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Showing papers on "Developing country published in 1973"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper applied cross-country regression analysis to thirty-four countries and fifty-one countries for the 1950s and 1960s for the USA and found that foreign aid, foreign investment, other inflows and domestic savings are independent independent variables.
Abstract: Cross-country regression analysis is applied to thirty-four countries for the 1950s and fifty-one countries for the 1960s. When foreign aid, foreign investment, other inflows and domestic savings are treated as separate independent variables: (a) savings and foreign inflows explain over a third of growth; (b) foreign aid has a substantially greater effect than the other variables; (c) correlation between aid and foreign private investment is not significant; (d) only for Asia do the four variables explain much; and (e) growth is not correlated with exports, education, per capita income, or country size. Savings are highly correlated with exports and per capita income, not with country size.

489 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that previous migrants from one region to another exert a significant influence on the volume and direction of current migration flows and that failure to include the effect of earlier flows led to an overestimate of the true direct relationship between the current flow of migrants and variables such as income and urbanization.
Abstract: T HE hypothesis that previous migrants from one region to another exert a significant influence on the volume and direction of current migration flows has recently been tested for the case of a less developed country by Michael Greenwood (1973). Utilizing 1961 census data for India he found that recent migrants do have a strong tendency to migrate to localities which had previously attracted natives of their region. He also found that failure to include the effect of earlier flows led to an overestimate of the true direct relationship between the current flow of migrants and variables such as income and urbanization. In this paper we present additional evidence on the influence of previous migration on current migration in less developed countries. Utilizing data from the 1961 Population Census of Venezuela, we find results similar to those in the study of migration in India despite some marked differences between the two countries. Past migrant flows can be expected to influence current migration for several important reasons. Family and friends who have previously migrated from one region to another may provide information about their present location to persons residing in their former place of residence. Former migrants may also provide temporary food and shelter as well as ease social transition. Greenwood emphasizes that the relatively low levels of literacy and linguistic differences between regions in India are likely to increase the influence of family and friends on current migration. Venezuela, on the other hand, has relatively high levels of adult literacy and more than 70 per cent of the population speak the same language. The two countries also differ with respect to their social organization and income levels. The extended family is characteristic of India, while the nuclear family is predominant in Venezuela. Per capita GNP was only about 80 dollars per year in India in 1960, compared with over 600 dollars in Venezuela.1 Thus the results of our study not only add to the evidence on the influence of previous migration on current flows but also provide a basis for comparison of that influence between two dissimilar less developed countries.

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a more systematic estimate of the extent of mass poverty in Pakistan and their implications for the future growth strategy, including income distribution and employment in West Pakistan.
Abstract: The disillusionment of many developing countries with past policies which paid exclusive attention to the rate of growth has, in recent years, led to a some¬what belated interest in the problems of unemployment, income distribution and mass poverty. Pakistan/perhaps, has the unique, if dubious, distinction of being one of the first developing countries both to adopt and, later, to reject growthmanship as a national creed.1 Although serious doubts about the assumptions and implications of the official strategy of economic growth in Pakistan began to be expressed in 1968, the issues were clouded by the political demand for the autonomy, and later the separation of the eastern wing of the country. At the recent Pakistan Economic Conference, held in February 1973, some of the basic issues of Pakistan's development strategy were discussed hi detail in various papers [1], [7], [14], [25]. The focus of these papers was on income distribution and employment and their implications for the future growth strategy. The present author in his paper [14] at the Conference, presented some tentative estimates of mass poverty and unemployment in West Pakistan. The present paper is designed to give more systematic estimates of the extent of mass poverty in Pakistan.

80 citations


Book
01 Jan 1973

72 citations





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalization of the Phillips curve for a developing country is proposed and tested, and the central conclusion of the paper is that, while an expansion of effective demand and employment beyond the previous crest gives rise in the short run to inflationary pressures on the labour market, it also induces an on-the-job training effect for the labour force previously excluded from the productive process.
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to propose and test a generalization of the Phillips curve for a developing country which starts out with a substantial volume of structural unemployment and gradually works it down in the development process. The central conclusion of the paper is that, while an expansion of effective demand and employment beyond the previous crest gives rise in the short run to inflationary pressures on the labour market, it also induces an on-the-job training effect for the labour force previously excluded from the productive process. The resulting permanent improvement in the skill and competitiveness of the labour force thereafter reduces the inflationary pressure associated with any given level of employment. Accordingly, in a developing country, the Phillips curve can be pictured as a frontier which in the process of development tends to the left and downwards. This inference will be shown to be supported by empirical data drawn from the experience of the Italian post-war period. In this analysis we focus on the industrial sector on the ground that in a developing country the latter tends to set the pace for the entire wage structure. The pioneering studies of Stigler [14] and [15], Alchian [1], Holt and David [4], and Phelps [11] have recently laid the foundations for a new micro-economic theory of employment and inflation and stimulated a growing literature on the theoretical basis of the Phillips curve.3 These studies, however, have the common characteristic of dealing with a labour market close to full employment. Thus, like the previous work on the Phillips curve, they are directly relevant only to already developed countries. We propose to show, however, that the new approach and, in particular, the formulation of C. C. Holt can be readily generalized to analyze the labour market of a developing economy. Part I briefly reviews Holt's analysis. Part II extends its implications to a developing system. In Part III, the central hypothesis of the paper is tested. Some implications are

01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors made a study of changes in accident rates with time in a number of developing countries and found that in almost all the countries, there is a continuing downward trend in fatality and injury rates per vehicle, Kenya and Zambia being notable exceptions.
Abstract: Using published data a study was made of changes in accident rates with time in a number of developing countries. It was found that in almost all the countries, there is a continuing downward trend in fatality and injury rates per vehicle, Kenya and Zambia being notable exceptions. Fatality rates were found to be related to vehicle ownership levels: the lower the vehicle ownership level, the higher the fatality rate per vehicle. In this relationship, vehicle ownership can be taken as an indication of both general economic and transport development. Fatality rates for the developing countries for the year 1968 were found to be similar in pattern to those for Britain between 1909 and 1938. The severity index, a measure of the number of fatalities as a proportion of total casualties, was found to be correlated with vehicle ownership levels: the lower the vehicle ownership level, the higher the severity index. A further examination of the severity index showed that it was closely affected by the extent of medical facilities in these countries. There was also some evidence that it was related to the proportion of motor cycles and scooters in each country. Possible methods of continuing road accident research in developing countries are suggested. /AUTHOR/

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The magnitude of the problem, the utilization of these doctors as "cheap labor," the quality of care provided, and the effects of the "brain drain" on the countries of origin are reviewed.
Abstract: In the authors' opinion, one of the most serious problems facing American psychiatry is the importation of large numbers of foreign medical graduates to staff the country's mental hospitals. This paper reviews the magnitude of the problem, the utilization of these doctors as "cheap labor," the quality of care provided, and the effects of the "brain drain" on the countries of origin. It discusses possible roots of the problem and suggests some solutions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) as discussed by the authors was established in 1968 to promote an awareness of social and economic implications of population problems and their solutions, extend aid to developing countries and coordinate UN and other organizations activities to plan and implement population projects.
Abstract: The United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) established in 1968 aims to: 1) promote an awareness of social and economic implications of population problems and their solutions 2) extend aid to developing countries and 3) coordinate UN and other organizations activities to plan and implement population projects. Financial assistance is usually supportive of national programs and includes equipment supplies personnel fellowships to study abroad collection of population data and assistance with population dynamics and policy. By the end of January 1973 UNFPA was supporting almost 600 population projects in 76 developing countries and areas with cumulative resources of more than $80 million.


Journal Article
TL;DR: The communicable diseases of importance to the developing countries may be divided into two groups-those requiring long-term development for their solution and those that would respond rapidly to control by such methods as immunization.
Abstract: Notwithstanding the deficiencies in reporting, an attempt is made in the present study to provide some useful information on the importance of the communicable diseases in the world over the decade 1957-58 to 1967-68. In this period health authorities in the developing countries almost invariably reported communicable diseases as their main public health problems, whereas, in the developed countries, the only communicable diseases still considered as public health problems were tuberculosis, venereal diseases, and hepatitis. In the developing countries nearly half of the principal causes of death were communicable diseases, and in both the developing and developed countries respiratory infections ranked high on the list. Deaths from tuberculosis have come down markedly in the developed countries and to a lesser degree in the developing countries. Infectious diseases of childhood are no longer a problem in the developed countries but are still important in the developing countries. The communicable diseases of importance to the developing countries may be divided into two groups-those requiring long-term development for their solution (e.g., dysentery, typhoid fever, parasitic diseases, and respiratory infections) and those that would respond rapidly to control by such methods as immunization.





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have carried out an analysis of a particular trade flow to assess their relative empirical importance, which is that between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom.
Abstract: T RADITIONAL theories of international trade have explained the existence and composition of trade between countries in terms of international differences in production functions and factor endowments. More recently, increasing attention has been paid to other influences, which lie at the fringe of the traditional theory. These include the specific character of factors such as natural resources, the influence of tariffs and other restrictions on trade, and differences in size of country. Empirical studies of the composition of international trade have tended to test hypotheses about only a single one of these determinants. Yet it seems unlikely that they are mutually exclusive; one should expect several different influences simultaneously to play a part in shaping any given flow of trade. Accordingly, we have carried out an analysis of a particular trade flow to try to assess their relative empirical importance. The specific trade flow with which we are concerned is that between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. We have chosen to analyse this trade flow for the following reasons: First, we are fortunate to have detailed data on the flows of merchandise trade between Ireland and the United Kingdom. This information can be linked to the input-output tables of each country, which are comparable at a classification level of forty-seven sectors. We also have detailed and reliable estimates of Irish factor endowments.' Secondly, Irish trade with the United Kingdom forms a large part of her total trade (70 per cent of merchandise exports, and 50 per cent of merchandise imports in 1964). Exports from individual Irish sectors of production frequently account for a large share of sector output, while imports generally form a high proportion of the output of the domestic sector with whose products they are competing. Thirdly, the Irish economy is a small tradedependent economy whose exports have a large primary commodity content. The composition of its trade with its much larger and industrialised trading partner may not be untypical of the position in which so many developing countries find themselves with respect to their more advanced trading partners. It is worth emphasising that the small trade-dependent economy is typical of the great majority of countries. We begin with an empirical test of the Ricardian hypothesis of comparative advantage in its classical two-country, multi-commodity formulation. In the second section of the paper, we present the results of a number of tests concerned with hypotheses about factor proportions. The third section examines the influence of natural resources, and the paper concludes with an account of the role of trade restrictions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proportion of health care resources devoted to the provision of non personal public health care does appear to be a significant determinant of levels of health and therefore the role of nonpersonal public health warrants further study.
Abstract: In a previous study the author explored the linear relationship between infant mortality and real gross domestic product per capita the number of physicians/10000 persons and the number of hospitals/1000 persons in 18 countries. That study is here expanded and updated to include the experience of 7 additional countries for a current total of 25 countries. In addition the present study extends the analysis to include several additional explanatory variables and it includes data for 1965 so that data the set now covers 1955 1960 and 1965. Following the methodology of the initial study the relationship estimated between infant mortality and the several explanatory variables is used to calculate the level of infant mortality that one would expect to find in each country for each of the 3 years considered given the values of the explanatory variables. The size and sign of the difference between the actual and expected levels is then used to approximate the effect of different general systems of providing and financing health care on overall health status since infant mortality is an approximate index for the overall level of health. The results of the initial study are by and large confirmed. They show that the percentage of health services financed or directly controlled by governments and information on the relative size of the health sector are apparently not important determinants of levels of health. On the other hand the proportion of health care resources devoted to the provision of nonpersonal public health care does appear to be a significant determinant and therefore the role of nonpersonal public health warrants further study. (authors)



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the case of developing countries, such policies have been linked to patterns of deliberate urbanization, and in many cases to the introduction of planned new towns in sparsely populated regions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: There are few countries, whether belonging to the developed or developing category, that have not implicitly or explicitly formulated some form of population redistribution policy. In the case of developing countries, such policies have been linked to patterns of deliberate urbanization, and in many cases to the introduction of planned new towns in sparsely populated regions. Controlled urban growth and population distribution are a major means in developing countries of raising the level of economic development, slowing the growth of population, and facilitating social change.' In addition, the fostering of urban centers outside major metropolitan areas may diminish the tendency toward overconcentration of population, aid in the development of local natural resources, and give impetus to modernization of agriculture.2 In some cases, it may also fill a gap in the structural hierarchy of urban places.3 In Israel's case, explicit population dispersal policies have been embedded in national plans since the founding of the state in 1948.' The aim of such policies was to increase the flow of population away from Israel's coastal belt, disperse settlements throughout the country for development and defense purposes, and provide for the integration of new immigrants.5 Israel's New Towns Program, a massive effort at population dispersal, was evolved in response to these needs. It is our hope that there are lessons to

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1973-Americas
TL;DR: Argentina adopted only hesitant and limited protection of its manufacturing industries during World War I and the decade immediately following, for the international economic crisis caused by the war gave birth to many new industries and stimulated older ones as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: ARIFF PROTECTION of manufacturing industries from lower-cost imports constitutes one of the basic political and economic issues which many developing countries confront. In Argentina, the protective tariff became a highly controversial question during World War I and the decade immediately following, for the international economic crisis caused by the war gave birth to many new industries and stimulated older ones. This article will analyze the political struggle which Argentine interest groups waged over the issue of the tariff. The object is to determine why Argentina adopted only hesitant and limited protection of its manufacturing industries during a period when many other countries were actively building high tariff walls. On the eve of World War I, the Argentine economy appeared extraordinarily successful. Having started as one of the less prosperous Spanish colonies, Argentina by the centennial of its independence (191o) had achieved a per capita Gross Domestic Product of about US $470 (at 1955 prices), which exceeded that not only of the republic's neighbors but also of Italy (US $225) and France (US $400).1' This remarkable prosperity was based primarily on the export trade. During the period between 1875 and 1913, when exports of agricultural and cattle products experienced an average annual growth in value of over 4 per cent, foreign trade came to dominate the republic's economic life.2 By the mid 1920S, nearly forty per cent of total goods produced were exported.3

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that the arena in which one may expect to see the broadest number of changes and the highest potential for dramatic demonstration of the effectiveness of educational technology will be in the developing nations of the world.
Abstract: The arena in which one may expect to see the broadest number of changes and the highest potential for dramatic demonstration of the effectiveness of educational technology will be in the developing nations of the world. The primary reasons for this suggestion are that the severity of educational problems in these countries — a severity of crisis proportions — and the hypothesis that these nations are not as strongly committed to the old-fashioned paradigms as are the more developed nations. The heavy pressure to increase both the quality and quantity of education, and to increase education's contribution to the nation's growth, are causing many to look hopefully toward educational technology. The technological approach, building on the base which it has developed over the past fifteen years, should be able to demonstrate that it is capable of meeting the challenge. One certainly hopes it will.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An analytical paradigm by which to evaluate health and medical care services in underdeveloped countries is presented and it is argued that China's health policies are appropriate to China's factor proportions and health needs.
Abstract: In Section I of this paper we present an analytical paradigm by which to evaluate health and medical care services in underdeveloped countries. In Section II, we apply this framework to an analysis of the health policies of one developing country, China. In Section III, we evaluate the Chinese health and medical care policies within the framework of a cost‐benefit analysis and argue that these policies are appropriate to China's factor proportions and health needs. Finally, in Section IV, we raise a number of questions to be considered in any more detailed studies on the transferring of the Chinese services to other developing countries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Barbados has one of the lowest fertility levels in the world, with a crude birth rate of only 20·5 per 1,000 in 1970, which is the lowest in any country of similar economic development anywhere in the World.
Abstract: Of the Caribbean islands, Barbados has the lowest fertility level. The crude birth rate in 1970 was only 20·5 per 1,000, which is one of the lowest found in any country of similar economic development anywhere in the world. In 1960 the crude birth rate was much higher, at about 33·6 and for almost 40 years before that had fluctuated around a value of 33. Thus, a decline of about 40% has been achieved within the comparatively short period of a decade. The reasons for this rapid decline are of particular interest to all those concerned with population growth and economic development in the less developed areas. In Barbados, the importance of population control and the role of family planning was recognised early by the government and other civic agencies, and the Barbados Family Planning Association (BFPA), an autonomous national family planning agency, was established. Since its modest beginning in 1955 the BFPA has grown to be a major social institution, comprising 14 clinics situated in various ...