Showing papers on "Developing country published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the literature regarding the effect of country of origin on buyer evaluations of products and draw marketing inferences, and implications for future research are developed, for countries that source products in countries different from where sold.
Abstract: This article reviews the literature regarding the effect of country of origin on buyer evaluations of products. The issue is important for countries (especially resource-poor, developing countries) that need to increase manufactured exports and for firms that source products in countries different from where sold. Marketing inferences are drawn, and implications for future research are developed.
1,823 citations
Book•
29 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of the Federal German textile and garment industry as determined by developments in the world economy is discussed. And the economic and political determinants and consequences of increased production abroad are discussed, as well as the impact of world market oriented industrialisation on the socioeconomic development of developing countries.
Abstract: Tables Abbreviations Foreword Introduction 1. The new international division of labour in the world economy 2. The new international division of labour: a phase in the development of the world capitalist system Part I. The Development of the Federal German Textile and Garment Industry as an Example of the New International Division of Labour: 3. World production and employment and garment industry, and world trade in textiles and clothing 4. Unemployment in the development of the world capitalist system Part I. The Development of the Federal German textile and garment industry as determined by developments in the world economy: 5. The export-orientated industrialisation of the developing and centrally planned economies in the field of textiles and clothing 6. The relocation of production of companies from the Federal German textile and garment industry to sites abroad 7. Determinants of the development of the world market for production sites 8. The new international division of labour: direction by and response of institutions from the traditional industrial countries 9. Conclusion Part II. The Advance of the New International Division of Labour: Employment Abroad by Federal German Industrial Companies: 10. The new international division of labour and employment abroad by Federal German industrial companies 11. Production and employment by region 12. Structural features of production and employment abroad 13. The economic and political determinants and consequences of increased production abroad Part III. The World Market Oriented Industrialisation of the Developing Countries: Free Production Zones and World Market Factories: 14. Free production zones in Asia, Africa and Latin America: a survey 15. The structure of production in free production zones and world market factories 16. The labour market and working conditions in free production zones and world market factories 17. The impact of world market oriented industrialisation on the socio-economic development of developing countries.
248 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: Asymmetric information in the labor market is discussed as a major cause of the exodus of foreign-trained students from developing countries in this article, where the authors suggest that employers in the country in which the students have been trained have a more accurate judgment of the true productivity of students than have employers in a students native country.
Abstract: Asymmetric information in the labor market is discussed as a major cause of the exodus of foreign-trained students from developing countries. The authors suggest that employers in the country in which the students have been trained have a more accurate judgment of the true productivity of students than have employers in the students native country. An illustrative numerical model is developed and its implications are analyzed. (ANNOTATION)
246 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that "income is not an important factor, there is an inverse relation with number of siblings, and there are positive associations with calorie intake, schooling, the availability of refrigeration, and the quality of sewage systems."
195 citations
TL;DR: The case for government involvement in the tourism sector in developing countries is examined in this article, where the authors make definitional distinctions between passive and active involvement, and conclude that in most developing countries government involvement is required not only to attain long-term objectives but to compensate for the absence of a strong and tourism-experienced private sector.
180 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between average height and per capita income was investigated and it was shown that the distribution of income is an important determinant of average height, and the relationship among income, nutrition, medical care, and height at the individual level.
Abstract: As an aid to interpreting the results of height-by-age studies this paper investigates the relationship between average height and per capita income. The relationships among income, nutrition, medical care, and height at the individual level suggest that average height is nonlinearly related to per capita income and that the distribution of income is an important determinant of average height. Empirical analysis rests on 56 height studies and per capita income estimates for 20 developed or developing countries.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of governmental health, education and family planning programs as well as sources of water on fertility, child mortality and schooling are obtained from combined district-level and household-level data from rural India.
123 citations
TL;DR: In the developed world at least, the century-long migration towards the high density core regions is over, according to internal migration statistics for 22 countries covering the period 1950-1979.
113 citations
105 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that, even if the economy faces fixed terms of trade, emigration can still affect the welfare of the non-migrants, and the direction of the effect in this context will always be negative.
100 citations
Book•
30 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a worldwide perspective on urbanization and explain why the need for active urbanization policies is greater for developing countries than it was in the past for economies that are now developed.
Abstract: This report focuses on the need for national urbanization policy. First, it presents a worldwide perspective on urbanization and explains why the need for active urbanization policies is greater for developing countries than it was in the past for economies that are now developed. It then discusses the factors affecting national spatial development and gives a country typology for national urbanization strategies. It also covers the determinants of the growth of urban systems, touching on migration, rural-urban interaction, and the roles of transport and industrialization. Next, the current status of national urbanization policy is assessed. The report concludes with a discussion on appropriate national urbanization strategies. The appendices cover urbanization issues in Latin America and in large centrally planned economies, such as the Soviet Union and China.
TL;DR: According to an official of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ECP) as mentioned in this paper, "donor countries and the United Nations bodies working in developing countries are well aware that one of the most serious problems hampering development is corruption; so are the recipient countries." But no one seems prepared to discuss it publicly.
Abstract: Bureaucratic corruption is one of the most serious and embarrassing obstacles to national development in the developing countries, which include among others the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) viz., Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. According to an official of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific:Donor countries and the United Nations bodies working in developing countries are well aware that one of the most serious problems hampering development is corruption; so are the recipient countries. But no one seems prepared to discuss it publicly.
Book•
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Evidence on breast-feeding patterns in low-income countries from nationally representative World Fertility Surveys and secondary sources shows that in all but a few such countries most children are breast-fed for at least a few months.
Abstract: Breast-feeding is important to infant nutrition, morbidity, and mortality, and to postpartum amenorrhea (hence to birth intervals). Evidence on breast-feeding patterns in low-income countries from nationally representative World Fertility Surveys and secondary sources shows that in all but a few such countries most children are breast-fed for at least a few months. The limited evidence available on trends seems to indicate a decline in the duration of breast-feeding, but in most of Asia and Africa breast-feeding is almost universal during at least the first 6 months. Earlier weaning is common in Latin America.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the evolution of food retailing systems in the developing economies and related it to the experience of developed economies, in a systematic manner, to the differences in the environmental factors.
Abstract: Most writings on the evolution patterns of food retailing institutions have dealt with developed country experiences. This article reviews the evolution of food retailing systems in the developing economies and relates it to the experience of developed economies. Variations in food retailing systems among countries are related, in a systematic manner, to the differences in the environmental factors. The difficulties of introducing an innovative institution, the supermarket, in developing economies are also discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the costs and benefits associated with investment in higher education as a whole and especially in different postsecondary subjects are reviewed, and the possible existence of returns to scale from university expansion, and a distinction is made between the incidence and the duration of graduate unemployment.
Abstract: Higher education, the top step of the learning ladder, is often found at the bottom of the list when priorities for educational spending are considered. The most common prescription for economic development is injections of basic, and especially vocational, education. Indeed, it is difficult to rationalize expenditure on another university when a high proportion of the country's population is illiterate and a considerable number of university graduates are unemployed. Given this setting, the purpose of this paper is to take a close look at the socioeconomic rationale for higher-education provision in developing countries. This is done by reviewing the costs and benefits associated with investment in higher education as a whole and especially in different postsecondary subjects.' Particular attention is paid to the possible existence of returns to scale from university expansion, and a distinction is made between the incidence and the duration of graduate unemployment.
TL;DR: The authors provided evidence on patterns of structural change during development, examining in particular how cross-section studies can accommodate the recent evidence on "de-industralisation" in many developed countries.
Abstract: This paper provides evidence on patterns of structural change during development, examining in particular how cross‐section studies can accommodate the recent evidence on ‘de‐industralisation’ in many developed countries. It is argued that functional forms used previously are now inappropriate and new functional forms are proposed. It is found, using these functional forms, that empirical evidence supports the existence of clear patterns of structural change across developed and developing countries.
Book•
04 Aug 1982
Book•
01 Jul 1982
TL;DR: This volume documents these charges of drug dumping i.e. selling to a developing country a drug which has been banned in the industrial world and reports on the campaigns to induce poor countries to squander their limited health care resources on unneeded tonics costly vitamin preparations and other luxury drugs.
Abstract: The problem of whether or how to control drugs is of particular importance to the population of the 3rd world countries. More and more during the past few years there have been sweeping denunciations of multinational drug companies for dumping worthless or dangerous products in the 3rd world. This volume documents these charges of drug dumping i.e. selling to a developing country a drug which has been banned in the industrial world and reports on the campaigns to induce poor countries to squander their limited health care resources on unneeded tonics costly vitamin preparations and other luxury drugs. The 6 sections of the book cover the following: the patients; the drugs (sources of data antibiotics drugs against diarrhea pain and fever fighters anabolic hormones and tonics); the physicians pharmacists and other professionals; and the options for change (country of origin rule certification of imported drugs local production drug patients national formularies group purchase quality control 2 tier pricing labeling and promotion and a task for consumers). As far as the more than 500 drug products covered in the studies reported here there would appear to be no substantial differences in the performances of multinational companies domestic companies brand name companies generic name companies companies based in capitalistic nations and companies based in socialistic or communist bloc countries. On the basis of the products concerned in this analysis the 3rd world promotion and labeling presented by many firms based in the US and the UK cannot be accepted as adequately truthful complete and scientifically sound. It is the impression that US and British promotion is more responsible than that used by many multinational companies based in West Germany Switzerland and other industrialized nations and the promotion presented bydomestic firms based in the developing countries themselves. The results of irresponsible promotional practices in developing countries are tragic: the waste of scarce funds on luxury drugs; the failure to buy low cost generic products of high quality; drug shortages; and needless injury and death. The industry views itself as relatively free of any wrong doing but according to Halfdan Mahler Director General of the World Health Organization the activities of the multinational drug companies in the 3rd world can be termed "drug colonialism" as well as indecent. The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices is included in an appendix.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This Bulletin describes efforts begun in 1972 to ensure high quality, internationally comparable, accessible data, the data's importance for policymakers, planners and researchers, and major findings available from directly assisted WFS surveys in 29 developing countries and contraceptive use data from WFS-type surveys in 16 developed countries.
Abstract: Interviewing some 350,000 women in 42 developing countries and 20 developed countries representing nearly 40% of the world's population, the World Fertility Survey (WFS) is in a unique position to document the historic 1970s slowdown in global population growth. This Bulletin describes efforts begun in 1972 to ensure high quality, internationally comparable, accessible data, the data's importance for policymakers, planners and researchers, and major findings available by early 1982 from directly assisted WFS surveys in 29 developing countries and contraceptive use data from WFS-type surveys in 16 developed countries. Marital fertility has declined in all developing regions except Africa but still averages from 4.6 children/woman in Latin America to 6.7 in Africa, while preferred family size ranges from 3.0 children in Turkey to 8.9 in Senegal--far above the average 2.2-2.5 children/woman needed to end developing countries' population growth in the long run. However, women ages 15-19 prefer nearly 2 children fewer than the oldest women ages 45-49; 3.8 vs. 5.7 on the average. Nearly 1/2 (48%) of married women surveyed in 27 countreis said they wanted no more children. Preventing all unwanted births would reduce birth rates up to 15 births/1000 population in these countries. Overall, 32% of married, fecund women in developing countries are using contraception compared to an average 72% in 16 developed countries. Education, literacy, and more available family planning services increase contraceptive use. Age at marriage is rising in Asia, but this factor alone has little effect on fertility. Infant mortality is higher in many developing countries than previously thought. Breastfeeding is an important restraint on fertility in most developing countries but is declining among more educated, employed, and urban women which could raise fertility if not compensated for by gains in contraceptive use.
TL;DR: The authors examines the reasons why investment incentives are offered, describes the main characteristics of these incentives and suggests guidelines for the use of such incentives to promote tourism development in developed and developing countries.
TL;DR: In this article, a study of issues involved in the introduction of the supermarket into a developing country -Israel is presented, where urban consumers food shopping patterns have been affected, and reveals many respondents, despite easy accessibility to the supermarket, continue to buy some of their foods in traditional stores.
Abstract: Looks at a study of issues involved in the introduction of the supermarket into a developing country — Israel. Discusses how urban consumers food shopping patterns have been affected, and reveals many respondents, despite easy accessibility to the supermarket, continue to buy some of their foods in traditional stores. Analyses 310 questionnaires of residents of Jerusalem and bases results on this, as the random sample of 75‐80 households was then drawn from each of four areas. States that the study results demonstrate problems involved in the common practice of using supermarket's share of market type data as the sole basis for indicating rate of a country's diffusion of rates and limitations of share. Implies that the supermarket will transform the traditional system of small one‐line food stores, which are considered costly, and with inefficient distribution of food items, into one which will consist mainly of supermarkets.
TL;DR: A 20-year effort to expand schooling in the Third World has largely succeeded: in 1960 there were 144 million pupils in developing country (excluding the People's Republic of China and Korea) primary and secondary schools, and in 1976, 335 million; university-level enrollment increased from 2.6 million to 12.5 million in the same period.
Abstract: A 20-year effort to expand schooling in the Third World has largely succeeded: in 1960 there were 144 million pupils in developing country (excluding the People's Republic of China and Korea) primary and secondary schools, and in 1976, 335 million; university-level enrollment increased from 2.6 million to 12.5 million in the same period.' Even in relative terms, the figures are impressive: 46.8 percent of 6-11-year-olds in developing countries attended school in 1960 and 61.8 percent in 1975.2 Yet schooling was supposed to do much more than expand. Twenty years ago, "experts" implied that educational growth not only would contribute forcefully to economic development3 but would also equalize opportunities between social classes and income distribution4 and develop a more employable labor force. It may be that additional schooling in labor force did increase productivity--indeed there is some reason to believe that it has.5 But at the same time, the absolute number of illiterates in the Third World has increased;6 the poorest 50 percent of the population remained essentially as poor as before; income distribution, if anything, became more unequal;7 and open unemployment increased.s Poverty has been transferred more and more from rural to urban areas, while rural areas have continued to remain desperately poor. It is tempting to argue that the increased education brought to Third World populations was not relevant to the development of their societies
Book•
23 Sep 1982
TL;DR: The study of political geography of the United States-Mexican relations across the borderlands of the Rio Grande, deals with perhaps the world's most dramatic frontier between a developed and a developing country.
Abstract: The study of political geography of the United States-Mexican relations across the borderlands of the Rio Grande, deals with perhaps the world's most dramatic frontier between a developed and a developing country. The most serious problems on a constantly changing international agenda include: boundary demarcation problems; the management of scarce resources; mass movements of undocumented Mexicans into the United States, and the dramatic traffic in drugs or prostitution. The formulation of such a policy-related model of transactions across a frontier zone can be applied to any international boundary. Similarly, the disentangling of the complex web of relationships between one of the world's superpowers and a developing country, makes this book of wide general interest in the current North-South dialogue.
TL;DR: The authors examines the theory of the international civil service and the reality of the supra-national staff who are charged with the day-to-day responsibility for international co-operation, and concludes that these same institutions and personnel are increasingly involved in the discussion on numerous issues of importance for the citizens of these countries-hostages in Iran, international economic relations, and the status of refugees in South East Asia.
Abstract: REACTIONS in developed countries to the United Nations system and the officials who staff it are indifferent at best and outright hostile at worst. Ironically, these same institutions and personnel are increasingly involved in the discussion on numerous issues of importance for the citizens of these countries-hostages in Iran, international economic relations, and the status of refugees in South East Asia are recent examples. This article examines the theory of the international civil service and the reality of the supra-national staff who are charged with the day-to-day responsibility for international co-operation. Although international organisations have traditionally been of marginal interest to scholars and national decision-makers not directly connected with the study or operation of international institutions, the situation has significantly changed during the last two decades. Decolonisation led to the rapid expansion of United Nations membership in the 1960s; and raw materials prices and shortages during the 1970s helped developing countries to assert their positions as active members of the international system in which they emphasised the work of the United Nations more than did established, economically developed states. The recognition of new problems and the rush to erect new rhetorical or institutional responses have so far monopolised analytical attention whilst the administrative aspects of these international bureaucracies have tended to be overlooked.'
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A cost-effectiveness analysis of the immunization programs in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand using the program costing guidelines developed for the WHO Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) found that average costs/fully immunized child fell as coverage levels and activity rates rose.
Abstract: This paper describes a cost-effectiveness analysis of the immunization programs in Indonesia the Philippines and Thailand using the program costing guidelines developed for the WHO Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). The principal organizational features of each program are outlined and total costs and costs/fully immunized infant are assessed at a small sample of health centers in each country. Costs were found to average US $2.86 in Indonesia US $4.97 in the Philippines and US $10.73 in Thailand. At each health center the main element of total immunization costs was fixed so that average costs/fully immunized child fell as coverage levels and activity rates rose. The implications of this preliminary analysis are considered for each country and common managerial issues in EPI in particular and primary health care in general are detailed. Program organization health care input costs and population accessibility are considered as explanations of the observed differences in immunization costs. The feasibility of undertaking routine cost-effectiveness monitoring of immunization and other primary health care programs is considered. (authors) (summary in FRE)
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive empirical estimate of determinants of direct foreign investment, using the least squares regression approach, is provided, which focuses on direct investment in all industries combined.
Abstract: Although the presence of foreign capital has been quite evident in most sectors of the Nigerian economy, only a handful of studies have attempted to analyze some aspects of direct foreign investment in the country. Even then, these studies (Hakam, 1966; May, 1965; Edozien, 1968; Langley, 1968; Central Bank of Nigeria, 1964-79) have tended to be descriptive, especially with respect to analyzing trends, incentives, motivations, linkage aspects, and distribution of foreign investment. Thus, there has been virtually no empirical work aimed at statistically evaluating the determinants of direct foreign investment in Nigeria. Consequently, this study has the object of going beyond intuitive and descriptive analysis by providing a comprehensive empirical estimate of determinants of direct foreign investment, using the least squares regression approach. In order to provide the theoretical framework, a number of direct investment hypotheses proposed or considered in the literature are first reviewed. The analysis focuses on direct foreign investment in all industries combined. Apart from possible specification problems connected with separate models for different industries which a disaggregated approach entails, such an attempt is further complicated by the absence or the poor quality of data relating to the larger number of variables which would have to be considered. Taking cognizance of this kind of problem in a developing country such as Nigeria, the only disaggregation to be done is in respect to sources of foreign investment. In this direction, the study analyzes total direct investment as well as direct foreign investment from the United Kingdom and the United States of America. These two countries accounted for over 62 percent of direct foreign investment in Nigeria in 1974.