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Showing papers on "Developing country published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine barriers to the implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in the manufacturing sector in the context of both developed and developing economies, and identify 15 barriers, which are analyzed by means of a Grey Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach.

418 citations


BookDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors simulate the potential impact of COVID-19 on gross domestic product and trade, using a standard global computable general equilibrium model, and show that the largest negative effect is experienced by domestic services affected by the pandemic.
Abstract: The virus that triggered a localized shock in China is now delivering a significant global shock. This study simulates the potential impact of COVID-19 on gross domestic product and trade, using a standard global computable general equilibrium model. It models the shock as underutilization of labor and capital, an increase in international trade costs, a drop in travel services, and a redirection of demand away from activities that require proximity between people. A baseline global pandemic scenario sees gross domestic product fall by 2 percent below the benchmark for the world, 2.5 percent for developing countries, and 1.8 percent for industrial countries. The declines are nearly 4 percent below the benchmark for the world, in an amplified pandemic scenario in which containment is assumed to take longer and which now seems more likely. The biggest negative shock is recorded in the output of domestic services affected by the pandemic, as well as in traded tourist services. Since the model does not capture fully the social isolation induced independent contraction in demand and the decline in investor confidence, the eventual economic impact may be different. This exercise is illustrative, because it is still too early to make an informed assessment of the full impact of the pandemic. But it does convey the likely extent of impending global economic pain, especially for developing countries and their potential need for assistance.

305 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is revealed that CO2 emissions have a negative long-run relationship with trade exclusively for developed countries, while they have a positive long- run relationship with FDI inflows solely for developing countries.

202 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify relationships between the undernourishment scale and selected characteristics describing the agricultural sector within identified clusters of developing countries and identify the most effective ways to solve the hunger problem under a country's unique conditions.
Abstract: Ensuring food security has become an issue of key importance to countries with different degrees of economic development, while the agricultural sector plays a strategic role in improving food availability. The aim of this paper is to identify relationships between the undernourishment scale and selected characteristics describing the agricultural sector within identified clusters of developing countries. Typological groups of countries were separated using Ward’s method. It results from the analyses that the greatest problems with maintaining food security are observed in the developing countries with a high share of agriculture in their Gross Domestic Product (GDP), adverse conditions hindering agricultural production and deficient infrastructure. Based on research results desirable and tailored strategies for food security improvement in individual clusters were developed. Promoting investments in agricultural infrastructure and extension services along with adopting measures aimed at increasing the households’ purchasing power, especially those in rural areas, appear to be key drivers for improving both food availability and food access. The paper focuses not only on identifying the reasons of undernourishment, but also contributes to recognition of the most effective ways to solve the hunger problem under a country’s unique conditions. It offers a comprehensive perspective for the policy formulation in various areas world-wide, which may be of interest to scholars and policy makers.

173 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the record of cross-country growth over the past 50 years and ask if developing countries have made progress on closing income gap between their per capita incomes and those in the advanced economies.
Abstract: We examine the record of cross-country growth over the past 50 years and ask if developing countries have made progress on closing income gap between their per capita incomes and those in the advanced economies. We conclude that, as a group, they have not and then survey the literature on absolute convergence with particular emphasis on that from the last decade or so. That literature supports our conclusion of a lack of progress in closing the income gap between countries. We close with a brief examination of the recent literature on cross-individual distribution of income which finds that, despite the lack of progress on cross-country convergence, global inequality has tended to fall since 2000.

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2020
TL;DR: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced sudden transformation in many sectors of the global community, turning the world upside down as mentioned in this paper. Everything has been impacted, not excluding the education sector, which has experienced some unforeseen changes in many parts of the world.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced sudden transformation in many sectors of the global community, turning the world upside down. Everything has been impacted, not excluding the education sector, which has experienced some unforeseen changes in many parts of the world. The sudden transition to online pedagogy as a result of COVID-19 in developing countries has exposed some inequalities and challenges, as well as benefits. These challenges and inequalities have now become the new realities in the educational sector of developing countries. Suggestions are provided here so that the challenges presented by the new approach can be mitigated while we come to terms with the disruptions introduced by COVID-19 to our education sector.

130 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the effects of natural resources, energy consumption and gross capital accumulation on economic growth over the period 1980-2018 in 124 countries classified according to different income levels using Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) approach.

127 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the heterogeneous impacts of export product diversification, extensive margin, and intensive margins on the CO2 emissions for developing and developed countries, and suggested innovative policies for cleaner production and industrial manufacturing purposes, making the policies more effective in achieving SDGs.

124 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
13 Jul 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, international trade positively affects global progress towards achieving nine environment-related SDG targets and international trade has substantial influences on global sustainability and human well-being, but little is known about the impacts of international trade on progress toward achieving the sustainable development targets.
Abstract: The United Nations has adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 targets. International trade has substantial influences on global sustainability and human well-being. However, little is known about the impacts of international trade on progress towards achieving the SDG targets. Here we show that international trade positively affected global progress towards achieving nine environment-related SDG targets. International trade improved the SDG target scores of most (65%) of the evaluated developed countries but reduced the SDG target scores of over 60% of the evaluated developing countries. The SDG target scores of developed countries were higher than those of developing countries when trade was accounted for, but those scores would be lower than those of developing countries if trade were not a factor. Furthermore, trade between distant countries contributed more to achieving these global SDG targets than trade between adjacent countries. Compared with adjacent trade, distant trade was more beneficial for achieving SDG targets in developed countries, but it more negatively affected SDG target scores in developing countries. Our research suggests that enhancing the accounting for and management of virtual resources embedded in trade is essential for achieving and balancing sustainable development for all. International trade interacts with Sustainable Development Goal targets in profound ways. This study finds that while trade improves scores for environmental Sustainable Development Goals in developed countries, it decreases them in developing countries, and distant trade is a bigger contributor to scores than adjacent trade between countries.

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
07 Oct 2020-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Evidence that the current public health crisis will exacerbate economic inequality is provided and some of the first estimates of the impact of the pandemic on the labor market and well-being in developing countries are provided.
Abstract: The current coronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented public health challenge that is having a devastating economic impact on households Using a sample of 230,540 respondents to an online survey from 17 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, the study shows that the economic impacts are large and unequal: 45 percent of respondents report that a household member has lost their job and, among households owning small businesses, 59 percent of respondents report that a household member has closed their business Among households with the lowest income prior to the pandemic, 71 percent report that a household member lost their job and 61 percent report that a household member has closed their business Declines in food security and health are among the disproportionate impacts The findings provide evidence that the current public health crisis will exacerbate economic inequality and provides some of the first estimates of the impact of the pandemic on the labor market and well-being in developing countries

118 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is a need to intensify social determinants of health actions and ensure that no one is left behind when communicating crisis and risk to the population to address the COVID-19 pandemic.
Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected many countries with increasing morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, many of the actions and policies adopted in countries are linked to the social determinants of health (SDH). The SDH are critical determinants of health and health inequalities that are not directly within the health sector. Policies such as social distancing, good hygiene, avoiding large gatherings, cancelling of social and sports events, using personal protective equipment, schools and restaurants closure, country lockdown, etc. are not necessarily within the health sector but have been promoted to prevent and attenuate COVID-19 infection rates significantly. The SDH that serve to reduce morbidity will forestall or substantially reduce the pressure on many weak health systems in developing countries that cannot cope with increased hospitalisation and intensive health care. This paper argues that one of the most critical social determinants of health (i.e. effective crisis and risk communication), is crucial in many developing countries, including those with fewer confirmed coronavirus cases. We note that the effectiveness of many of the other SDH in reducing the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic hinges on effective communication, especially crisis and risk communication. Although many countries are adopting different communication strategies during the COVID-19 crisis, effective crisis and risk communication will lead to building trust, credibility, honesty, transparency, and accountability. The peculiarity of many developing countries in terms of regional, cultural, linguistic and ethnic diversity is an essential consideration in ensuring effective crisis and risk communication. Developing countries facing significant poverty and disease burden cannot afford to handle the burgeoning of COVID-19 infections and must take preventive measures seriously. Thus, we submit that there is a need to intensify SDH actions and ensure that no one is left behind when communicating crisis and risk to the population to address the COVID-19 pandemic.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results challenge the notion that contract farming unambiguously improves welfare and generate evidence that is generalizable beyond a particular contract scheme, crop, or country, using nationally representative survey data from 6 countries.
Abstract: Poverty is prevalent in the small-farm sector of many developing countries. A large literature suggests that contract farming-a preharvest agreement between farmers and buyers-can facilitate smallholder market participation, improve household welfare, and promote rural development. These findings have influenced the development policy debate, but the external validity of the extant evidence is limited. Available studies typically focus on a single contract scheme or on a small geographical area in one country. We generate evidence that is generalizable beyond a particular contract scheme, crop, or country, using nationally representative survey data from 6 countries. We focus on the implications of contract farming for household income and labor demand, finding that contract farmers obtain higher incomes than their counterparts without contracts only in some countries. Contract farmers in most countries exhibit increased demand for hired labor, which suggests that contract farming stimulates employment, yet we do not find evidence of spillover effects at the community level. Our results challenge the notion that contract farming unambiguously improves welfare. We discuss why our results may diverge from previous findings and propose research designs that yield greater internal and external validity. Implications for policy and research are relevant beyond contract farming.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided a comprehensive analysis of the drivers of renewable energy production by employing variables of technological factors, economic factors, and environmental factors for two panels of developed and developing countries.

ReportDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantitatively analyzes how policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic should differ in developing countries, and they build an incomplete-markets macroeconomic model with heterogeneous agents and epidemiological dynamics that features several of the key distinctions between advanced and developing economies germane to the pandemic.
Abstract: This paper quantitatively analyzes how policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic should differ in developing countries. To do so we build an incomplete-markets macroeconomic model with heterogeneous agents and epidemiological dynamics that features several of the key distinctions between advanced and developing economies germane to the pandemic. We focus in particular on differences in: age structure, fiscal capacity, healthcare capacity, informality, and the frequency of contacts between individuals at home, work, school and other locations. The model predicts that blanket lockdowns are less effective in developing countries, saving fewer lives per unit of lost GDP. In contrast, age-specific policies are even more effective, since they focus scarce public funds on shielding the smaller population of older individuals. School closures are also more effective at saving lives in developing countries, providing a greater reduction in secondary transmissions between children and older adults at home.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All available evidence consistently suggests that presence of comorbidities is associated with a poor outcome in patients with COVID-19, and low-income countries such as India, Brazil and Africa must adopt a strict policy for an affordable testing programs to trace, test, identify and home quarantine of asymptomatic cases.
Abstract: Background and aims Presence of comorbidities in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have often been associated with increased in-hospital complications and mortality. Intriguingly, several developed countries with a higher quality of life have relatively higher mortality with COVID-19, compared to the middle- or low-income countries. Moreover, certain ethnic groups have shown a higher predilection to contract COVID-19, with heightened mortality. We sought to review the available literature with regards to impact of COVID-19 and comorbidities on the health and economics, especially in context to the developing countries including India. Methods A Boolean search was carried out in PubMed, MedRxiv and Google Scholar databases up till August 23, 2020 using the specific keywords, to find the prevalence of comorbidities and its outcome in patients with COVID-19. Results All available evidence consistently suggests that presence of comorbidities is associated with a poor outcome in patients with COVID-19. Diabetes prevalence is highest in Indian COVID-19 patients, compared to other countries. Majority of the patients with COVID-19 are asymptomatic ranging from 26 to 76%. Conclusions Universal masking is the need of hour during unlock period. Low-income countries such as India, Brazil and Africa with less resources and an average socio-economic background, must adopt a strict policy for an affordable testing programs to trace, test, identify and home quarantine of asymptomatic cases. Despite the huge number of COVID-19 patients, India still has low volume research at the moment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study of policy transfer was initially focused on transfers and transmissions among developed countries or from developed countries to the developing world as mentioned in this paper, however, as the circulation of policy and know...

ReportDOI
TL;DR: The authors found evidence of a well-being U-shape in age in one hundred and thirty-two countries, including ninety-five developing countries, controlling for education, marital and labor force status.
Abstract: I draw systematic comparisons across 109 data files and 132 countries of the relationship between well-being, variously defined, and age. I produce 444 significant country estimates with controls, so these are ceteris paribus effects, and find evidence of a well-being U-shape in age in one hundred and thirty-two countries, including ninety-five developing countries, controlling for education, marital and labor force status. I also frequently find it without any controls at all. There is additional evidence from an array of attitudinal questions that were worded slightly differently than standard happiness or life satisfaction questions such as satisfaction with an individual's financial situation. Averaging across the 257 individual country estimates from developing countries gives an age minimum of 48.2 for well-being and doing the same across the 187 country estimates for advanced countries gives a similar minimum of 47.2. The happiness curve is everywhere. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using simultaneous quantile regression analysis, it is shown that, for developing countries, a more equal income distribution favors reductions to the CO2 emissions per capita, whereas, in most developed countries, income inequality hardly affectsCO2 emissions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article identifies three responsible issues for the country’s deteriorating health care: 1) poor governance and increased corruption, 2) inadequate healthcare facilities, and 3) weak public health communication.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a severe impact worldwide. Developed countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain, had their highly efficient medical infrastructure greatly stressed and suffered from high death tolls. Similarly, Bangladesh, a poverty-stricken South Asian country, is losing its battle against the pandemic, but mainly because of its incompetent healthcare system. The casualties are escalating and public sufferings are becoming unimaginable. On this backdrop, this perspective piece discusses the healthcare crisis in Bangladesh during the pandemic. This article also identifies three responsible issues for the country's deteriorating health care: 1) poor governance and increased corruption, 2) inadequate healthcare facilities, and 3) weak public health communication.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the interrelationships among institutional environment, entrepreneurial activity, and economic growth, and find that institutional factors such as the number of procedures to start a new business, private credit coverage, and access to communication influence entrepreneurial activity driven by opportunity.
Abstract: The discussion on which institutions determine entrepreneurial activity – and the role of institutions in the aggregated output for developing countries – is as yet unresolved. The extant literature about entrepreneurship recognizes new ventures as potential mechanisms for long-term development. Yet, there is a consensus on the lack of evidence, particularly for these countries. Drawing on institutional economics, this article explores the interrelationships among institutional environment, entrepreneurial activity, and economic growth. To this end, we use simultaneous-equation panel data models for a sample of 14 developing countries (78 observations) over the period of 2004–2012. The main findings suggest a causal chain running from institutions to opportunity entrepreneurship, which is linked to the economic growth of emerging economies. In particular, we find that institutional factors – such as the number of procedures to start a new business, private credit coverage ,, and access to communication– influence entrepreneurial activity driven by opportunity. Policy implications for developing countries could be derived in order to enhance their economic performance through entrepreneurial activity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a literature review on the substantive effects of female representation on policies and conclude that higher female representation has improved institutional quality by reducing corruption and rent extraction by those in power.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the extent of the implementation of sustainable urban planning strategies in Saudi Arabia as part of its climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts and found that the implementation is at infancy with urban greening, public transportation, and green building projects gradually gaining prominence.
Abstract: There is a growing attention on the role of rapidly growing developing countries in mitigating climate change, especially in curbing the emissions of greenhouse gases. Estimates show that in the year 2011, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from developing countries constituted about 63% of the world’s total, compared with only 37% for developed countries. Thus, developing countries must be an integral part of global actions toward combating climate change. In Saudi Arabia, the energy use per capita of 6937.23 kg of oil equivalent in 2014 was 3.6 times the global average and the per capita CO2 emission of 19.53 metric tons was the seventh highest. With sensitive ecosystems, limited freshwater resources and substantial coastal developments, the country is vulnerable to climate change. As such, the country has recently initiated some sustainable urban planning strategies in its major urban centers as part of its climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. However, few studies have assessed the extent of the implementation of the strategies. Based on secondary data analysis, this article found that the implementation of the strategies is at infancy with urban greening, public transportation, and green building projects gradually gaining prominence. The paper recommends more focus on rising building and population density, mandating mixed land uses, as well as public enlightenment and engagement about climate change impacts and energy choices.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have given insights to make effective strategy to culminate the world threat COVID-19 in India, which can easily affect who having respiratory problem and especially who all have been aged older than sixty.
Abstract: INDIA- As for reported in 360 COVID-19 cases (till March 22, 2020), seven people were died, and 23 people were treated successfully.1 This virus can easily affect who having respiratory problem and especially who all have been aged older than sixty. Most of the affected peoples had reached India from different part of the world, as like of carrier. Owing to this, India made several precautionary measures to mitigate/neglect the disease in beginning stage, however, the denser population of country will not be simple to control the same for long time (community spread), if government will not incorporate the visionary strategies. Since attacked several nations have been worried mostly for their people life (health), despite that developing country like India with huge population should consider about the livelihood (for Below Poverty Line (BPL) people), equally with the life. This article will give insights to make effective strategy to culminate the world threat COVID-19 in India.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Compared to developed countries, the developing nations and poor nations such as African countries with compromised health structures have been greatly affected and there are close associations between health, economic, environmental, and political issues globally.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic may affect the world severely in terms of quality of life, political, environmental, and economic sustainable development, and the global economy. Its impact is attested to by the number of research studies on it. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the psychology of sustainability (quality of life), on sustainable development, and on the global economy. A computerized literature search was performed, and journal articles from authentic sources were extracted, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Emerald Insight. The references in selected articles were screened to identify any relevant studies. The following inclusion criteria were followed: research articles based on the COVID-19 pandemic, and articles, research papers, journals, and news articles published 2010 to 2020. The exclusion criteria were as follow: psychology research, articles, and journals published before 2010 and research articles having no link with the current pandemic's impact on the psychology of sustainability, quality of life, and the global economy. Of the initial 350 articles identified, only 61 studies were found to be relevant and meet the inclusion criteria. Based on these articles, the review highlights that compared to developed countries, the developing nations and poor nations such as African countries with compromised health structures have been greatly affected. There are close associations between health, economic, environmental, and political issues globally. The pandemic can be managed if we follow new policies that implement economic and public health changes worldwide. A planned, coordinated approach between the public-private sector is required, designed according to each country's health system and economy. We can come out of this crisis if we work together and support both developed and developing nations.

ReportDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the determinants of fiscal and monetary policies during the Covid-19 crisis and found that high-income countries announced larger fiscal policies than lower-income ones. But they also found that a country's credit rating was the most important determinant of its fiscal spending during the pandemic.
Abstract: As countries around the world grapple with Covid-19, their economies are grinding to a halt. For the first time since the Great Depression both advanced economies and developing economies are in recession. Governments and central banks have responded to the pandemic and the economic crisis using both fiscal and monetary tools on a scale that the world has not witnessed before. This paper analyzes the determinants of fiscal and monetary policies during the Covid-19 crisis. We find that high-income countries announced larger fiscal policies than lower-income countries. We also find that a country’s credit rating is the most important determinant of its fiscal spending during the pandemic. High-income countries entered the crisis with historically low interest rates and as a result were more likely to use nonconventional monetary policy tools. These findings raise the concern that countries with poor credit histories – those with lower credit ratings and, in particular, lower-income countries – will not be able to deploy fiscal policy tools effectively during economic crises.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between transport, logistics, foreign direct investment (FDI), and economic growth in developing countries over the period 2000-2016 and found that all underlying variables influence each other in the long-run.
Abstract: This study examines the relationship between transport, logistics, foreign direct investment (FDI), and economic growth in developing countries over the period 2000–2016. A global panel data comprising of 46 developing countries were collected and divided into three sub-panels: European and Central Asian countries (ECA), Middle East, North African and Sub-Saharan countries (MENA-SSA), and East Asian, Pacific, and South Asian countries (EAPSA). Using GMM estimators, we found that all underlying variables influence each other in the long-run. The direction of causal relationship between the variables tended to vary across panels with different levels of significance. The results arising out of empirical analysis imply that transport and logistics infrastructure do contribute to FDI ‘attractiveness’ and sustainable economic growth. These results would be of particular interest to policymakers, working in developing countries, and help them design and develop modern transportation and logistics, coupled with interlinked technological factors, which could possibly be used for sustainable economic development, and which in turn would attract FDI.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A research model is developed to identify the contextual facilitators and barriers driving mobile payment usage intention and its importance in understanding the technology’s sustenance and its future in enabling financial inclusion.
Abstract: Mobile payment services hold the potential for financial inclusion in developing economies. Low-income countries are characterized by distinctive conditions like price sensitivity, low digital pene...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that structural adjustment reforms lower health system access and increase neonatal mortality, and additional analyses show that labor market reforms drive these deleterious effects.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Food insecurity is significantly associated with increased risk of excess death from cardiovascular disease and all causes in US adults, and participants with very low food security had higher risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.
Abstract: Background Food insecurity is a global leading public health challenge that affects not only developing countries but also developed countries, including the United States. About 50 million America...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the heterogeneity impact of financial development on green total factor productivity for 40 countries, over the period 1991 to 2014, and described financial development from the three aspects of banking, securities and insurance.
Abstract: This study examines the heterogeneity impact financial development on green total factor productivity for 40 countries, over the period 1991 to 2014. Specifically, this paper describes financial development from the three aspects of banking, securities and insurance. In developing countries, the inverted U-shaped relationship exists between financial development and green total factor productivity, whether it is in bank development, securities development or insurance development. In developed countries, the development of bank and insurance tends to adversely affect green total factor productivity, while the development of securities has always had a positive impact on green total factor productivity. Securities development is more conducive to improving green total factor productivity than bank development.