scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Diesel engine published in 1981"


Proceedings ArticleDOI
A. L. Humke1, N. J. Barsic1
01 Feb 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a naturally aspirated, direct injected diesel engine was used to evaluate the performance and emissions characteristics of a crude soybean oil, a 50 percent (by volume) mixture of crude soybeans oil and no. 2 diesel fuel.
Abstract: A naturally aspirated, direct injected diesel engine was used to evaluate the performance and emissions characteristics of a crude soybean oil, a 50 percent (by volume) mixture of crude soybean oil and no. 2 diesel fuel, and a degummed soybean oil. The data were compared with previous tests conducted on the same engine using diesel fuel, crude sunflower oil and a 50 percent mixture of crude sunflower oil and diesel fuel. 18 refs.

249 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental evidence obtained on a wide variety of different combustion systems (premixed and diffusion flames, perfectly stirred reactors, etc) and with different fuels indicates that chemical kinetics is the dominant rate process governing the emission of soot from the system 56 refs as discussed by the authors.

231 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of injection timing retard and exhaust gas recirculation on emissions from a D.I. diesel engine were investigated, including engine speed, fuel rate, injection timing, injection pressure, intake charge oxygen concentration, and type of diluent.
Abstract: Some results of a systematic study of the effects of injection timing retard and exhaust gas recirculation on emissions from a D.I. diesel engine are presented. The factors investigated include engine speed, fuel rate, injection timing, injection pressure, intake charge oxygen concentration, and type of diluent. The detailed mechanisms governing the formation and control of nitric oxide were studied analytically, using a previously developed diesel combustion model based on transient fuel-air mixing and Zeldovich nitric oxide reaction mechanism. 15 refs.

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The diesel passenger car offers a substantial advantage in fuel economy over its gasoline-powered counterpart, but the long-range future of the diesel in this application is threatened by future federal standards on exhaust particular emissions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The diesel passenger car offers a substantial advantage in fuel economy over its gasoline-powered counterpart, but the long-range future of the diesel in this application is threatened by future federal standards on exhaust particular emissions. These particulates are primarily combustion-generated carbonaceous soot in combination with a solvent-extractable hydrocarbon fraction. Particulate production involves an incompletely understood series of phenomena that includes nucleation, surface growth, agglomeration, dehydrogenation, oxidation, and adsorption and condensation of gaseous hydrocarbons. The contemporary state of understanding of these events is reviewed as they apply to the passenger-car diesel engine.

129 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a phenomenological model is presented for prediction of the combustion characteristics of a quiescent chamber diesel engine, and the major physical processes controlling combustion have been characterized, and dominant role of air entrainment and turbulent mixing confirmed quantitatively.
Abstract: A phenomenological model is presented for prediction of the combustion characteristics of a quiescent chamber diesel engine. Predictions with the model have shown acceptable agreement with a range of experimental data. The major physical processes controlling combustion have been characterized, and the dominant role of air entrainment and turbulent mixing confirmed quantitatively. 45 refs.

80 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
Fred G. Rounds1
01 Feb 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that diesel engine oil soot from different engines have the appearance of carbon black but contains significant concentrations of engine oil additive elements, and that the soot reduces the antiwear additive effectiveness by preferentially adsorbing the active anti-wear additive components before they can form the essential antiwear surface coating.
Abstract: Diesel engine oil soot from different engines have the appearance of carbon black but contains significant concentrations of engine oil additive elements. Evaluation of the soot in 4-ball wear tests supported the theory that the soot reduces the antiwear additive effectiveness by preferentially adsorbing the active antiwear additive components before they can form the essential antiwear surface coating rather than removing the surface coatings by abrasion after they are formed. Engine load and exhaust gas recirculation have large effects on the soot prowear characteristics, whereas engine refinements, engine make and oil type have lesser effects. No antiwear additives were found more effective than the currently used zinc dialkyldithiophosphates. Several preferential adsorber additives were effective in simple blends but not in fully formulated engine oils.

67 citations


Patent
20 Oct 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a fuel filter system for a diesel engine has filter means mounted in a housing so that diesel fuel flows through the filter as it passes to the engine and has self-regulating electrical resistance heater.
Abstract: A fuel filter system for a diesel engine has filter means mounted in a housing so that diesel fuel flows through the filter as it passes to the engine and has self-regulating electrical resistance heater means mounted in the housing so that, particularly when the engine is started at low ambient temperatures, the fuel flows directly over the contacts, terminals and heater elements of the heater means for elevating the temperature of the fuel as it passes through the filter without risk of over heating the fuel, thereby to safely deter clogging of the filter by paraffin or other fuel components which may solidify in the fuel at relatively low engine starting temperatures.

58 citations


Patent
Terrence L. Stark1
29 Jun 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a dual filter element exhaust cleaner and burner system for diesel engines provides for the trapping of particulates in the engine exhaust gases by their passage through filter elements, as selectively controlled by means of a four-way valve.
Abstract: A dual filter element exhaust cleaner and burner system for diesel engines provides for the trapping of particulates in the engine exhaust gases by their passage through filter elements, as selectively controlled by means of a four-way valve. Collected particulates in a non-active particulate filter element are incinerated by means of a heater, with this filter element, during incineration, being supplied with exhaust gases through a constant flow exhaust gas regulator whereby incineration of the particulates will occur at a controlled rate independent of engine speed.

56 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1981

56 citations


Patent
15 Jul 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a method and apparatus for achieving optimized efficiency combustion in a diesel internal combustion engine utilizes a cylinder pressure detector which measures peak cylinder pressure relative to crankshaft timing and compares it with a speed-load-timing map comprising several engine parameters including engine speed and engine load in order to compensate for various unknown combustion characteristics of the fuels to be used in compression ignition engines, and automatically adjusts fuel injection timing for optimum efficiency.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for achieving optimized efficiency combustion in a diesel internal combustion engine utilizes a cylinder pressure detector which measures peak cylinder pressure relative to crankshaft timing and compares it with a speed-load-timing map comprising several engine parameters including engine speed and engine load in order to compensate for various unknown combustion characteristics of the fuels to be used in compression ignition engines, and automatically adjusts fuel injection timing for optimum efficiency.

55 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Feb 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, two turbocompound diesel engines were installed in Class VIII heavy-duty vehicles to determine the fuel consumption potential and performance characteristics of the engines, including driveability, fuel consumption, torsional vibration, and noise.
Abstract: Two turbocompound diesel engines were installed in Class VIII heavy-duty vehicles to determine the fuel consumption potential and performance characteristics. One turbocompound powered vehicle was evaluated at the Cummins Pilot Center where driveability, fuel consumption, torsional vibration, and noise were evaluated. Fuel consumption testing showed a 14.8% benefit for the turbocompound engine in comparison to a production NTC-400 used as a baseline. The turbocompound engine also achieved lower noise levels, improved driveability, improved gradeability, and marginally superior engine retardation. The second turbocompound engine was placed in commercial service and accumulated 50,000 miles on a cross-country route without malfunction. Tank mileage revealed a 15.92% improvement over a production NTCC-400 which was operating on the same route.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Feb 1981
TL;DR: In this article, several techniques for regenerating a diesel particulate trap are discussed, and lead, added to the diesel fuel, acted as a catalyst and reduced the ignition temperature of particulates collected on a trap by about 300 degree F. Regeneration was achieved with high speed and high load engine operation.
Abstract: Diesel engine particulates collected on a trap cause the exhaust back pressure to increase and adversely affect fuel economy and vehicle performance. Therefore, a trap must be periodically regenerated by oxidizing the collected particulates. Several techniques for regenerating a diesel particulate trap are discussed. Regeneration was achieved with high speed and high load engine operation. Lead, added to the diesel fuel, acted as a catalyst and reduced the ignition temperature of particulates collected on a trap by about 300 degree F. Throttling the intake air flow increased exhaust temperature to facilitate regeneration over the widest range of engine operating conditions, including idle.


Patent
Kiyoshi Kobashi1
13 Nov 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a diesel engine is provided with a soot particle catcher, which is used to purge diesel fuel at a timing point at which heat produced by combustion of this diesel fuel within the combustion chamber is not substantially converted into mechanical work, but is vented to the exhaust system in the exhaust gases substantially completely.
Abstract: A diesel engine is provided with a soot particle catcher. When the soot particle catcher is heavy with accumulation of soot, while the engine is operating a combustion chamber thereof is supplied with a purging supply of diesel fuel at a timing point at which heat produced by combustion of this diesel fuel within the combustion chamber is not substantially converted into mechanical work, but is vented to the exhaust system in the exhaust gases substantially completely. Thus the soot catcher is heated up, and is purged by combusting the accumulation of soot particles in it. This timing point may be the later part of the expansion stroke of the piston of the combustion chamber. The amount of this purging fuel supply may be arranged to be just enough completely to use up by combustion all excess oxygen in the combustion chamber at the timing point. Apparatus for performing this method of fuel supply may include first and second fuel injection pumps for supplying the normal type powering fuel injection pulses into the combustion chamber and also for selectively supplying such purging pulses, or may alternatively include a combination fuel injection pump of a novel sort both for supplying such powering pulses and also for selectively supplying such purging pulses.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A major diesel emissions research program has been initiated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to assess the human health risk associated with increased use of diesel automobiles as mentioned in this paper, which is intended to establish the mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of complex organics associated with diesel particles as well as comparative particle-bound organics from other environmental emissions.

Patent
25 Mar 1981
TL;DR: In this article, an LNG ship consisting of a diesel engine and a combined gas turbine-steam turbine-electrical system with a vp-propeller is described.
Abstract: Machinery arrangement for LNG ships consisting of a diesel engine and a combined gas turbine-steam turbine-electrical system. The diesel engine and the electromotor drive a vp-propeller. The diesel engine burns only bunker oil, while the combined gas turbine-steam turbine plant burns boiled off gas from the cargo.

01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, Sunflower seed oil, and particularly an ethyl ester mixture, has the potential to extend diesel fuel provided solutions are found for injector coking problems.
Abstract: Research, using several makes of diesel engine, showed that sunflower seed oil, and particularly an ethyl ester mixture, has the potential to extend diesel fuel provided solutions are found for injector coking problems. (MHR)

Patent
John W. Riddel1
10 Aug 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a diesel engine exhaust cleaner and burner system includes at least one exhaust cleaner member with a filter positioned therein to effect removal of particulates from a stream of exhaust gas delivered via an inlet manifold.
Abstract: A diesel engine exhaust cleaner and burner system includes at least one exhaust cleaner member with a filter positioned therein to effect removal of particulates from a stream of exhaust gas delivered thereto via an inlet manifold. A fuel burner supplied with fuel by a fuel nozzle is operatively associated with the inlet manifold to supply the necessary heat to effect incineration of particulates collected on the filter. A cyclone duct providing a vortex chamber therein is operatively positioned downstream of the fuel nozzle and is supplied with sufficient air so as to effect both the complete combustion of the fuel and the controlled incineration of the particulates by increasing the residence time of the fuel in the reaction region within the vortex chamber and also effecting a more uniform distribution of the heat of combustion across the inlet face of the filter for the uniform heating of the particulates thereon to their combustion temperature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relative biological activity of the organic material adsorbed on diesel particles in in vitro mutagenesis bioassays was determined by the Salmonella assay for mutagenic activity.

Patent
18 Sep 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, a fuel control mechanism was proposed for control of diesel fuel flow to a diesel engine, which includes a thermally responsive valve member which controls flow of fuel from a source thereof to the diesel engine.
Abstract: Fuel control mechanism, particularly adapted for control of diesel fuel flow to a diesel engine. The fuel control mechanism includes a housing provided with a plurality of flow passages therethrough. The fuel control mechanism includes a thermally responsive valve member which controls flow of fuel from a source thereof to the diesel engine and which controls the mixing of fuel from a source thereof with unused fuel which flows from the diesel engine. The fuel control mechanism also includes a valve member which controls flow of gas which flows from the diesel engine with the unused fuel.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of flame temperature on particulate carbon emission from divided-chamber diesel engines was examined by adding various quantities of 02 and N2 to the intake air with the engines operating at several different loads and speeds.
Abstract: The effect of flame temperature on particulate carbon emission from divided-chamber diesel engines was examined by adding various quantities of 02 and N2 to the intake air with the engines operating at several different loads and speeds. At a given operating condition for a fixed combustion chamber geometry, intake gas addition was expected to influence chemical kinetics without affecting the air-fuel mixing. Particulate carbon and CO were found to increase with N2 addition and decrease with 02 addition, whereas NOx emissions exhibited opposite trends.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of diesel exhaust emissions on the air quality in underground mine environment is investigated and a literature search has been conducted, however, the data base is relatively small and the results highly dependent on engine type and operating conditions.
Abstract: Due to the cost and mobility advantages of diesel-powered mine vehicles over electric vehicles, it is anticipated that the diesel engine will become more widely used in underground mines in this country. Concern has arisen, however, over the impact of diesel exhaust emissions on the air quality in the underground mine environment. A literature search has been conducted, however, the data base is relatively small and the results highly dependent on engine type and operating conditions. Engine studies on a typical mine diesel are necessary to draw quantitative conclusions regarding the reduction of emissions, especially particulates and NO/sub 2/ which have not been generally addressed in previous studies. 52 refs.

PatentDOI
21 Jul 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, a compound traction engine for a heavy vehicle including a high temperature adiabatic four stroke reciprocating diesel engine arranged to drive a boost compressor through a differential gear.
Abstract: A compound traction engine for a heavy vehicle including a high temperature adiabatic four stroke reciprocating diesel engine arranged to drive a boost compressor through a differential gear. The other output of the gear is connected through a torque converter to the output shaft. The exhaust from the engine is fed to a turbine with an adjustable blade nozzle ring and the output from the compressor is connected to the air inlet of the engine and is also connected via a valve to the same turbine. The turbine is connected via a continuously variable transmission to the output shaft. An automatic control unit has inputs from an output torque/speed sensor and a boost pressure sensor and is arranged to control the variable gear and the turbine blade ring.

Patent
31 Jul 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a plasma ignition system for a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine is presented, where an oscillation device is provided to generate and output a high-frequency oscillating voltage into each of the plasma ignition plugs to be ignited before the plasma timing so that a multiple sparking occurs and therefore the resistance of the plasminar ignition plug to be consumed is reduced.
Abstract: A plasma ignition system for a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine each cylinder having a plasma ignition plug, including diesel engine. According to the present invention, in addition to the elements of the conventional plasma ignition system there is provided an oscillation device which generates and outputs a high-frequency oscillating voltage into each of the plasma ignition plugs to be ignited before the plasma ignition timing so that a multiple sparking occurs and therefore the resistance of the plasma ignition plug to be ignited is reduced to facilitate plasma ignition with relatively low plasma ignition energy without misfire even during a high engine load.

Patent
31 Jul 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a fuel delivery system for a diesel engine for controlling the propagation of unwanted pressure waves including a fuel pump for sequentially delivering fuel from a fuel tank to a manifold of fuel injectors through a plurality of injection lines.
Abstract: A fuel delivery system for a diesel engine for controlling the propagation of unwanted pressure waves including a fuel pump for sequentially delivering fuel from a fuel tank to a plurality of fuel injectors through a plurality of injection lines. The system further includes a drain line, one associated with each fuel injector, that is connected a pressure source, wherein the impedance of each drain line is equal to the impedance of its corresponding injection line. Each drain line further includes a flow restriction having an impedance equal to the impedance of its corresponding drain line and a valve, connected across the flow restriction for diverting flow around the flow restriction during intervals of time when fuel is flowing from the pressure source towards a particular one of the fuel injectors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper describes the use of light extinction for quantitating diesel particles in aqueous suspension and finds a concentration‐dependent increase in the total amount of particles per lung for guinea pigs exposed to 0, 269, 813 and 1530 μg m−3 diesel particles for 6 months.
Abstract: Particulate material in diesel engine exhaust deposits in the lungs of exposed animals. A technique for measuring the amount of soot in the lungs would be useful for determining the rates of the deposition and clearance of the submicron particles. The paper describes the use of light extinction for quantitating diesel particles in aqueous suspension. Particles collected by electrostatic precipitation and finely suspended in 0.01 N NaOH by sonication strongly absorb visible light. The extinction of light at 750 nm is proportional to the mass concentration of particles, with an extinction coefficient of 28 +/- 1 cm2 mg-1. Lungs from guinea pigs exposed to dilute diesel exhaust were dried and digested in potassium hydroxide and ethanol. The insoluble particles were centrifuged and resuspended in water by sonication. The optical density of the suspension was compared to that of suspensions made from lungs of animals not exposed to diesel exhaust, with or without known amounts of particulate added at the beginning of digestion. A concentration-dependent increase in the total amount of particles per lung was found for guinea pigs exposed to 0, 269, 813 and 1530 micrograms m-3 diesel particles for 6 months.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of gasoline and diesel engine performance was made as the percentage of butanol in the fuel was varied from 0 to 20 percent for the gasoline engine and between 0 to 50 percent for diesel engine.
Abstract: THE increased use and rise in cost of petroleum fuels has stimulated interest in alcohol as a motor fuel. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) has received attention since it can easily be produced from renewable resources such as grain. N-butyl alcohol (butanol) can also be produced by a fermentation process and compared to ethanol has several advantages as a fuel supplement. An analysis of gasoline and diesel engine performance was made as the percentage of butanol in the fuel was varied from 0 to 20 percent for the gasoline engine and from 0 to 50 percent for the diesel engine. Parameters measured were torque output and fuel consumption. The effect of butanol on octane rating of gasoline was also de-termined.

Patent
27 Jul 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a processor for diesel engine fuel with a combined heating and sediment chamber surmounted by a filtering unit to which the fuel flows from said chamber, and a modified construction has a transparent bottom section which may be of variant length depending upon the desired capacity of the unit.
Abstract: A processor for diesel engine fuel has a combined heating and sediment chamber surmounted by a filtering unit to which the fuel flows from said chamber. Heating means contained in the chamber has a part in close proximity to an inlet passage which leads from the chamber to the filtering unit. The filtering unit includes filtering means removably carried by an upper portion of the processor. A modified construction has a transparent bottom section which may be of variant length depending upon the desired capacity of the unit.

Patent
04 Jun 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, a step plunger is used to hold the fuel-air mixture trapped in the premixing chamber against the decreasing air pressure in the pressure chamber, and only upon movement of the piston into positive engagement with the plunger does its spray hole end project out of the nozzle body for spraying the compressed fuel air mixture into the diesel engine cylinder.
Abstract: For the injection of premixed fuel and air into a diesel engine cylinder, a nozzle assembly has a piston reciprocably mounted in a nozzle body to define a premixing chamber therein. Fuel and air are delivered into this premixing chamber through respective ports which are simultaneously covered and uncovered by the piston. Extending through the premixing chamber, a stepped plunger has one end slidably fitted in a bore in the piston to define a pressure chamber therein for exerting a decreasing air pressure on the plunger and has the other end arranged for movement out of and back into the nozzle body for spraying the fuel-air mixture from the premixing chamber through spray holes formed therein. During the stroke of the piston to compress the fuel-air mixture trapped in the premixing chamber, the compressed mixture acts on the step of the plunger to hold same retracted in the nozzle body against the decreasing air pressure in the pressure chamber. Only upon movement of the piston into positive engagement with the plunger does its spray hole end project out of the nozzle body for spraying the compressed fuel-air mixture into the diesel engine cylinder.