations
TL;DR: The nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminal 2469 bases of dengue 2 (Jamaica genotype) virus has been determined and the encoded proteins compared with those of yellow fever and West Nile viruses, which belong to different flavivirus serogroups.
167 citations
TL;DR: The first known transmission of d Dengue 3 virus in Africa was documented by virus isolation during an epidemic of dengue-like illness in Pemba, Mozambique, in late 1984 and early 1985.
Abstract: The first known transmission of dengue 3 virus in Africa was documented by virus isolation during an epidemic of dengue-like illness in Pemba, Mozambique, in late 1984 and early 1985. Dengue 3 virus was the only serotype isolated. Most patients appeared to be experiencing secondary flavivirus infections, but whether this was the result of previous dengue, yellow fever, or other flavivirus infection is not known. Two cases of hemorrhagic disease with shock and death were associated with the epidemic.
107 citations
Journal Article•
104 citations
TL;DR: The results may be relevant to the design of prospective flavivirus vaccines and support the possibility of conferring broadened protection among flaviviruses by stimulating the antibody response to appropriate epitopes of the E protein.
Abstract: Summary
Monoclonal antibodies to the envelope proteins (E) of the 17D vaccine strain of yellow fever virus (17D YF) and to dengue 2 virus were examined for their ability to confer passive protection against lethal 17D YF encephalitis in mice. All 13 IgG anti-17D YF antibodies, regardless of neutralizing capacity, conferred solid protection when given in a relatively high dose prior to intracerebral inoculation of virus. Three antibodies with high in vitro neutralizing titres were all protective at a low dose as were several non-neutralizing antibodies. One flavivirus group-reactive antibody to dengue 2 virus conferred similar protection at low dose. Protection was also observed when antibodies were given several days after virus inoculation when peak infectious virus titres and histopathological evidence of infection were present in brains. The ability of a non-neutralizing antibody to protect could not be attributed to complement-dependent lysis of virus-infected cells and did not correlate with avidity or with proximity of its binding site to a critical neutralizing epitope of the E protein. Some antibodies, characterized as non-neutralizing by plaque reduction assay on Vero cells, inhibited the growth of virus in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, suggesting one possible mechanism of protection. These results may be relevant to the design of prospective flavivirus vaccines and support the possibility of conferring broadened protection among flaviviruses by stimulating the antibody response to appropriate epitopes of the E protein.
102 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of cross-reactivity of the antibodies with several other flaviviruses indicated JE virus, belonging to West Nile (WN) subgroup), is antigenically closely related to viruses in the same subgroup, i.e. Murray Valley encephalitis, WN and SLE viruses.
Abstract: The antigenic relationships between Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and several other flaviviruses have been investigated using anti-JE virus monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Seventeen MAbs directed against envelope protein E of JE virus were characterized and divided into eight MAb groups based on reactivity patterns in haemagglutination inhibition test, neutralization (N) test, ELISA and competitive binding assay with JE virus. The results suggest the existence of at least eight epitopes on the E protein of JE viruses. Analysis of cross-reactivity of the antibodies with several other flaviviruses indicated these findings JE virus, belonging to West Nile (WN) subgroup, is antigenically closely related to viruses in the same subgroup, i.e. Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), WN and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses. Of these three viruses, JE virus has the closest relationship with MVE virus. WN virus is relatively close to JE virus, whereas SLE virus is the least closely related. Dengue viruses types 1 and 2, which belong to another subgroup of flaviviruses, show markedly less antigenic homology to JE virus. One of the critical N sites on the E protein showed JE virus specificity. Some cross-reactive antibodies which did not neutralize JE virus showed low but significant N activity against several other flaviviruses. Mixtures of several MAbs, which showed different reactivity patterns, potentiated the N activity against not only JE virus but also other members of the WN subgroup of flaviviruses, namely MVE, WN and SLE viruses.
100 citations
TL;DR: In the present study of 258 Greek residents born from 1914 to 1938, it was also found that dengue type 2 had occurred in Greece--but after 1928, and no evidence was found that that virus had occur in the country during, or within 13 years before, the 1927-1928 epidemic.
Abstract: A massive outbreak of dengue, with a high incidence of hemorrhagic manifestations and a high death rate, occurred in Athens and neighboring areas of Greece in 1927 and 1928. For many years it was believed that the episode had been caused by dengue type 1 virus. Recently, it was claimed that dengue type 2 virus also was present in Athens in 1928, and this report is cited in support of the hypotheses that dengue hemorrhagic fever is almost always the result of sequential infection with different dengue serotypes and that infection with dengue type 2 following dengue type 1 is particularly pathogenic. In the present study of 258 Greek residents born from 1914 to 1938, it was also found that dengue type 2 had occurred in Greece--but after 1928. No evidence was found that that virus had occurred in the country during, or within 13 years before, the 1927-1928 epidemic.
87 citations
TL;DR: Dengue 2 and dengue 4 viruses were isolated and re-isolated by inoculation into Aedes pseudoscutellaris continuous cell line (Mos 61) and/or Toxrhynchites brevipalpis and found in another patient living in Casamance.
Abstract: Dengue 2 and dengue 4 viruses were isolated and re-isolated by inoculation into Aedes pseudoscutellaris continuous cell line (Mos 61) and/or Toxrhynchites brevipalpis. The strain of dengue 2 had been isolated from a patient returning from Casamance (south-western Senegal) and two strains of dengue 4 from patients who lived in Dakar and had not been outside the town in the 15 days before becoming ill. Serological evidence of dengue 4 infection was found in another patient living in Casamance.
73 citations
TL;DR: The largest and most extensive documented dengue epidemic in Puerto Rico struck an estimated 355,000 Puerto Rican residents from July-December 1977, underscoring problems in formulating public health strategies dependent on nonspecific clinical and epidemiologic case criteria, and the need for rapid and reliable diagnostic capabilities.
Abstract: The largest and most extensive documented dengue epidemic in Puerto Rico struck an estimated 355,000 Puerto Rican residents from July-December 1977. The mixed epidemic of dengue types 2 and 3 coincided with a Caribbean pandemic of dengue type 1, first introduced into the western hemisphere in early 1977 and into Puerto Rico in the fall of that year. Health officials assembled a team to assess the epidemic and mounted a campaign to end it. Attempts to monitor the incidence and spread of dengue were confounded by simultaneous co-circulation of influenza virus, underscoring problems in formulating public health strategies dependent on nonspecific clinical and epidemiologic case criteria, and the need for rapid and reliable diagnostic capabilities. Despite co-circulation of multiple dengue serotypes, a risk factor associated with severe and fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Southeast Asia, hospital and death certificate surveillance disclosed no cases of DHF in Puerto Rico. The epidemic serves as a reminder that when preventive measures are impossible or infeasible, developed countries with high living standards may be susceptible to large scale epidemics of infectious diseases.
69 citations
TL;DR: The clinical presentation and course of patients infected with dengue virus were most consistent with classicdengue fever, and both d Dengue 1 and 2 must be considered causes of acute fever in East Africa.
Abstract: One hundred consecutive patients admitted to the Port Sudan Hospital with a temperature ≥ 100°F were evaluated. Enteric fever was diagnosed in 19 patients and malaria in 13. Virologic studies identified 21 cases of dengue infection. One dengue 1 and 17 dengue 2 infections were diagnosed by viral isolation. Three untyped dengue infections were identified serologically. The clinical presentation and course of patients infected with dengue virus were most consistent with classic dengue fever. There was no evidence of hemorrhagic phenomena or shock in any of the dengue-infected patients. Both dengue 1 and 2 must be considered causes of acute fever in East Africa.
TL;DR: The data show that high and prolonged fever is frequently associated with respiratory virus infections in hospitalized children and that it does not differ significantly from fever in severe bacterial infections.
Abstract: • The case records of 258 children with adenovirus; influenza A or B virus; parainfluenza 1, 2, or 3 virus; or respiratory synctial virus infections were studied retrospectively with special attention to the degree and duration of fever. A temperature of 39.0°C or higher was most frequently recorded in adenovirus, influenza A, and influenza B virus infections (in 68%, 84%, and 65%, respectively). The mean highest degree of fever in respiratory virus infections (39.2°C±0.6°C) during hospitalization did not differ from that In defined serious bacterial infections, ie, meningitis, epiglottitis, sepsis, and urinary tract infections (39.3°C± 0.7°C). The mean duration of fever varied from 2.5 days (parainfluenza 2) to 5.2 days (influenza B). Of all children with respiratory virus infections, 37% had fever lasting five days or longer. The data show that high and prolonged fever is frequently associated with respiratory virus infections in hospitalized children and that it does not differ significantly from fever in severe bacterial infections. ( AJDC 1986;140:1159-1163)
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Serological results showed that the virus maintained in the same area until 1985, and the mechanism of the circulation of dengue 2 virus in eastern Senegal is discussed on the basis of these serological results.
Abstract: After the previously reported isolations of dengue 2 virus in eastern Senegal in 1974 and 1981-1982, a retrospective serological study on simian and human populations was carried out in the same area. We investigated 1,095 simian sera collected at regular intervals between 1974 and 1984 from wild caught monkeys and 1,783 human sera from young children less than 11 years old collected during punctual surveys after the rainy season from 1976 to 1985. Sera were tested using HAI test, CF test and for someone's ELISA for specific IgM antibodies. Serological data from monkeys corroborated the virus isolations and demonstrated the existence of two epizootics in 1974-1975 and 1981-1982. No CF antibodies were detected in children sera up to 1981 epizootic when about 11% of tested sera showed a probable infection by dengue 2 virus, no clinical dengue infections were notified by the medical staff. After 1982, serological results showed that the virus maintained in the same area until 1985. The mechanism of the circulation of dengue 2 virus in eastern Senegal is discussed on the basis of these serological results.
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TL;DR: Se hace un resumen de las actividades que desarrolla el Laboratorio de Virologia del Instituto Nacional de Salud para apoyar el diagnostico de esta enfermedad en el pais y sobre the actividad del virus de fiebre amarilla en focos selvaticos vecinos a ciudades altamente infestadas.
Abstract: In 1947 the Colombian goverment established a campain for the erradication of Aedes aegypti in the country, following the recomendations of the Pan American Sanitaq Bureau. This campaign caused the disappearance of endemic dengue for approximately 20 years until it reappeared in explosive form with the epidemic of dengue 2 on the Atlantic Coast (1971-1972), followed by two documented large epidemics of dengue 3 (1975-1977) and dengue 1 in 1978. A summary is given of the activities developed by the virus laboratory of the National Institute of Health to aid the diagnosis of this disease in the country, including the first isolation of dengue 4 virus in 1982, the activity of dengue 1 ,- 2 and 4 viruses to the present time, the clinical and virological findings of a hemorragic case associated to dengue virus infection and a short report of the epidemic of Tumaco on the Pacific Coast, in which the simultaneous activity of dengue 1 and dengue 2 viruses was demonstrated. Finally, information is given on the current status of Aedes aegypti infestation in the country and about the activity of yellow fever virus in sylvatic foci close to heavily infected cities, detected in the month of January, 1987 in Colombia.
TL;DR: This work describes a method using intracerebral inoculation of immobilized fourth instar of Toxorhynchites splendens larvae for the isolation of dengue viruses from clinical specimens which yields results within a few days following incubation at 32 degrees C.
TL;DR: Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of non-immune donors produced interferon (IFN) when cultured with dengue virus-infected cells, indicating that PBL produce IFN in response to dengu virus- infected cells and that the production of IFN by PBL is due to stimulation of PBL by denge virus- Infected cells.
Abstract: Summary
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of non-immune donors produced interferon (IFN) when cultured with dengue virus-infected cells. IFN was detected as early as 2 h after exposure of PBL to dengue virus-infected cells, and the titres reached a maximum by 16 h of incubation. Dengue virus-infected cells treated with glutaraldehyde, which produced no infectious dengue virus, also induced IFN. These results indicate that PBL produce IFN in response to dengue virus-infected cells and that the production of IFN by PBL is due to stimulation of PBL by dengue virus-infected cells. Characterization of IFN-producing PBL with monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that the predominant producing cells were contained in M1+ and T3- subsets, and that the Leu11+ subset contains some IFN-producing cells. The IFNs that were produced by the PBL exposed to dengue virus-infected cells were analysed by radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies specifically to detect IFN-α or IFN-γ. IFN-γ as well as IFN-α was produced by PBL exposed to dengue virus-infected cells. Both IFN-α and IFN-γ were predominantly produced by PBL contained in M1+ and T3- subsets. The observation that PBL of non-immune donors produced IFN-γ as well as IFN-α in response to dengue virus-infected cells is of interest in view of the immunoregulatory roles of IFNs and the hypothesis that the complications of dengue virus infection (haemorrhagic fever and shock) may be due to immunopathology.
TL;DR: The recognition of unique dengue isolates should allow the selection of reference strains and vaccine candidate strains which will induce antibodies that are equally effective in neutralizing viruses from all geographic areas.
Abstract: Twenty-one dengue (DEN) viruses isolated from the Caribbean (Dominica and Jamaica) during the 1981–1982 epidemic year were distinct serological and genetic variants of DEN-4 virus. These isolates were clearly identified as DEN-4 viruses using type-specific monoclonal antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence assays. However, they either were not neutralized, or were neutralized poorly using hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids (HMAF) or rhesus monkey serum directed against the H-241 prototype strain of DEN-4 virus isolated in the Philippines in 1956. HMAF prepared against a representative Caribbean isolate, however, neutralized with similar effectiveness the homologous virus, the H-241 prototype strain, and virus strains isolated from the Pacific and Southeast Asian areas from 1973 to 1984. The Caribbean isolate exhibited no more than 30% and 16% oligonucleotide spot homology with the H-241 and Bangkok viruses, respectively, by RNA fingerprint analysis, while demonstrating 82% and 89% homology with the Gilbert and Niue Island isolates, respectively. The isolation of dengue viruses which are serologically and genetically distinct from the prototype virus emphasizes the need for continued dengue virus surveillance. The recognition of unique dengue isolates should allow the selection of reference strains and vaccine candidate strains which will induce antibodies that are equally effective in neutralizing viruses from all geographic areas.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: During the summer of 1981, an outbreak of dengue occurred on Liouchyou Shiang, an islet about 15 km.
Abstract: During the summer of 1981, an outbreak of dengue occurred on Liouchyou Shiang, an islet about 15 km southwest of Taiwan More than 12, 500 people, approximately 80% of the inhabitants, were estimated to be affected in this epidemic which had been the first dengue outbreak in Taiwan since 1945 Neither shock nor fatal case was found The epidemic subsided in October and there was no confirmed dengue case in Taiwan from 1982 to 1985 All the 21 virus strains isolated from the blood of patients were now identified as type 2 dengue virus and believed to be the first isolation in Taiwan The pathogen was probably introduced from the Philippines
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It seems that dengue viruses provoke a transitory alteration in the humoral regulation of thrombopoiesis which possibly may be the consequence of the lymphoid tissue damage and contributes to the appearance of hemorrhagic complications.
Abstract: The causes of thrombocytopenia, one of the most dangerous symptoms in the course of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), are not yet clear. We studied patients with DHF (dengue virus type 2), grouped according to days of illness, platelet counts, serum thrombopoietin (Tpo) levels, and bone marrow differential counts. During the thrombocytopenic phase of disease (3rd-8th days) the Tpo levels were not increased in spite of low platelet counts. Beginning from the 6th-7th day in some patients, a rapid increase in Tpo levels was observed, followed by a rise in the platelet counts. By the 9th-11th days all patients studied were in this phase of convalescence. The bone marrow specimens obtained on the 6th-10th days of illness showed a megakaryocytic hyperplasia in 60% of cases. It seems that dengue viruses provoke a transitory alteration in the humoral regulation of thrombopoiesis which possibly may be the consequence of the lymphoid tissue damage. This extends the thrombocytopenic state and contributes to the appearance of hemorrhagic complications.
TL;DR: The antigen capture RIA appears useful as a rapid diagnostic technique for dengue surveillance and was more frequently detected in cases of primary infection than in Cases of superinfection.
Abstract: A monoclonal radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for detection of dengue virus in infected cell culture fluids and blood samples from dengue patients. Antibodies used to construct the RIA were selected on the basis of high binding avidity, the demonstration of synergism in competitive binding assays and empirical trials with different antibody combinations. Optimal binding of all four dengue virus serotypes was achieved by use of a flavivirus group-reactive and a dengue virus complex-reactive antibody as radiolabelled probe. A 'simultaneous sandwich' format and prolonged (18 h) incubation at 37 degrees C yielded optimal results. The limit of sensitivity of the RIA for detection of dengue type 2 virus was 2.7 log10 mosquito 50% infectious doses (MID50). The assay was tenfold more sensitive for dengue type 2 than for dengue types 1 and 3 viruses and 100-fold more sensitive than for dengue type 4 virus. Specificity, assessed using over 500 disease control human sera, was increased by addition of monoclonal anti-tetanus blocking antibodies, resulting in a false positive rate of only 0.2%. Heterologous dengue virus antibodies were shown to inhibit the RIA in assays performed with artificial immune complexes. Acute phase human sera containing 10(4.2) to 10(7.6) MID50 but no detectable antigen by RIA, were also shown to inhibit binding of the homologous dengue virus serotype; this effect was attributed to heterologous antibody from a prior infection. Among 116 viraemic sera from dengue patients, the RIA was positive in 43 to 47% of patients with dengue type 1, 2 or 3 infections but in only 10% of the dengue type 4 cases. Virus was more frequently detected in cases of primary infection (54%) than in cases of superinfection (16%). Despite the limitations imposed by immunological interference, the antigen capture RIA appears useful as a rapid diagnostic technique for dengue surveillance.
TL;DR: Seroepidemiologic investigations showed that 74% of healthy individuals in the epidemic area had antibody to d Dengue virus compared to 54% in an area where epidemic dengue had occurred in 1978, and less than or equal to 8% in nonepidemic areas.
Abstract: Virologic and seroepidemiologic studies were carried out during an epidemic of dengue fever on Hainan Island in 1980 Dengue 3 virus was isolated from 46 of 77 acute phase sera and from 1 of 10 pools of adult Aedes aegypti Dengue 1 virus virus was isolated from a single acute phase serum Seroepidemiologic investigations showed that 74% of healthy individuals in the epidemic area had antibody to dengue virus compared to 54% in an area where epidemic dengue had occurred in 1978, and less than or equal to 8% in nonepidemic areas There were no significant differences in antibody prevalence for different sex and age groups
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A KAP study on dengue/dengue haemorrh agic fever (DF/DHF) was carried out in three areas in the Federal Territory based on their ethnic group composition and were Jinjang North, Kampung Bahru and Sentul.
Abstract: A KAP study on dengue/dengue haemorrh agic fever (DF/DHF) was carried out in three areas in the Federal Territory. The three areas were selected based on their ethnic group composition and were Jinjang North (Chinese), Kampung Bahru (Malays) and Sentul (Indians). Houses were selected by a systematic sampling method and house-to-house interviews were carried out with a pre-tested, predesigned questionnaire. 546 (87.62%) of the households responded.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a highly specific, sensitive, and economical hemadsorption immunosorbent technique for the detection of dengue-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody.
Abstract: We developed a highly specific, sensitive, and economical hemadsorption immunosorbent technique for the detection of dengue-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody. The technique is based on the reaction of human sera with anti-human IgM immobilized onto a solid phase followed by the detection of dengue-specific IgM by the addition of a known quantity of dengue virus hemagglutinin and goose erythrocytes. Dengue-specific IgM-positive sera showed hemadsorption. IgM antibody specific for dengue virus was detected in 22 of 39 (56%) convalescent-phase sera from primary dengue infections and 8 of 10 (80%) convalescent-phase sera from secondary dengue infections. Additionally, 32 of 76 single sera from patients were positive for dengue IgM; these sera were previously uninterpretable by the hemagglutination inhibition test, as only a single serum specimen was available. No false-positive results were obtained with sera that were negative by the hemagglutination inhibition test for dengue virus. Crude dengue virus hemagglutinin preparations could be used without purification. Dengue-specific IgG did not interfere with the results, nor was there any cross-reactivity between dengue hemagglutinins and IgM specific for other viruses. Some cross-reactivity of the dengue-specific IgM was observed with Japanese encephalitis virus hemagglutinins, but this did not present any problems in the interpretation of results. This test is specific, inexpensive, highly reproducible, and simple to perform.
TL;DR: The combined use of end-point IgM ELISA and virus isolation permitted a specific diagnosis in all cases of yellow fever studied during the epidemic in Burkina Faso, and provided a means of rapid diagnosis using a single serum sample, and should be applied in programs of surveillance and epidemic investigation.
Abstract: Summary The complement-fixation (CF) test and IgM antibody-capture enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were compared for the serological diagnosis of medically important flavivirus infections in Africa. The specificity and kinetics of antibody development were studied using serum specimens from humans during investigation of the 1983 yellow fever epidemic in Burkina Faso, from monkeys and young children in eastern Senegal, and from persons with clinical flavivirus infections. IgM antibodies detected by ELISA showed complete specificity in cases of yellow fever, Zika and Wesselsbron infection, whereas extensive crossreactions were noted by ELISA in dengue infections and by the CF test in the case of all flaviviruses. The combined use of end-point IgM ELISA and virus isolation permitted a specific diagnosis in all cases of yellow fever studied during the epidemic in Burkina Faso. These techniques thus provided a means of rapid diagnosis using a single serum sample, and should be applied in programs of surveillance and epidemic investigation. The persistence of IgM antibodies to yellow fever and Zika is relatively brief (1–3 months). Tests on a small number of cases of dengue 2 and 4 also indicated the brief duration of specific IgM compared to CF antibodies. The IgM ELISA has also been applied to the surveillance of sylvatic flavivirus transmission in eastern Senegal. With the successive isolation of yellow fever and Zika viruses in two years, the sensitivity and limits of the serological technique have been elucidated. The best approach for detection of flavivirus transmission is timely serological surveillance of young children; a minimum of one survey should be conducted at the end of the rainy season. Moreover, routine surveillance of wild monkeys for specific IgM antibodies allows early detection of flavivirus activity. This approach is especially useful for the planning and initiation of field studies to assess the occurrence of clinical infections, particularly those due to dengue virus. Two techniques for measurement of IgM antibodies by ELISA were compared. The indirect assay using peroxidase appears to be the most sensitive.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The major hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the pathogenesis of "dengue hemorrhagic fever" are reviewed and there is considerable difference of opinion as to whether or not a prior d Dengue infection with a heterologous dengue serotype constitutes a risk factor for the development of the syndrome.
Abstract: The major hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the pathogenesis of "dengue hemorrhagic fever" are reviewed. Because of the difficulty in applying the definition of "dengue hemorrhagic fever" proposed by the World Health Organization, most of the discussion deals only with the most severe form of dengue, "dengue shock syndrome", which may or may not be a subset of "dengue hemorrhagic fever". It is not clear if it is the virus or the host that plays the predominant role in the pathogenesis of the dengue shock syndrome. More specifically, there is considerable difference of opinion as to whether or not a prior dengue infection with a heterologous dengue serotype constitutes a risk factor for the development of the syndrome. The evidence cited in favor of the latter concept is discussed from a critical point of view.
TL;DR: No virus budding from the cell surface of the chikungunya- Infected mosquito's salivary glands was found as shown in dengue-infected ones, in contrast to the findings of the mammalian cells infected with chikngunya and/or d Dengue virus(es).
Abstract: Aedes albopictus as well as Aedes aegypti is an important vector of chikungunya and dengue viruses. Electron microscopic observations on the salivary glands of Ae. albopictus infected with chikungunya virus were performed in comparing with those of Ae. aegypti infected with dengue virus. No virus budding from the cell surface of the chikungunya-infected mosquito's salivary glands was found as shown in dengue-infected ones, in contrast to the findings of the mammalian cells such as Vero, KB, IMR, J-111 and BHK-21 cells infected with chikungunya and/or dengue virus(es).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Blood values were analysed in eighteen cynomolgus monkeys on pre- and post-neurovirulence testing of dengue-2 and yellow fever vaccine viruses, denge-2 parental and Japanese encephalitis viruses.
Abstract: Blood values were analysed in eighteen cynomolgus monkeys on pre-and post-neurovirulence testing of dengue-2 and yellow fever vaccine viruses, dengue-2 parental and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Certain changes between blood chemistry, hematology and serology were observed and briefly discussed.
TL;DR: Dengue type 3 was the serotype most frequently associated with severe infections and was associated with 27 of the 34 fatal cases in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Abstract: From 1975 to 1983, we clinically studied 1,451 serologically confirmed cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Jakarta, Indonesia. Of these cases, 142 were virologically confirmed. Considering these 142 cases, dengue type 3 was the predominant virus type isolated, but all 4 dengue virus serotypes were found. Dengue type 3 was the serotype most frequently associated with severe infections. Whereas 67 (47%) of the 142 patients had a dengue type 3 infection, this serotype was associated with 27 of the 34 fatal cases (79%). Dengue type 3 was found in 42 of the 75 cases with shock (56%), 31 of the 42 cases with encephalopathy (74%), and 19 of the 30 cases with gastrointestinal bleeding (63%).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The LALT positivity rates in DHF/DSS and dengue fever patients were 43.9 and 25 per cent respectively, whereas all control patients were negative (p less than 0.0025); a follow-up in LALT positive patients showed a decline in the positive rates after admission.
Abstract: Limulus amoebocyte lysate test (LALT) was used to detect endotoxin-like substances in the plasma of 57 patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), four patients with dengue fever and 20 control patients with other diseases. The LALT positivity rates in DHF/DSS and dengue fever patients were 43.9 and 25 per cent respectively, whereas all control patients were negative (p less than 0.0025). LALT positivity was highest on 5th and 6th days of admission with positive rates of 46 and 50 per cent respectively whereas the positive rates in those admitted on fourth and seventh days of admission were 29 and 33 per cent respectively. A follow-up in LALT positive patients showed a decline in the positive rates after admission. LALT positivity was observed in 48.8 per cent of DHF/DSS patients with shock and in 26.6 per cent of patients without shock.